Session 2 questions Soc Family
The symbolic baggage provides new families with the challenge of _____.
merging and reformulating the symbolic content so that it will represent new families
Couples who share _____ gender role attitudes find the transition less stressful.
traditional
Infertility is typically defined as the - to have a successful - despite having sex without - for - months.
- failure - pregnancy - contraception - 12
Select the bars representing the time period in which living in the home with a grandparent was most and least common.
-1970 -2010
Identify the true and false statements about women who spend more time doing unpaid work.
-They have less power in the household -They are at greater economic risk
Four major types of perpetrators tend to rape female victims. Place the following list of perpetrators in order, from most to least common.
-acquaintance -intimate partner -stranger -other relative
Parenting involves raising a child, and parents do this by providing three categories of skills or resources. First, parents forge - with their children, providing them with love and support and receiving love in return. Second, parents also - their children by modeling behaviors and by instruction. Third, parents build - that help them parent and provide resources.
-social bonds -socialize -social networks
Match each example of work to the institutional arena with which it is most associated.
1. Family - Sings songs to daughter 2. STate = Free public education 3. Market - Drops son off at daycare & Hires housecleaner
Match each description to the corresponding type of divorce rate.
1. Refined Divorce Rate -most useful for estimating divorce within the population of people considered "at risk" -most useful for understanding demographic trends in divorce 2. Divorce-Marriage Ratio -most useful for comparing total divorces with total marriages 3. Crude Divorce Rate -most useful for estimating the number of divorces per person -most useful for understanding long-term trends
Identify the arguments raised by Bernadette Powell's defenders regarding family violence.
1. Violence can be a controlling force, preventing a victim from leaving a violent situation. 2. The danger of family violence increases when victims leave without support.
Match each social theme to the appropriate example of how divorce and remarriage have changed family life.
1.The likelihood of experiencing divorce and remarriage is higher among those with lower education. INEQUALITY 2. The relatively common experience of divorce reflects people's expectations that relationships will lead to individual fulfillment. SOCIAL CHANGE 3. There is a range of family relationships, such as step- and half-siblings, parents, and children. FAMILY DIVERSITY
Several work reforms have been proposed that would ease work-family conflict. Match each advantage or disadvantage to the appropriate work reform.
1.Work Hours Reduction: -Providing benefits would be costlier for employers. -Workers would have more leisure hours. 2. Work Hours Flexibility -Employees could schedule their work around family obligations. -The line between work and family time could be blurred. 3. Work Hours Reduction: -Workers could afford to take care of family members without losing time at work. -Employers might penalize workers for taking advantage of these programs.
According to the 2015 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey conducted by the federal government, what percentage of women in the United States have been raped at some time in their lives?
14%
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the 1996 welfare reform package.
1930's , cash , work
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the divorce revolution.
1960-1980 NO FAULT CONSENT
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about intergenerational living arrangements. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about intergenerational living arrangements. Since - there has been a sharp - in the percentage of young adults living with their parents, which is partly due to the - that young adults face. In other cases, living at home may give young adults the freedom to explore career options, particularly if they are -
2006 ... INCREASE.... FINANCIAL HARDSHIP .... MIDDLE CLASS
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about centenarians—people age 100 or older.
22 500
annulment of marriage
A legal or religious determination that the marriage was never valid. (364)
Select the bold phrases that represent possible evolutionary reasons for physical features that people often find attractive.
A waist slimmer than hips sign of reproductive ability, In men Low bady fat may be associated with health.
Identify the accurate conclusions that may be drawn from this figure. Life satisfaction in the years surrounding divorce.
Accurate Conclusion : Couples who divorce report less life satisfaction in the years leading up to their divorce.
Analyze the figure. Then identify the accurate and inaccurate conclusions. Percent distribution of population by age and sex, 1900, 1960, and 2018
Accurate Conclusion(s) Life expectancies were higher in 1960 than in 1900. There was a decline in fertility in the 1930s.
blended family
Any family that includes stepparents, stepsiblings, or half‐siblings. (389)
Select the bold phrases that describe risk factors for children most likely to experience neglect or abuse.
Both abused as children , Have violent arguments , has serious finanial & employment stress
Identify the causes of occupational gender segregation.
Cause : Women do paid work in fields similar to traditionally female work in the home........ Men and women concentrate on different educational tracks.
Unlike courtship, dating usually takes place in the market arena, involving personal spending and commercial consumption. Identify the ways commercial consumption changed the dating script in the twentieth century.
Change(s) -Families had less of a say in whom young people dated and what they did. -Dating became a public process.
Identify the changes in institutions outside the family that could make the division of household work and child care more equitable.
Change(s) government support for paid leave and child care less occupational gender segregation
Which statement best describes why some researchers argue that love is an evolutionary adaptation?
Children loved by their parents were more likely to survive infancy.
What causes change in the marital satisfaction of couples after parenthood?
Couples' allocation of time for each other
According to Pauline Boss, which of the following is a framework of the external context of a family?
Cultural frame
The Obergefell case concluded that same-sex couples cannot be legally forbidden from marrying because the right to marriage is specifically listed in the U.S. Constitution.
False
Terms
Intimacy - A type of relationship in which people love or at least know each other very well and interact in private. Care Relationship - A relationship in which one person is responsible for another's care. (441) Child Abuse - The act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker that results in (or puts children at imminent risk for) physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation. (441) ELDER ABUSE - The physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of old people by someone with whom they share an intimate or caring relationship. (446) INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE - Violence between partners who are (or were) involved in a sexual or romantic relationship. (447) RAPE - Forced vaginal, anal, or oral penetration or attempted penetration of a person without their consent. (452) SEXUAL ASSAULT - Unwanted penetration or touch, by force or threat of force, without consent. (452) INCEST - Sex between close relatives. (452)
Identify each change as either likely or unlikely to increase the racial/ethnic diversity index in the United States.
Likely to Increase The United States begins admitting more immigrants from Asia and Latin America. The census begins collecting data pertaining to ethnic origin (such as the region of the world from which one's ancestors came) in addition to race.
According to a study by Fran Dickson and her associates, identify a theme related to the communication challenges associated with being homeless.
Managing health issues
Match each type of work to the appropriate scenario. ( Care work , Housework, Market work)
Market work : Grandma earns money working Houe work : Mom sorts bills , pays them and reviews finances for house. Care work : Dad changes diapers
Identify each group of people as either more or less likely to use assisted reproductive technology.
More Likely - Same Sex Couples - Individuals who anticipate damage - Older couples
Identify the demographic groups that are more likely than their counterparts to remarry.
More Likely to Remarry men versus women Hispanics versus all other ethnicities
Match each single-parent scenario to its sociological description.
More likely to live with a partner - Single Dad MOre likely to experience serious work family conflict - Single mom
Identify a symbolic baggage that helps new families follow the path of their families-of-origin.
Rituals from families-of-origin
Identify the situations in which social scripts are likely to be shared among participants and followed by them.
Shared Social Script(s) attending the opera meeting a love interest's parents Not Shared Social Script(s) attending school in a new country watching TV while eating dinner alone at home
Based on the research described in the "Valuing Unpaid Work" box, label the family box with the statement that best describes it.
Smith - The adults in this family are more economically vulnerable. Johnson - This family is economically better off.
Identify the social changes experienced by the baby boom generation.
Social Changes 1. Increase rates of women working outside the home. 2. Increased rates of single motherhood
_____ is the process of using communication to help another person manage stress.
Social support
Identify an example of the stress that families experience in the historical frame.
Stress caused by military deployment of a family member
Identify an example of a stress that families experience with regard to the economic frame of their external context.
Stress caused due to underemployment
Identify each statement as either supported or unsupported by the liberal perspective. page 498
Supported Statement(s) Gay people should be able to lives the lives they choose. Parent-teacher conferences and other school functions should be accessible to working and stay-at-home moms alike.
Divorce
The legal dissolution of marriage according to the laws of the state. (363)
Zoey has found her grandmother's diary from when she attended college in the 1920s. In multiple entries, Zoey's grandmother describes female classmates for whom she has same-sex crushes. These diary entries are good examples of which term?
b. smashing
Unraveling is most likely to provoke a _____ relationship between a mother and her child.
closer
The effects of divorce on children have most to do with the _____ of both parents, before, during, and after a divorce.
communication abilities
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the singular ideal. The singular ideal is a social vision typically promoted by .....
converavtives .... intact .... bad .... religious .... functionalists
The United States has become more religiously homogeneous in the past several decades, with more people identifying as either Protestant or Catholic than ever before.
false
True or false: Families have complete control over the frameworks that are part of the external context of families.
false
True or false: Later-life couples feel extremely comfortable about reigniting romantic feelings that have been dormant for years.
false
According to Cosgrove and Flynn, once a homeless mother and her family find a shelter, she inevitably loses all sense of _____.
family stability
Parents who have the skills to deal with divorce effectively will have considerable influence on _____.
helping their children manage the divorce
Caregivers who view themselves with stress are more likely to have _____.
high mortality rates
Marital dissolution
the end of a marriage through permanent separation or divorce
Select the bold phrases that represent a lower chance of divorce for the couple.
very happy : Not yet fought or yelled : shared religious commitment
During a divorce, parents who create a _____ relationship with their children will promote a less traumatic experience for the children.
welcoming
Match each group with the corresponding expression about the future of family change.
"The married, biological family is the gold standard family."conservative Correct label:conservative "Growing diversity of family life is good for society."critical Correct label:critical "There are many types of families, and that's OK."liberal Correct label:liberal
The Story Behind the Numbers" animation for Chapter 9. Then match the costs to the correct category."
$125000 - amount per child a higher-incomefamily can expect $160,000 - Amount per child a married couple making less than $370,00- amount per child a married couple making more than
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about abortion. About - percent of pregnancies that do not end in miscarriage are aborted in the United States. The vast majority of these abortions take place in the - trimester of the pregnancy
- 18 - first
Select the bold phrases that represent the three categories of skills or resources that parents offer their children.
-Ask her teacher questions -Talked to Karen -Attend parent-teacher conferences -Talked to other parents
Identify how wearing high heels and foot binding are similar.
-Both practices cause physical harm to women's feet. -Both practices originated as a way to make women attractive to men. -Both practices are directly enforced by women's choices.
Identify the types of relationships that would be included under the category of intimate partner violence.
-Cohabiting couples -Dating couples -Married spouses
Place the following events and situations in chronological order.
-Divorce was common within the Roman Empire. -The Catholic Church enforced rules against divorce. -England's King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church over his wish to divorce and remarry. -Pope Francis announced reforms to make annulments easier to get.
International adoptions in the U.S. reached their peak in 2004. Identify the reasons they declined so sharply after that year.
-Ethical and legal violations were more closely scrutinized -Adoptions from some nations were halted entirely
Identify the factors that are likely to encourage exogamy.
-Living in a racially integrated neighborhood -Spending a college semester abroad
Maria is an 18-year-old woman living in the United States. Based on what you've learned about the gender division of labor and occupational segregation, identify each prediction about Maria's future as either likely or not likely.
-Maria will work in a caregiving field such as nursing or education -Maria will perform market work
Select the bold phrases that represent sociologists' objection to the marriage market model.
-She was torn -Against her instincts, she set up a date with Clyde -She didn't have a lot of options
identify the statements that reflect a social science perspective about divorce.
-Social behaviors such as divorce cannot be isolated in a lab, as in experimental research -Divorce is likely caused by numerous factors, which can be imperfectly defined and measured
Identify the statements that are supported by research on hookup culture and sex on college campuses.
-The majority of young men appear to engage in hookup culture -The role of alcohol and drugs in hookup culture increases the risk of sexual assault
Identify the major changes in dating and romantic relationships that have made following social scripts more difficult in recent years.
-There are more ways to form and sustain a relationship -More divorced and older single adults are in the dating pool -Cohabitation has increased -The internet has broadened the social world for many people, changing how people meet and socialize
Identify the reasons for the "motherhood penalty" in wages.
-Women often stop working or drop to part-time work after having children -Employers discriminate against women with children -Work-family conflict interfere with the time and energy women devote to work
Select the bold phrases that represent examples of how marriage and cohabitation in an individual's life reflect larger social changes.
-safe place for her true self to blossom -her vision of family life includes legal marriage, but her partner defines family as "those we love," not "those with whom we share a legal arrangement"
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about forms of intimate partner violence.
-situational couple violence -coercive controlling violence -men -violent resistance
Delilah desires a __________ marriage in which she and her husband can have distinctly defined roles that are complementary toward one another.
. breadwinner/housewife
Identify the barriers to part-time work that mothers encounter.
1. Employers often do not offer the option to work part-time 2. Part-time work creates barriers to career advancement
Demographers estimate that about - percent of married or cohabitating couples in the United States experience infertility in a given year. This rate is - as the global infertility rate.
10%; about the same
Chart - Number of hook ups reported by college students
10+ = 13% , 4-9 = 23% , 1 -3 = 26% , none = 38%
The _____ model of family stress provides a conceptual framework for distinguishing between the stressor and the stress reaction.
ABC-X
When do families need to help their children renegotiate rules and roles, help with identity exploration, and teach problem-solving skills?
Adolescent period
In 1996, the U.S. Congress ended -and voted in -. This move instituted Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, which implemented - requirements and funded -activities.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act work marriage promotion
Identify the cases in which abuse of children might be considered ambiguous.
Ambiguous Case: -allowing a 9-year-old to stay home alone -frequently neglecting to bring a child to school
11. Which is the most common custody arrangement in divorced families?
BOTH
Identify each social feature as most prevalent either before or after the demographic transition.
Before Demographic Transition: -children work for families -poor sanitation and health -high fetility rates -high mortality rates
Place the following racial-ethnic groups in order from the lowest to the highest marriage rates.
Black , American Indian , Latino, White , Asian
Identify the scenarios that could cause a "marriage squeeze."
Cause: a sudden fertility rate (that is, the number of children born to each woman) drop among young women a large influx of young adult male migrants into the country
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about religion and families. Religion is an important part of the family experience for many Americans.
Ceremonies Marriage Parents End of life rituals
Page 2978.5. Cohabitation What is the correct conclusion, drawn from the figure reporting percentages of women ages 19 to 44 who have ever cohabited, by education, 1987 to 2017?
Cohabitation rates have increased over time for all groups, but the highest rates have always been for those with less education.
Identify the concerns that critics expressed about the federal government's funding marriage promotion.
Concern(s): -Poverty, not singlehood, was to blame for major social problems. -Men and women in abusive relationships might be encouraged to stay in those relationships.
Select the bold phrase that accurately describes birth rates in the United States, following the Great Recession of the late 2000s.
DECREASED
Identify the social and structural changes that have affected the definition of stepfamily relationships in recent years.
Effect(s) increasing uncertainty over who is part of a household changes in laws regarding stepfamily relationships increasing rates of cohabitation Not Effect(s) the recent decline in the divorce rate
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about love. Love is defined as a deep affection and concern for another, with whom one feels a strong - bond, such as what one might feel for a - . Romantic love is comprised of passionate devotion and - to another person, such as a -
Emotional , Best Friend , attraction , cohabiting partner
In the ABC-X model, A represents the _____ that causes a change in a family system.
Event
The independence effect raises the likelihood of divorce because it motivates women to leave their marriages, whether they are fairly happy or unhappy.
FALSE
The total fertility rate in the United States is currently 1.71, which is the same as the replacement fertility rate
FALSE
When birth rates are below replacement level, this is an indicator that people in society are not happy and healthy.
FALSE
With the exception of the last few decades, there has been a long-term trend over the last few centuries toward increasingly violent societies.
FALSE
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Philip Cohen's predictions about divorce.
Fall : Accurate
True or false: In the context of a family's internal context, previous life experiences of family members are not important to acknowledge.
False
According to Elliott Rosen and Susan Weltman, what provides certainty and predictability for families after a death?
Family rituals
The (BLANK) frame refers to the time in history in which a family lives and experiences a stressor.
HISTORICAL
Match each scenario to the risk level for intimate partner violence.
High rick - some abused that left a few days ago. Low risk - Married high income family.
Compared to the Puritan colonists, the __________ of North America generally had more permissive sexual norms, like polygamy and same-gender sexual practices.
Indigenous peoples
Identify a condition during divorce that involves parents arguing and results in children being prone to its negative effects.
Interparental conflict
Identify an advantage of social support in parenthood transition.
It helps in managing the ebbs and flows of uncertainty that accompany changes.
What is cohabitation?
Living together as a sexual or romantic couple without being married.
Why did enslaved Africans during the colonial period engage in premarital sex?
Most could not legally marry.
Identify a main developmental task involving communication for parents to raise their young children.
Parents need to help their children socialize into the approved social and cognitive competencies of their culture.
adoptive parents
Parents to a child they did not produce biologically. (321)
Which clause of the Convention on the Rights of the Child do religious conservatives object to?
Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other pers
Identify the plausible explanations for racial-ethnic differences in rates of intimate partner violence.
Plausible Explanation(s): -Poverty and unemployment are stratified by race/ethnicity. -Social services for victims of family violence are more accessible to some racial-ethnic groups than others.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the Catholic Church and divorce.
Powerful : Annulments : remarrying : left : the state
The high school prom has been a site of continuous legal and social conflict for decades. Why are prom scripts so important?
Proms are often seen as a formal step in the process of mate selection that can lead to marriage.
Identify the reasons why the government might be the ideal institution for pushing reforms that improve work-family life.
Reasons: -Government can incentivize employers to make helpful changes -Gender roles are deeply entrenched in family life
Identify each scenario as applying to either romantic love or utilitarian love.
Romantic Love: -Despite distance and difficulty, two lovers unite -Across a crowded room, a man spots a stranger who will be his one true love Utilitarian Love: -A women weighs her options and eventually leaves her partner in order to find a better one -A married couple struggles together to improve their conflict communication
_____ is a generation in which middle-aged parents show concerns for their growing children as well as their aging parents.
Sandwich generation
Select the bold phrases that represent factors that have likely contributed to the declining trend in family violence.
Shelters and hotlines for abused has increased , gain in economic independence, and social acceptance of divorce.
Since the 1990s the United States has experienced - in the level of criminal violence. Violence within - seems to have followed this trend.
Steep declines; families
Steve and Sharon are married with children. Steve works 40 hours per week outside the home, and Sharon works 10 hours per week outside the home. Select the prediction that is most strongly supported by time use studies about gender balance.
Steve will do less unpaid housework because his greater obligations outside theme leave him with less available time
Identify an example of the stress that families experience in the cultural frame.
Stress caused by immigration to a foreign country
Same-sex couples tend to share housework more equitably than heterosexual couples do.
TRUE
Identify the true and false statements about the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993.
TRUE : It is limited to works who have worked for employer for at least one year. -- It gives workers 12 weeks of unpaid leave
Identify the true and false statements about intimate partner violence.
TRUE: -Women are nearly twice as likely to experience physical or sexual violence than men -Less extreme forms of family violence are the most common ones reported by victims
biological parents
The adults whose bodies—including the father's sperm and the mother's egg—produce a child. (321)
half‐sibling (half‐brother/half‐sister)
The biological child of one's parent and another person. (388)
stepsibling (stepbrother/stepsister)
The child (son/daughter) of one's stepparent. (388)
boundary ambiguity
The situation in which family members do not know or do not agree on who is in the family and what role each person plays. (390)
What is the marriage market?
The social space in which people search for potential marriage partners.
stepparent
The spouse or committed partner of one's biological or adoptive parent. (388)
Identify a true statement about normative stressors.
They are expected in the course of family life.
Which of the following statements are true about the spousal subsystem and the parent-child subsystem in a family? (Check all that apply.)
They are interrelated and interdependent. They undergo unique changes when coping with the stress brought on by divorce.
Identify a true statement about later-life couples with regard to stressors.
They face multiple stressors that they need to incorporate into their adult lives.
The figure shows that Black men and women are the least likely to receive replies when they reach out to others on OKCupid.
True
True or false: The perceptions and priorities of siblings differ as they reach adulthood.
True
Place each racial-ethnic group in order from least to most likely to marry across racial-ethnic lines.
Whites Blacks Hispanics Asians American Indians
Identify each work-family conflict issue as more characteristic of either professional parents or working-class parents.
Working-Class Parents: -Working multiple jobs -Working too few hours -Going through periods of not working
1. The belief in one's own ability to predict and control experiences, also associated with mental health and adjustment, is known as which of the following?
certainty
According to Mavis Hetherington, if parents consider a child's _____ when discussing divorce, the adverse effects will be greatly reduced.
developmental ability
Complex economic factors affect who is more likely to marry. Identify whether the following statements are more likely to be associated with either low-income or high-income people.
have no need for a financial partnership - are sought after on the marriage market
4. Stressors which result from unforeseen events such as a home catching on fire, a parent having a heart attack, or a family member winning the lottery are known as:
nonnormative stressors
Stressors are seen as _____ if they are part of the human developmental process.
normative
Negative repercussions associated with the dissolution of a family can be countered by _____.
open communication
Why would anyone call World War II a "nationwide 'coming out' experience"?
putting so many young men together in same-sex environments offered them opportunities for homoerotic encounters
According to Lewis and Blakeslee, children of divorced parents can suffer lasting stress that affects _____.
the way they view their own social skills
Men are in a better position to handle the stress of a divorce than are women because _____.
they are able to sustain their financial level following divorce than women
Contact between siblings is often less frequent during early and middle adulthood because _____.
they are separated by their work
Adolescence is a period when stress is often managed through _____.
topic avoidance
In today's political environment, progressive work-family policies are the most innovative at the state and local levels.
true
Identify the true and false statements about dating in the mid-twentieth century.
true: -Single men and women often went on dates with multiple people in the same week or month. -Single men and women often went on multiple dates per week.
Homelessness is always a(n) _____ stressor.
unpredictable
14. What term describes the idea of a mother conferring her maternal role on to her older children, most often her teenage girls?
unraveling
In _____, a mother confers her maternal role on her older children, primarily older teenage girls.
unraveling
As siblings reach adulthood, the maintenance of their relationship becomes _____.
voluntary
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about family solutions to work-family conflict. To alleviate the pressures of work-family conflict, some wealthy families employ.......
- service workers - family members - single
PARENT
An adult intimately responsible for the care and rearing of a child. (321)
Intensive parenting is an ideology of affluent families, not working-class families.
FALSE
Identify a factor in a family's internal context that is important to acknowledge.
Family size and structure
Identify a true statement about public mothering.
It interferes with a parent's need to restrain or reward her children as necessary.
Desdemona and Monique have a __________ marriage. It is based on love and understanding. They have negotiated a division of labor such that Desdemona is in charge of the cooking, yardwork, and laundry, while Monique is in charge of cleaning, household maintenance, and paying bills.
Partnership
Identify the three concepts that the ABC-X model focuses upon. (Select all that apply.)
Perception Resources Event
step child
The child of one's spouse or committed partner. (388)
separation
The formal or informal separation of married spouses into different households. (363)
How do Irish-American families manage the stress of a death?
They have clearly articulated rituals for dealing with funerals.
What best describes the gender relations of the 1950s?
They were unusually family focused.
Responses to future family diversity can be classified as conservative, liberal, or critical. Select the bold phrase that represents a critical policy proposal.
UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME
_____ stressors are those that are unexpected and are the result of some unique set of circumstances for which a family is relatively unprepared.
Unpredictable
Identify the child behaviors that are warning signs of family violence.
Warning Sign(s): -experiencing weight problems -acting out or abusing drugs and alcohol N
Identify each existing circumstance as one that will either help or not help the United States handle the expected increase in the elderly population.
Will Help: -better health among older populations -increases in women's labor force participation
6. Which framework refers to the stage of life a family is in when a stressor occurs?
developmental frame
498-499 Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about the critical perspective on family diversity. Those taking a critical stance on family diversity believe that change is a -
good ..... Defamilialization .... more voluntary .... family dependency
Identify each intervention as either effective or ineffective in curbing family violence.
ineffective : court-ordered treatment mandatory arrest rules
According to Lindsay Olson, losing a job is a loss similar to _____.
losing a person to death
Scholars have made an effort to distinguish the _____ from the reaction that is produced in a family.
stressor
According to Pauline Boss, a _____ is an event that has the potential to cause change in a family because it disturbs the status quo.
stressor event
Identify the ways marriage brings about health benefits.
- through enhanced status - through increased cooperation - through changes in behavior - Through additional respnsibility
Match each evolutionary trait to the reason why it may have attracted mates.
-increased success in competition = a stocky, muscular figure -increased the odds of survival = the ability to run fast -gave the impression of reproductive fitness = wide hips on women
Select the bold phrases that represent accurate statements about contemporary concerns regarding parenting.
-more families impacted by parent opioid addiction-especially parents of Black children
Match each type of divorce rate to its definition.
1. calculates the frequency of divorce to the frequency of new marriages- "divorce-marriage ratio" 2. calculates the number of divorces per 1,000 people in a country- "crude divorce rate" 3. calculates the number of divorces per 1,000 married couples in a country- "refined divorce rate"
intensive motherhood
Cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their children. (345)
The United States is the only wealthy country that guarantees paid leave to mothers but not to fathers.
False
How did Playboy challenge the gender norms of the 1950s?
It challenged the idea that heterosexual men would inevitably want to marry and have children.
Identify an example of a stress that families experience in the hereditary framework of their external context.
Stress caused by illness
Identify an example of the stress that families experience in the developmental frame.
Stress caused by loss of family resources
infertility
The failure of a couple to have a successful pregnancy despite deliberately having sex without contraception. (331)
Identify the true and false statements about utilitarian love.
True Statement(s) -It is based on rational calculations in addition to emotion. -It depends upon open communication.
The degree of stress caused by a stressor event depends not only on the actual magnitude of the event, but, also, on _____.
a family's perception of that event
Identify each person as either more or less likely to experience time poverty.
a mother with five young children a single mother who lives on her own
During a divorce, courts overwhelmingly prefer women over men in granting _____.
custody
Normative stressors are also known as _____.
developmental stressors
According to economist Gary Becker, the process of finding a partner is like a -where you get the - spouse with the - you have.
marketplace, best, assets
According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, 25 percent of the homeless population in the United States are _____.
mentally ill
According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, 12 percent of the homeless population are _____.
military veterans
Select the bold phrases that represent common experiences in online dating, according to social researchers.
most efficient, men often post photos that misrepresent their age and appearance.
Compared with half a century ago, adoption has become - common, but it is more open and acceptable, so we probably discuss it
much less; more
There is a decline in marital well-being after the birth of a child because _____.
new parents lack the education, skills, and social support needed to sustain the presence of the child
Identify the reasons why married couples with children are much less likely to be poor than single mothers with children.
reasons: Marriage is more common for people with college degrees than those without college degrees. People tend to marry others with similar levels of education. Not Reasons: Single mothers spend more on raising their children. Employers are allowed to discriminate against single women in hiring decisions.
Internal context is also referred to as the _____ of families.
relational culture
15. The ability to "bounce back" after negative life experiences is called which of the following?
resilience
For homeless single mothers, _____ is not conducive to healthy parent-child relationships.
shelter life
476 Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about diversity. Diversity among people is known as -
social....differece...characteristics
Couples often act out the gender roles they saw their parents enact, which is an example of what process?
socialization
According to Marie-Louise Mares, siblings may not share in actual caregiving behaviors as much as they support each other through _____.
socio-emotional role of reminiscence
Divorce and stress influence the _____ subsystem and the parent-child subsystem in families.
spousal
8. Which of the following would NOT be considered a part of a family's internal context?
status of the economy
New relational definitions between later-life couples need to occur as a result of _____.
the changing household roles
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about care work and housework. The ways that societies organize care work and housework are called the -......
- system of care - market work
Match each scenario to changes in the divorce risk among heterosexual couples.
1. divorce Risk Increases The husband loses his job. Uncertain influence on divorce risk 2. The stay-at-home wife decides to get a job. divorce risk decreases 3. The couple's household income increases. Correct label: The couple's household income increases.
Select the bold phrases that represent examples of sociologist Ann Swidler's four qualities of the romantic ideal.
5TH wedding Anniversary , a perfect fit , her family's objections to the match.
Which of the following best describes the changes in the U.S. population?
About forty percent of all American children today are born to an unmarried parent.
Analyze this figure. Then identify the accurate and inaccurate conclusions.
Accurate Conclusion(s) Older men and women are about equally likely to "host" their adult children in their houses. Older women are more likely than older men to live in their adult children's households.
Identify the correct and incorrect conclusions about the figure. Birth rates for women by age
Accurate Conclusion(s) -The birth rate for women under age 30 declined beginning in 2007. -The greatest decline in birth rates has occurred among those under the age of 24. -The birth rate for women over age 30 has been steadily increasing since 2000.
Identify the accurate conclusions that may be drawn from this figure. Number of times married by age 2018
Accurate Conclusion(s) Remarriage was most common among adults ages 55 to 64. Remarriage was second most common among adults ages 65 or older. Inaccurate Conclusion(s) The tendency to remarry drops off drastically in recent cohorts. Remarriages are now occurring at earlier ages.
Watch "The Story Behind the Numbers" animation for Chapter 11.
Accurate Statement(s) Women have increased their total time doing child care. Women have decreased their total time doing housework. Married women have decreased total time doing housework. 1965 married women spent 7 times as many hours on housework as married men.
Review the figure. Then match each group to its response about attitudes toward growing family diversity.
Adults ages 35-54: split evenly between good, bad, and makes no difference Political Independents: mostly good or makes no difference People who attend religious services more than once a week: mostly bad
Identify the arguments Americans made about divorce in the late nineteenth century.
Argument(s) -Many feared that allowing men and women to divorce would degrade the meaning of marriage. -Many viewed remarriage for the spouse who had been "innocent" as acceptable. -Remarriage was viewed as more of a problem than divorce. NOT Evaluations of divorce and remarriage varied widely, depending on religious affiliation.
Place the racial-ethnic groups in order from lowest to highest fertility rate.
Asian Americans White Americans American Indians Black Americans Latino Americans
What has been the statistical trend for ages at which women first marry?
Between 1920 and 1940, it rose, but by 1950, it had dropped substantially. In the 1960s, it began rising again and hasn't stopped since.
Identify the conclusions that may be drawn from this figure. Attitudes toward divorce
Conclusions: Conservatism and religious service attendance are likely to be correlated with each other. Liberals view divorce less negatively than conservatives. As frequency of attending religious services increases, acceptance of divorce decreases. NOT : Conservatives are less likely to divorce
Identify the consequences of technology increasing the numbers of the oldest old.
Consequence(s): -the country would need more resources for programs like Social Security -there would be more overlap across generations within familie
Identify the contributing factors to sexual abuse perpetrated across institutions, such as the Catholic Church and military.
Contributing Factor(s) a rigid hierarchy and unwillingness among the leadership to fully address the problem institutions where men hold the vast majority of the power isolated victims
Identify the contributing factors to the feminization of poverty.
Contributing Factor(s) Women usually end up as children's primary caretakers after divorce. There was a rise in the rate of births to single mothers. Women earn lower incomes than men, on average.
Identify the factors that contributed to greater diversity by family structure today compared to the 1960s.
Contributing Factor(s): -greater media attention to different types of families -higher rates of unmarried women having children -higher rates of divorce
Watch "The Story Behind the Numbers" animation for Chapter 12. Identify each contributing factor to declining rates of family violence.
Contributing Factor(s): -women's increased economic independence and ability to divorce -social services devoted to helping abuse victims -a decline in the opportunity to abuse within cohabiting or married relationships
Identify the relationship dynamics that are associated with divorce.
Correct Answer(s): -violence -frequent disagreement about household tasks Incorrect Answer(s): -being religious -spending too much time together
Identify each conclusion about the figure as either correct or incorrect. INFERTILITY
Correct Conclusion(s):-Women with BA degrees or higher show the lowest rates of infertility.- Infertility rates have a higher span, high to low, across race/ethnicity than educational attainment
There are various ways of seeing many issues related to divorce. Which statement is a point of agreement among sociologists?
Correct choice: Divorce is vastly more common today than a century ago.
How is cohabitation related to the likelihood of getting a divorce?
Couples who cohabit before marriage more likely divorce, but this is due to factors other than cohabitation
What kind of stress do child-free families commonly experience?
Developmental stress
Identify a true statement about the impact of divorce on families.
Divorce alters family system through reconfiguration.
There are various ways of seeing many issues related to divorce. Which statement is a point of agreement among sociologists?
Divorce is vastly more common today than a century ago
_____ includes meaningless phrases, cliches, deferential politeness, small talk, and other forms of trivial interaction.
Empty speech
Identify the characteristics that are associated with either endogamy or exogamy.
Endogamy - less extreme today than in ancient times - useful for maintaining distinct cultures and traditions
Identify whether or not each of the following is an example of a selection effect.
Ex: -People who marry may earn higher wages because higher earners are more attractive mates. -Cohabitors may have a more equal division of labor in the home than married couples because those who value equity may be more likely to cohabit.
In light of the spread of egalitarian beliefs, most college students promote equality in dating. It is now the norm that either person may take the lead in formal dating situations, and either person may make the first sexual move.
FALSE
Identify the factors that likely contribute to a doubling in the percentage of adults who do not live with children.
Factor(s) - delayed marriage and childbearing - greater educational and occupational attainment for women
Because of women's entry into the workforce several decades ago, women are now no more likely than men to be below the poverty line in the year after divorce.
False
True or false: Divorce results in improving the quality of a child's relationship with the mother as well as the father.
False
Identify the family arrangements that face difficulty in gaining social acceptance in the United States.
Family Arrangement(s) That Face(s) Difficulty with Social Acceptance: -same-sex couples -single parents -adoption Family Arrangement(s) that Does Not Face Difficulty with Social Acceptance: -unmarried men
According to Rhunette Diggs, who are central in influencing self-esteem for European Americans during their adolescent period?
Fathers
Why are fertility rates usually measured for women, and not for men?
Fertility data is often gathered from birth certificates, which always record the mother but not always the father
Identify a way that would help unemployed people manage their stress.
Focusing less on staying unemployed
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about modern relationships.
For many people, the goal of modern relationships is to "emotionally" fulfill both partners. While this can be positive, it also makes relationships more "unstable" and at risk of "dissolution."
"Time use" is a common phrase in sociology. Based on this figure, identify the gender differences in time use in a typical day in 2018.
Gender Difference(s) Women spend more time caring for household members. Women spend less time watching television. Men spend more time in paid work.
_____ affect how couples handle the transition to parenthood and how they perceive the stress it generates.
Gender role attitudes
_____ entails a protection of sorts whereby mothers make efforts to provide safety and security to their children in an unfamiliar and often violent homeless shelter.
Guarding
Select the bold terms that represent factors that would likely lead Dorit and Kelii to have more children than the average family in the United States.
Immigrated Ambitious Ethnic enclave
Review the figure. Then match each example to the type of inequality that challenges people and their families.
In a married family, the wife works 40 hours and does the vast majority of child care and housework. The husband works 40 hours and helps out at home when he is able.inequality within families Correct label:inequality within families A single mother works 50 hours a week, and so does a single father. The single mother's income is significantly lower than the single father's.inequality between families Correct label:inequality between families A man is imprisoned for drug sales and is separated from his parents and from his children.inequality for those with no families Correct label:inequality for those with no families
Parental social class strongly influences their adult children's social class. This influence has - since the 1960s, when a - economy offered better jobs for the children of parents with - levels of education.
Increased Manufacturing Low
What does the hereditary framework of a family's external context acknowledge?
It acknowledges that long life and good health are partly a function of heredity.
Identify a true statement about the economic framework of a family's external context.
It encompasses the economic conditions in the family's community.
What is the most important way in which legal recognition of gay and lesbian families reduces boundary ambiguity?
It makes the marriage and the family more socially recognized
Identify a true statement about topic avoidance.
It may include secrets, but it is more general.
Identify a true statement about culture.
It plays a major role in transmitting values to families and aids in the management of family stress.
Identify a true statement about guarding.
It refers to mothers insulating their kids from witnessing their own emotional displays.
What impact did the publication of The Feminine Mystique have on U.S. gender relations?
It showed that middle-class women were frustrated and unhappy with the breadwinner/housewife marriage model.
Place each example in the appropriate part of the figure. MARKET WORK , HOUSE WORK , CARE WORK
Juanita drives 35 minutes to her job = Market Isabella helps her elderly mother run errands = Care Calvin does laundry every sunday = House work Jacob works as a nurse at hospital = Care & Market Time makes extra money mowing lawns = Market & House Unpaid = Hamid makes dcct appt for children
Match each reason for marriage to the appropriate example.
Laurel and Isaac had been living together for several years, but they started thinking about marriage after attending their friend Margaret's wedding. ( IMITATION) Julie and Declan considered marrying when Declan lost his job and his health insurance, so he could be covered by Julie's policy. (INCENTIVES) After Tanisha had been dating Leroy for six months, her mother started asking her when they would be married. (SOCIAL PRESSURE)
Identify the government policies and laws that are likely to contribute to the occurrence of family violence.
Likely to Contribute to Family Violence: -parents or legal guardians are often required to give permission in order for children to access services or programs -parents may choose to homeschool their children, sometimes with little documentation
Match the following themes related to the communication challenges associated with being homeless (in the left column) with their appropriate examples (in the right column). Instructions
Maintaining privacy matches Choice Attempting to parent in private, not public Seeking out surrogate parents matches Choice Including others to watch children when their parents are busy Maintaining stability matches Choice Avoiding shuttling from one shelter to another
Educational endogamy is also called educational -because people tend to marry others with a similar level of education. The division between high school and -is especially pronounced, with relatively few marriages across that gap. Over time, educational endogamy produces more similarity -any given couple, and increased inequality -couples.
Matching - college -within-between
Which of the following definitions best describes a patriarch/property marriage?
Men are heads of the household and women are their property.
Identify the methods used to estimate the likelihood that any given marriage today will end in divorce.
Method(s) apply the divorce rates of prior cohorts of married couples to current cohorts apply the yearly divorce rate to all marriages
10. Which of the following best illustrates the sandwich generation?
Middle-aged parents caught between caring for their children and their aging parents.
Identify the consequences of the demographic transition for modern societies.
Not Consequence(s): -fewer people are involved in the democratic process
_____ occurs when every aspect of family communication is scrutinized by shelter staff, social services staff, and so on.
Public mothering
Identify the reasons why Americans were transfixed by Charlie Chaplin's romantic relationship drama.
Reason(s) He obtained more than one divorce. He paid a large divorce settlement. He married a woman much younger than himself. Not Reason(s) He advocated for more liberal laws surrounding divorce.
Identify the developmental stressors that later-life couples struggle with during their adult lives. (Select all that apply.)
Relational roles Romantic sustainability
Chp 13 flashcards
SOCIAL DIVERSITY The condition of difference in experiences or characteristics of people in a population. (476) TIME POVERTY Having insufficient time for rest and leisure after doing all the necessary work for one's family. (484) DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION The historical change from a society with low life expectancy and high birth rates to one with high life expectancy and low birth rates. (488) AGE STRCTURE The relative number of people of each age in a population. (488) OLDEST OLD People ages 85 and older. (490)
Identify the social factors that lead to some individuals having few or no family members.
Social Factor(s): -immigration policies -incarceration -low fertility Not Social Factor(s): -divorce
Identify the true and false statements about why unpaid labor (family-based housework and care work) often seems invisible, especially to people outside the family.
TRUE : The benefits of this work sometimes take years to appear......There is no formal accounting of both work completed and compensation.
male provider ideal
The father as an economic provider and authority figure for his children. (354)
involved father ideal
The father as an emotional, nurturing companion who bonds with his children as well as providing for them. (355)
fertility
The number of children born in a society or among a particular group. (321)
total fertility rate
The number of children born to the average woman in her lifetime. (321)
opportunity cost
The price one pays for choosing the less lucrative of the available options. (324)
What statement describes something that can be measured by the diversity index?
The probability that two randomly chosen neighbors belong to different social classes.
What is selection effect?
The problem that occurs when the cause being studied has already been determined by the outcome that is under investigation.
Why do later-life couples need to negotiate their relational roles?
To avoid conflict and stress
Identify the true and false statements about remarriage.
True Statement(s): -Among divorced persons, men are more likely than women to remarry in any given year. -African Americans are less likely to remarry, compared with other racial/ethnic groups. False Statement(s): -Remarriage is less common after divorce and more common after widowhood. -Most people who remarry avoid cohabitation.
Based on Lisa Wade's research on some college student relationships, place the following in chronological order.
Two hook up , Stay in Communication but show low level of interest , considering dating each other
Elian is a gay nineteen-year-old man. His cousin, Nance, is a bisexual thirty-year-old woman. Identify the scenarios that current research finds to be typical of many LGBTQ+ lives.
Typical -Elian's first sexual experience was with a girl. Nance's first sexual experience was with a man. -Elian came out when he was eleven. Nance came out when she was twenty-four.
Identify each statement as either supported or unsupported by the critical perspective.
Unsupported Statement(s): -the nuclear family is ideal but not necessary for a hapy family life -it is important to let individuals live as they wish and not get involved
Week 13 Key terms
WORK : The exertion of effort to produce or accomplish something. Care Work : Work performed face‐to‐face for the purpose of enhancing the capabilities of another person. HOUSE WORK : Work to maintain a household's functions. MARKET WORK : Work done by employees for pay. (401) SYSTEM OF CARE How a society accomplishes the necessary care work and housework. OCCUPATIONAL GENDER SEGREGATION Men and women having jobs in separate occupations. (405) GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR : The allocation of work between men and women in society. (406) WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT : The conflict that occurs when the time demands, strains, or obligations of work or family roles make it difficult to fulfill obligations in either role. (418)
Identify the ways that the redistribution of care work has impacted how care is given and received.
Way(s): -More people receive care from strangers, who are paid for their labor. -Individuals are not always aware of when and how they contribute to the care of others.
Which statement accurately describes how research has answered the question: Is "dating" over for college students?
With apps such as Tinder, students meet and socialize in similar ways to older forms of dating
Which of the following definitions best describes a breadwinner/housewife marriage?
Women offer men domestic services and men support them financially.
Select the bold phrase that describes the type of violence most highlighted by the #MeToo movement.
about prominent men who harass and enact sexual violence against women, especially in the workplace
According to Elizabeth Lindsey and Christine Sanchez, _____ is a precipitant to homelessness.
abusive relationship
The socializing process for parents to raise their children is accomplished through _____.
communication behaviors
Elderly siblings provide _____ support to one another during times of developmental stress.
communicative
Select the bold phrases that represent ways that a wedding socializes the partners into their new roles.
counseled them on their new roles, brought their families together, registered for new household items, opened a joint bank account, standing witness to their vows
The three concepts in the ABC-X model relate to produce X, which is the _____ experienced in a family system.
degree of Stress
Match each term to its definition. ( Divorce , Marital dissolution , annulment , separation)
determination that a marriage was never validannulment Correct label:annulment the end of a marriagemarital dissolution Correct label:marital dissolution the formal or informal end of a marital relationship in which one or both partners move out of the homeseparation Correct label:separation the legal dissolution of marriagedivorce Correct label:divorce
The _____ frame refers to the stage of life a family is in when a stressor occurs.
developmental
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the "gray divorce revolution."
doubled , 2nd or 3rd
Identify the effects of the divorce revolution on people's behaviors.
effect : It made divorce in the next generation more common. It delayed marriage for many.
According to Nydegger and Mitteness, empty speech enables family members to _____.
engage in conversation while avoiding stressful topics
The negative effects of divorce on children can be mitigated by _____.
engaging in predivorce communication strategies
Select the bold phrases that show Max attempting to reduce stigma.
experienced disapproval or judgement , be seen as married, and not a divorced, person
The divorce rate increased during the Great Recession of the late 2000s.
false
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about the critical perspective on family diversity.
good ..... Defamilialization .... more voluntary .... family dependency
How have parents' reasons for having children changed over time?
having children is more of an emotional or symbolic asset, not a practical one.
Later-life couples struggle with renewing romance and sustaining a pleasurable sexual relationship due to _____.
health-related issues
Emily is an unhappily married woman in 1975. Emily gets a job and for the first time earns her own income. Match the outcome of her story to the theory about employment and independence as they relate to divorce.
income effect-Emily's income stabilizes family finances, and the marriage improves. independence effect-Emily now feels empowered and equipped to divorce.
The modern era is defined by the importance of -, which makes -marriage somewhat of a paradox. However, as the textbook explains, this paradox is resolved by portraying love as the result of individual -.
individualism, lifelong, choice
A family's _____ is developed through stories, themes, metaphors, rituals, myths, and conversations.
internal context
12. Which of the following factors can mitigate the negative effects of divorce on children?
interparental conflict
During _____, contact between siblings tends to increase and the ties between them become closer.
later adulthood
502-503 Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about grandchildren living with their grandparents.
low-income need help obligation
A number of young couples choose to remain child-free to avoid _____.
parental stress
Select the bold phrases that represent some common reasons why children live with their grandparents.
parents addicted to drugs..... This or foster care ..... state where opioid addiction is high ....
When families are homeless, the role of a mother as a parent becomes secondary to her role as a _____.
provider
Economist Heather Boushey argues that policy changes in three areas—Here, There, and Care—would help relieve the burden on working families. Match each area to a policy that would address it.
require employers to offer paid leave : here reduce working hours in the work week : there there provide free, public child care. : care
Half a century ago, adoptions were often - . In contrast, today they are more often - . Today, almost all adopted children - they live in an adoptive family.
secretive open know
Select the bold phrase that illustrates boundary ambiguity.
sees a former spouse as not part of the family.
What belief emerged in the Victorian era, when different rules were promoted for the sexual behaviors of men and women?
sexual double standard
The stimuli producing stress reactions, the reactions themselves, and the various intervening processes are known by a generic term called
stress
Match each type of abuse that some elderly adults experience to the corresponding example.
striking elderly people out of frustration or to get them to comply Correct label:physical violence berating elderly people in public and mocking their physical impairments Correct label:expressive aggression withholding elderly people's money so they cannot make daily life decisions Correct label:coercive control
Select the bold terms and phrases that represent circumstances that would put the couple at relatively greater risk for violence.
struggling with money ... young.....drinking
the highest chance of dating someone animation chapter 7
the highest chance of dating a Hispanpanic Correct label:Hispanics the highest chance of dating a white person (though this group is not white)Asians Correct label:Asians the highest chance of dating someone who is White and the lowest chance of dating someone who is Black.Whites Correct label:Whites the highest chance of dating someone from their own group.Blacks Correct label:Blacks
Based on the "Story Behind the Numbers" animation, and the accompanying figure in the textbook, identify each statement as either true or false.
A higher % of women than men get married , Gap between marital status in 1970 to 23018 narrows with age.
Research about online dating finds that a substantial percentage of users use misleading pictures or information. Identify the reasons why people misrepresent themselves online.
Reason(s) -to conform to what they think others are doing -to manage their self-images and representations of self
Match each group to the dating scenario it best fits.
says, "No one dates anymore!" Answer: College student use the term "game" to describe gaining persuasive skills used in dating. Answer : African-American appreciate parental advice, and see moral value in a woman's virginity. Mexican go on about three dates a week with various men, which is socially acceptable. 1950's women
Identify how wearing high heels reinforces women "doing gender."
-high heels accentuate physical differences between men and women -high heels accentuate women's relative lack of physical strength
Match each population to the unique circumstances they face while dating.
his group makes up a much smaller proportion of the dating pool than it used to.widowed adults Correct label:widowed adults They don't have much time to date, but many still do.unmarried parents Correct label:unmarried parents Older adults form a large proportion of this group (although they are not the majority).divorced adults Correct label:divorced adults They often have more resources to invest in dating and romance.single older adults Correct label:single older adults
5. Bob finds it easy to discuss sex with his teenage son. Even though Bob's father never had this talk with him, he feels comfortable in knowing that parents are taking responsibility for educating their children about sex these days. Bob's lack of stress in this situation is most likely affected by which of the following?
historical frame
A social script is a -of interaction that serves as a - in - situations
pattern - model of behavior - familiar
_____ effectiveness sharply decreases when families are homeless.
Parenting
Identify an example of normative stressors.
birth and death
Identify an example of unpredictable stressors.
Family home burning down
parenting
The activity of raising a child. (339)
Social support involves messages of _____ for parents in transition.
reassurance and generosity