SFU ARCH 100 Mega

The first view hints that the Cascajal block's writing conforms to the domain of _____ scripts

"Shamanic", devised by religious specialists with tightly-restricted revelatory functions and limited use-span.

Huari Architecture emphasizes _____________ _______ rather than large-volume pyramids or mounds.

"labyrinthine enclosures"

In April AD 556 what did Tikal conduct against Caracol? What did Caracol respond with?

* "Axe" event * "Star War" action

Chavín de Huántar has been long viewed as the ________ __________ of Andean civilizations.

* "mother culture" * But isn't supported by stratigraphic & chronometric data

When was Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Moon constructed?

* 100 AD, predates city grid system * Building 4 constructed AD 250 when the Teotihuacan city-grid system was used. * Suggest state-power established, controlled construction project at city scale.

How large was the Chimor (Chimu) Empire?

* 1000km long between Ecuador to Lima Peru * 2/3 of all irrigated desert land

What is Angkor Thom?

* 1181-1219 Rectangular-walled city in Angkor * Centres on the Bayon temple-mausoleum, notable for gigantic stone heads thought to represent the king as Buddha

Evolution of Chinese Writing

* 1400-1200 BC Oracle bone inscriptions * 1500-700 BC Bronez inscriptions 200 BC* Draft/"Grass" script * 221 BC Small seal script standardized * 200BC-200 AD Chancery script * 200 AD Standard script * 200 AD Cursive script * 1400 AD Standard printed style * 1956 Simplified script standardized

Which cities formed the Triple Alliance that stemmed the Aztec empire?

* 1428 Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan. * Tenochtitlan soon became the dominant partner.

Temple of the Danzantes

* 150 bass-relief carvings of human figures shown swimming * Some are old/bearded * Many nude (nudity was scandalous in most Mesoamerican cultures) * Sacrifice of some sort; some had genital mutilation, decapitation

Cave under Teotihuacan Pyramid of the sun

* 1971 accidentally discovered. * Natural lava tube? * Terminates in multi-chambered area shaped like 4-leaf clover * Ancient use pre-dates pyramid * No spring within cave, though water was brought in as it has drain channels

What was famous about Sanxingdui (late Shang Dynasty)?

* 2 pits filled with spectacular artifacts

What's the earliest/latest date in the Maya lowlands?

* 292 AD at Tikal * 909 AD at Tonina

What's the Chavin De Huantar's Lanzón?

* 4.5m tall granite stela depicting fanged feline/human * Principal deity of Chavin religion. * So integral that it could not be removed without dismantling the building * Can only approach it single file.

What are some things at La Venta?

* 40 earth mounds forming 9 architectural complexes * 90 known stone sculptures * Scores of buried offerings and caches

Tiwanaku

* 400-110 AD * Contemporary rival to Huari site * Situated on the plains of Lake Titicaca. * Capital of large empire. * Largest platform mound in the southern Andes. * Mealithic stairway leads to Kalasaya gateway which frames a large anthropomorphic stela in the background.

How big did the Inca Empire get?

* 4000km. Northern Ecuadore to Central Chile. * vs Aztec empire 1500km * 6-14 million people

Complex A caches and offerings

* 5 Massive Offerings, Pavements (or Mosaic Masks) * Purposefully excavated pits filled with tons of serpentine blocks encased in clay matrices * Small Dedicatory Offerings. * Human figurines, celts (wood-working tools made of jadeite)

What site did we find earliest evidence of writing?

* 6500BC Jiahu Shang Dynasty * Turtle shells with inscriptiosn * Pictograms to represent objects and ideas * Discusses issues concerning the Royal court.

When and how did Teotihuacan end?

* 700 AD when it was burned and destroyed by unknown invaders * Hit the heart of the city (temples and palaces along the Avenue of the Dead) were hardest-hit * Sculptures inside palaces (palatial structures) shattered * No traces of foreign invasion

How many sacrifice victims were there at Huaca de la Luna? What were their features?

* 75, all from outside Moche valley. * Throats cut, heads beaten, stabbed through temple. * Bodies were dismembered then left unburied

What was southeast of Angkor Thom? Why was it called that?

* 877-889 AD. * Temple of Preah Ko (Sacred Ox) at Hariharalaya * Monument to ancestors of King Indravarman I * Sacred oxen guard entrance * Formerly covered in brightly-painted stucco

How did Cortes speak to the Maya?

* A Franciscan friar had been shipwrecked and held captive by the Mayan. * During the conquest of Tabasco, Cortes aquired a companion, Dona Marina who spoke Nahuatl and Mayan, she became his mistress.

What was The Montana site at Escuintla, Guatemala?

* A Teotihuacano colony in the Maya highlands * Occupied 200-600AD

What characterized the Maya collapse?

* A cessation of the recording of historical events using the long count * Population shifts

What was in Sanxingdui's second pit?

* A giant bronze statue of a man * 44 bronze heads * Bronze masks * A 3.96m bronze tree, complete with birds * Other items of bronze, jade, gold and stone

What did KJ (Kaminaljuyu) consist of?

* A number of groups of platform mounds eventually developed into larger mounds * Monumental architecture along with carved monuments and elaborate burials

What was inside Zhenghou's walls?

* A palace with moat * Cemeteries * Specialist workshops for bronze, bone and ceramics.

What was The Entrada at Tikal?

* A political takeover/military conquest. * Chak Tok Ich'aak dies same day as Sihyaj K'ahk arrives at Tikal, ending his lineage. * Replacement with new male line, probably from the ruling house of Teotihuacan.

What kind of city was La Venta?

* A regal-ritual city * Ritual and ideology appears to have dominated the lives of inhabitants.

When was Tikal's Hiatus?

* AD 534-592 * Marked by the halt in monument erection * Burials and offerings became less elaborate

What was one of the key limiting factors to survival at San Lorenzo? How did its final ruler overcome this?

* Access to fresh water * The ruler built an elaborate aqueduct system to provide water to the area of the royal compound.

Teotihuacan Architecture

* Adobe brick (mudbrick) / small stone interior * Faced with broken-up volcanic stones set in clay * Covered in smooth coat of lime plaster * Motif known as talud-tablero * inward-sloping surface/panel called (talud), panel/structure perpendicular to the ground sitting upon the slope (tablero).

What is the pattern seen in China showing early complexity?

* Agriculture and animal domestication, correlated to increasing population sizes. * Villages grow larger, and we see evidence for craft specialists.

How was Teotihuacan's Quetzalcoatl temple built?

* All at once * Sacrificed 200 individuals 18 at a time, hands tied behind their backs, interred in large burial pits at the centre of the pyramid's base * Individual sacrifices at each corner * No signs of violence to the bones

Why is Dynastic sequence at Copan well-known?

* Altar Q depicts each of the rulers of Copan sitting atop their name glyph * Dedicated by Ruler 16 (Dawned Sky Lightingbolt) in 776 * Carved on all 4 sides

What did Angkor Thom house?

* Angkor Thom was a rectangularly-walled city. * Housed a large urban population, and king Jayavarman VII's large temple-mausoleum, the Bayon.

What kind of buildings did non-elites in Teotihuacan live?

* Apartment complexes * Excavations in Tlamimilolpa shows a cluster of rooms and alleys. At least 176 rooms, 21 forecourts and 5 courtyards.

When the Aztecs allowed brave warriors to fight for their lives, what did they give them to fight with?

* Armour made of feathers * A war spear adorned with feathers instead of obsidian.

When did Cortes begin his march to Tenochtitlan? When did he arrive?

* August 1519 * Nov 8 1519

Inca Empire used labour forces to _____ (4)

* Build roads * Build palaces * Weave * War

Macchu Picchu

* Built as estate for Emperor Pachacuti (1438-1472) * "Lost City of the Incas" because it was never discovered by Spanish, never looted * Rediscovered by science in 1911. * Argued to be sacred religious site b/c ritual offerings were found at other high places in the mountains, and mountains were important in the local belief system. * Several stuctures have finely worked stones with niches which were of ritual significance. * Others argue was an Inca Ilaqta - settlement built to control the economy of conquered regions.

Tomb of the Lord of Sipán

* Burial discovered in Lambayeque Valley, some distance from the Moche valley. * Burial included object argued to be royal sceptre. * Problem: if Cerro Blanco was Moche capital, why was royal sceptre buried elsewhere?

What's notable about the tomb at Burial 48, Tikal?

* Burial of "Stormy Sky" (Siyaj Chan K'awill II) * Monochromatic painting on the walls.

Where did Tikal raid in AD 695? Who did they take?

* Calakmul. * Its ruler, Claw of Fire

What was Angkor?

* Capitol city of the Khmer culture (800-1435 AD) * Kingdom controlled most of lowland Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos

What was inside the Temple of the Inscriptions

* Carved floor opened to a stairway leading intot he temple with some sacrificial victims * Huge slab at the bottom, crypt behind it * Around crypt walls had 9 Lords of the Night of Maya mythology

What's a common Huari architectural theme?

* Central open patio surrounded by 2m wide rooms/halls 1-3 stories tall. * Circular/D-shaped buildings used as religious buildings.

KJ was thought to be a __________ centre

* Ceremonial * Local inhabitants and those from the area would gather for ceremonies

What are most Maya scripts written in (regardless of where they're found)? What does this suggest?

* Ch'olan. * May have acted as pan-Maya elite language, like French in medieval England.

What was the Chimor (Chimu) Empire capital?

* Chan Chan, * A dense urban core with a population between 30,000-40,000 * only 7km from Moche site. Revered by Chimu.

Which region was invaded by the Toltecs?

* Chichen Itza * May relate to pan-Mesoamerican economic culture during the Post Classic rather than conquest

What are the four parts that become one in Tawantinsuyu?

* Chinchaysuyu * Antisuyu * Qollasuyu *Kuntisuyu

In October 1519, Cortes and his army (plus thousands of native troops he met along his way, enemies of the Aztecs) attacked ________.

* Cholula, the 2nd larges city in central Mexico. * Massacred thousands of nobles and partially burned the city.

How did Shang rulers keep power?

* Connecting the human world with the divine. * Performed rituals of feasting/sacrifice * Divination was reserved for the ruler

Interpretations grounded in Andean material culture and world-view postulate:

* Connections to water / irrigation * Walking * Ceremonial activity * Ritual clearing * Concepts of astronomy

Nasca = ______ Nazca = _________

* Culture * Valley

Monte Alban Ballcourt

* Dates to Formative or later. * One of 49 in Oaxaca * Unusual location, in centre of ceremonial precinct

Features of the Classic Period?

* Defensible structures * Neolithic technology (no metal) * Art: murals, pottery, figurines, sculptures * Mould-made clay figurines and censers * Huge populations * Urban construction * Some sort of literacy * Calendar with long-count (base 20) dating system * Broad and varied pantheon of Gods + Goddesses: rain, water, fire, sun moon + feathered serpent (Quetzalcoatl)

What notable things did Longshan culture have by the end of it?

* Defensive walls * Rich burial assemblages * Metallurgy * Increased conflict-related artifacts * Craft specialization in ceramic and jade artifact production

Not all rooms in the non-elite apartments at Teotihuacan were connected, what did this indicate?

* Different groups formed private apartments * Suggests a multitude of traders, artisans, and other non-food producers lived within the city.

When El Mirador was reoccupied, when was it, and by whom? How do we know?

* During the Late Classic * Priests or scribes, based on Codex-style ceramics found there

Why was Montezuma stoned to death?

* During the Toxcatl festival, the living embodiment of Tezcatlipoca was sacrificed. * The conquistador Alvarado stopped the festival, killed Aztec priests and nobles, resulting in an Aztec uprising. * Montezuma II was seen as a supporter of Cortes, so was stoned to death by his own subjects.

Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun

* East of Avenue of the Dead * 700ft long 200 feet high * Earlier, smaller pyramid inside * Interior filled >1,175,000m^2 of sun-dried brick and rubble * Summit was wood and thatch temple, accessed by stairway

What myth do many scholars believe Muisca are the source of?

* El Dorado * King annualy would be coated in gold powder, paddle to the centre of a lake where he'd make offerings of gold artifacts (many have been found in Lake Parime)

What are some things at Shang sites?

* Elite burials focused on feasting but not non-elite (contrasting earlier periods) * Reflects social stratification of ancestor world

Who was allowed to live in Cusco?

* Empire's rulers & royal family * Hundreds of servers & courtiers * Descendants of dead kings * Non-royal nobles * "Incas by Privilege" (locals to Cusco given rank because the Empire was so large) * Royal hostages (hostages who were royalty) * Artisans: weavers, potters, metalworkers, brewers

Monte Alban Building J

* End of Formative-Mid * Observatory *Arrowhead-shaped, pointed southwest * Aligns with bright star Capella

What did Ah Cacao do as Tikal re-emerged?

* Erected Stelae to commemorate period endings * Carvings in traditional Maya profile style * Constructed twin pyramids: Temples I and II (including human sacrifice)

What changed about the La Venta Pyramic

* Eroded over 3000 years, modern destruction. * Was less rectangular, more conical. * May have reproduced shape of local volcano

Where are the Teotihuacan elite rumoured to have migrated to after the collapse of Teotihuacan?

* Escuintla Guatemala

What is the Tiwanaku "Gateway of the Sun"?

* Exhibits Chavin De Huantar "Staff God" * A lintel (horizontal support) depicting rows of winged beings converging on a central figure who's standing ona platform mound holding a staff in each hand.

There was writing in Teotihuacan T/F

* False. * Unlike Maya to the south, Teotihuacan developed a highly complex civilization with no evidence of formal writing. * May have had writing on non-preserved materials, but it's odd there are no inscriptions on buildings or statues

What is Quetzalcoatl decorated with?

* Feathered serpents and Fire Serpent (bearer of the sun on its daily journey through the heavens, also the symbol of war due to its headdress) * Blue background with seashells sculpted on it

What did Liangzhu craft specialists produce?

* Fine ceramics * Baskets * Woven silk items * Jade carvings

Who was Stormy Sky?

* First Caiman's son known from Stela 31. * May have acceded in AD 411.

La Venta Complex A was argued to have been a sacred space, why?

* Formed a 3D replica of the Olmec cosmos.

What were common constructions within Inca territory?

* Fortresses, roads, waystations, shrines * Bridges over steep canyons

Why did San Lorenzo collapse?

* Freshwater spring in area dried up or was insufficient to cope with large populations * Maybe warfare, invasion, economic decline, emergence of other centres.

Teopancazco neighbourhood was a centre of __________

* Garment manufacture. * All garments bore reference to the ocean - including seashells attached to the cotton cloth. * Cotton clothing worn by Teotihuacan elites may have augmented the economic status of Teopancazco, with its strong ties to the Gulf Coast. * Craftspeople likely acquired status / economic power.

What was Lord of Sipan buried with?

* Golden back-flap, distinct to Moche culture (assflap) * 1000+ ceramic vessels * Wood plank coffin (rare and valuable in desert) * Pectorals of Spondylus shell beads (smaller than lentil) * Necklace with gold & silver beads shaped like peanuts * Additional silver necklace depicting a coil of human heads * Four half-moon metal nose ornaments * Head covered with sheet of beaten gold shaped to fit facial contours * Gilded artificial face (gold leaf) * Several gold crowns * Several sets of decorated gold & turquoise ear spools ear spools * 2 adult men, 3 young females, 9 year old child buried in other coffin. Women died long before king, Dextered into bundles.

San Lorenzo had 10 colossal _____ and several thrones

* Heads with helmets thought to relate to the ritual ball game played int eh area. * Thought to depict living/recently deceased kings (not Gods/myths) * "Royal procession" for visitors

What did the Potchteca do for the Aztecs?

* Helped spread their influence, bringing new areas under control. * Acted as spies, bringing information from afar.

Popol Vuh Hero Twins story

* Hero twins Xbalanque and Hunahpu * Ballplayers like uncle and father. * Played sacred ball game found throughout Mesoamerica and as far north as Arizona * Soccer with no kicking (hit with pelvis), and perpendicular stone hoop. Played on angled court. * Find father's ball player equipment suspended from ceiling * Summoned to Xibalba for playing too boisterously * Each day, play the Lords to a scoreless draw. * Twins learn ritual magic * Learn art of sacrifice and re-animation * Eventually beat lords of the Underworld int he ballgame.

By the Middle Horizon, there were two empires. _____ in the North, ______ in the South.

* Huari (AKA Wari) in the North * Tiwanaku in the South.

Sup with Shang sacrifice?

* Humans and animals (dog pig cattle horse elephant) found in sacrificial pits * Appears distinct from feasting (animals buried in one piece) * Objects also linked to sacrifice. 2 large pits had objects burnt and broken.

Another Inca Empire myth

* Incas in Cusco were attacked by rival Chankas. * King fled. Young prince stayed. * Prince reported that stones started to transform into warriors to defend the city. * Chankas were routed (retreat due to low morale, give up) * Cowardly king exiled, new prince pronounced king Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (Inca Cataclysm)

What was Erlitou notable for?

* Incorporated the earliest palace structures in China * Elite graves with painted wooden coffins, bronze offerings * Fine bronze vessels and weapons * Oracle bones with written characters * Specialist workshops for producing bronze, turquoise ornaments, jade & fine ceramics

What did Mora-Marin propose in 2009 regarding the Cascajal block?

* Internal structure suggests similarities with other Mesoamerican scripts * Block needs to be rotated 90 degrees to show the reading order. * Sequence of repeated marks suggests a text block * Left-to-right top-to-bottom reading order.

Huari ceramics

* Intricate polychrome designs * Large ceremonial urns * Narrow spouts depict human heads, some with head gear * Sometimes dressed in tunic / poncho depicting Staff god.

How is Chichén Itzá different in appearance from most Maya centres?

* It incorporated a mixture of Mexican and Maya styles * Central Mexican columns instead of walls * Central Mexican religion * Jaguar and Eagle deities mixed with Maya Gods

What's notable about Bonampak?

* It was a minor centre controlled by Yaxchilan but has spectacular, elaborate murals at it. * May be a random chance of preservation. * Dates to 791 AD * Interior and exterior were originally painted

What's the legend of the Milky Way in Mayan culture?

* It's a canoe paddling across the sky * Paddled by a Stingray paddler, Maize God and Jaguar paddler * Over time, sinks over a 4-hour period, and transforms into the crocodile/world tree

Latter sections of the Popol Vuh are _______-specific

* K'iche, the people of the Guatamalan central highlands. * Includes lists of important local families

What did Monte Alban conquest/expansion campaign require?

* Large hierarchical military force capable of delegating authority at considerable distances from the capital * Extended military campaigns * Construction/peopling of forts & garrisons at territorial boundaries

What were common sculptures n stuff Tiwanaku

* Large stelae, some anthropomorphic * Portals (sometimes megalithic out of one stone)

The Great Pyramid of Cholula is one of the ________

* Largest ancient structures in The New World * 180ft above surrounding frame, 1300'x1300'

What was Teotihuacan?

* Largest city of the pre-Columbian world * 8 Sq Miles * ~0 AD * Divided into quarters * Grid 15 degrees 25 minutes E of True North * No known reasoning for orientation

What was in Sanxingdui's first pit?

* Layers of burnt animal bones, 13 elephant tusks. * Ceremonial jade blades and daggers * Lower layers had bronze, gold artifacts, jade items and cowrie shells (puffy looking mollusk)

How did the Aztecs perform human sacrifice?

* Lead victim to top of pyramid * Splay over stone * Remove heart while still beating

What do the Feathered Serpents and Fire Serpents represent?

* Life, greenness, peace * Deserts, heat, war.

Cahuachi skeletons

* Lived in surrounding area * Don't seem to represent people who spent their lives at Cahuachi

What was inside of First Caiman's tomb?

* Lowland Maya objects * Central Mexican vessels * Central Mexican animal offerings (turtle, crocodile birds) * Linked to Teotihuacan and Kaminaljuyu

Avenue of the Dead Teotihuacan

* Major axis. * 4 miles, 2 miles past either side of Pyramid of the Moon to Citadel in south.

What were the facades of each tier of Huaca de la Luna covered with?

* Massive murals of mythical animals - dragon bodies, feline heads -, male dancers, parading warriors, neck-bound prisoners * Inside was checkerboard design of murals of a fanged creature.

How was Sanxingdui laid out?

* Massive walls around 1112 hectares. * Outside walls were cemeteries, occupation and manufacturing centres covering 15 square kilometres.

Monte Alban's endemic warfare yielded which advantages?

* Military readiness * Legitimized authority * Defence, armament, & mobilization. * Seizure of resources, captives, and spoils of war.

The Teotihuacán Mapping Project learned that most of the city consisted of _____________

* Modular, square, residential compounds contained within walls. Roughly 165-200 ft each side. * Grouped into something like wards (kinship/commercial interests)

What's notable about Complex A's floors?

* Mosaic floors/pavements * Most famous = abstract design atop a massive offering 15'x16'

How do we know Mayan writing?

* Mostly from stelae * Stone wall panels, altars, thrones, wooden door lintels * Portable objects: jade, shell, bone (usually mark of ownership) * Ceramic vessels

Teotihuacán is known for _____________

* Mostly-religious murals, on the walls of palaces + apartment complexes. * Many repetitive, maybe stencilled * Coyotes & Jaguars are common themes

Following The Entrada and dynastic change to First Caiman, what did the Tikal elite behaviour start focusing on?

* Moved from Mundo Perdido to North Acropolis * Burial and cache contents start becoming much more elaborate.

Huari architecture

* Multi-story walls of Multi-story walls of rough fieldstone set in mud mortar. * Surrounds large (50m^2) compounds. * Designed to keep people out - defensive. No windows, few enterances. * Religious art on portable objects rather than murals or stelae * No central place for people to make pilgrimage. * Seen at sites 900km apart suggesting large size of Huari Empire.

What happened to Inca Emperors?

* Mummified * Continued to play active role in ceremonial + political life of Cusco * Food burnt infront of mummy * Communicated wishes through mediums.

Where is Teotihuacán Temple of Quetzalcoatl located? What is it

* Near the citadel * A 6-tier step pyramid

What are the problems with the Cascajal text block?

* No reliable provenience (3D location, found) * Doesn't match known categories of Mesoamerican-inscribed artifacts * Isn't similar to any other type of artifact from the Olmec culture area. * Known Mesoamerican writing systems use linear/vertical orientations, not random glyph placements. * Many of the glyphs look like other known artifact forms that aren't considered forms of writing.

Why does Manzanilla argue the burning of Teotihuacan was a revolt?

* No traces of foreign invasion * May have been a response to the late exercise of control over the intermediate elite. * Little evidence for burning outside of Street of the Dead

The Popol Vuh likely only represents _______ of the creation myth of the Maya. How do we know?

* One local version * Classic period scripts from different regions offer variants of the same stories * Some scripts are not included in the K'iche version

Sup with Qin Shi Huangdi's tomb?

* One of the largest in the world * Took all his possessions (in pits or placed inside mausoleum) and followers (bronze/terracotta buried in underground chambers surrounding tomb) * Terracotta warriors included infantry, chariots, cavalry and a command centre. * Soldiers once thought to be mass produced but individually painted & armed.

Why did the San Lorenzo's Red Palace have a huge number of damaged sculptures?

* Originally thought was b/c of raiders * Recently re-interpreted as sculptural "junkyard" where obsolete sculptures were re-worked into contemporary shapes.

Sup with Anyang's massive burial ground?

* Over 1,000 simple burials * 11 deep burial pits reached by ramps * Large numbers of sacrificial victims - some with heads buried separate from their body found in the pits.

Who was buried at The Temple of the Inscriptions?

* Pacal (Lord Sun Shield) ruler between age 12 and 80. * Mosaic mask over face, shitloads of jade * Crypt may have been built by Pacal himself to contain his own remains.

______ ________ were the residences of the lords of the city of Teotihuacán

* Palace compounds * Atetelco Palace typical: * rectangular * 45 rooms * 7 forecourts * 4 platforms arranged around central court depressed below ground level and open with a small altar in the centre * Few windows * Rainwater in drainable sunken basins * Rectangular, cloth-covered doorways

Monte Albán rulers?

* Paramount rulers pursued warfare to subjugate rivals * Strategic mountaintop settlement, with defensive fortifications

Who were the sacrificial victims in the centre of Quetzacoatl?

* People who weren't native to Teotihuacan and didn't live there for very long. At least 2 were from Mayan highlands

What was most Mayan writing on?

* Perishable paper called codex. * Only 4 survive, are all Postclassic and non-historical, relating to elite concerns.

What's Maya writing like?

* Phonographs and glyphs for syllables and vowels * Multiple spelling conventions allowing same word to be written several ways.

What are the four types of Chinese writing?

* Pictograph * Differentiated pictograph * Pictographic compound * Phonetic compound

What are the Incas famous for?

* Polygonal masonry * Cutting adjacent stones in a wall so that many edges fit together. * Religious / Military centre of Sacsayhuaman provides famous example * Several stones over 100+ tons.

What was on Chavín de Huántar's wall?

* Projecting busts of humans & animals. * Many busts with fangs & contorted expressions

What is Panaqa

* Property amassed by an emperor during lifetime * Passed to descendants except for son (new emperor) who had to build his own fortune. * Dynamic played important role in the expansion of the Inca Empire. * Most famous royal estate part of a panaqa is Machu Picchu

What is Qoricancha

* Quechua for "Temple of the Sun" * Located where the first Incas settled * Centre of the Ceque lines. * Considered the pivot point of the universe

How does Chichen Itza resemble Tula?

* Rattlesnake pillars * Chacmool (reclining human figure with bowl for human sacrifice victims' hearts) * Temple of 1000 Warriors -- may indicate conquest by Tula with a Central Mexican enclave in the Yucatan, may just indicate international style

What does iconography suggest Chavín de Huántar were?

* Religious sites * Colonial accounts describe Chavín de Huántar as an oracle, so it may have been a pilgrimage site.

What was the biggest thing that Incas built to expand their empire?

* Roads. * Able to field very large military forces * Rapid transit of information, military forces, and tribute. 40000KM of roads.

Complex A is suggested to be built for _____. Why?

* Royal burial. * Tombs were integrated into the architecture.

What was notable about Anyang's layout?

* Royal graves (Xibeigang) * Palace centre (Xiaotun) where oracle bone records were stored * Workshops for bronze casting * Areas for elites and commoners to live * Lineage cemeteries

What did the Aztecs do when their leader and a Culhuacan princess went bad?

* Sacrificed her, flayed her, and wore her skin in a ritual * Lead to banishment to the swamps of Lake Texcoco in 1325 * Built a city called Tenochtitlan - Mexico City

By 1200 BC this Mesoamerican site was a sphere of influence 400 sq miles incorporating 100 smaller village sites.

* San Lorenzo. * All the hallmarks of civilization were in place

Complex A Mortuary

* Sandstone sarcophagus, but no body. Unclear whether there were ever human remains within. * The sarcophagus is carved to represent a were-jaguar * Standing human figurine carved of serpentine, a jadeite bloodletter, two large jadeite ear spools, and jaguar canine tooth pendants * Sarcophagus has disappeared

Moche Mold-Made Pots

* Sculptures as much sa ceramics * Detailed portait vessels (nearly all men)

What is the Tiwanaku's earliest ritual construction?

* Semi-Subterranian Temple * Sunken court with 3D stone sculptures of heads along walls * Had monumental monoliths and stelae

What do Calakmúl dynastic vases provide? Why do they suck?

* Sequences of rulers up to 19 inaugurations. * No long-count correlations * Names don't match sequence from carved monuments * Many important known rulers are omitted

Huaca de los Idolos (monument of gods)

* Set of rooms atop a structure, assumed cerimonial * Maybe a shrine? * Dedicory caches in the floor. * Carved sticks, strings and canes, red and yellow feathers, small clay human figurines in long drobes with flattop tasseled hats

What has lead some to argue for the presence of a state level Nasca society?

* Settlement patterns with larger and smaller villages with shared architectural styles and similar elite burials. * Suggests multiple tiers, regional centres. * Also waterworks system (Puquios)

What did the turtle shell inscriptions at Jiahu discuss

* Shang Dynasty * Concerns of the court, like making sacrifices to ancestors (usually animal, in a temple) * Military campaigns: "This season, king should attack the Shu, because he will gain assistance on this occasion"

Monte Albán Calendar

* Similar to others in Mesoamerica, 52-year cycle. * 2 interlocked calendars * One 260-day agricultural cycle * Two 365-day lunar cycle

Who ruled Calakmul after Bound-Stone Jaguar?

* Sky Witness * Kmajor influence over lowlands in middle 500s

Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Moon

* Smaller than Pyramid of the Sun * Peak identical height to Pyramid of the Sun because built on higher ground. * Silhouette looks like Cerro Gordo (big mountain)

What was remarkable about the carvings found at Complex A?

* Some depicted females - rare in Mesoamerican art and very rare among Olmec. * La Abuelita probably depicts a dwarf.

What does Chavin De Huantar's Cache containing 20 conch shell trumpets suggest?

* Sounds were an imporant aprt of rituals. * also small mirrors recovered suggested reflected light was used in ritual behaviours

Inca origin myth:

* South of Cusco, a place called Pariqtambo, was a mountain called Tampu T'ogo (window house), which had 3 windows (caves). * A group of 4 brothers & 4 sisters emerged from the central window. * They set off looking for fertile land to build an imperial capital. * When they saw the valley of Cuzco, they realized it was the location

What does Monte Albán's Temple of the Danzantes tell us about warfare?

* Spears * Seizure of named individuals * Bound captives lead to Monte Alban to be sacrificed in a temple

Who is named as the overlord and ruler of Maasal, introduced by the Entrada?

* Spearthrower Owl * Mentioned on a vessel in Teotihuacan * Known from the Marcador

The Olmec were the first Mesoamerican culture to carve _______

* Stelae - large, free-standing depictions of gods/mythical figures/people * Don't know function * Among Maya were used to commemorate victories, dynastic successions, etc.

Shang Dynasty - What was turtle underside-of-shell used to divine?

* Success of hunting expeditions - by Shang Dynasty Prince You. * Incisions were early Chinese script * Desired outcomes influenced by sacrifice of humans or animals to divine royal ancestors

Where was Ah Cacao buried?

* Temple I * Luxury goods: jade shell pottery carved bone * Carved bones celebrate his life, mentioning forays into Copan and Palenque

What structure was modelled after Tula?

* Temple of the Warriors * Constructed on a stepped platform * Numerous square columns decorated on all sides by relief carvings of Toltec officers * Chacmool (human figure on back bowl on stomach for human sacrifice victims' hearts)

The architectural style of The Great Pyramid of Cholula was closely linked to that of _________

* Teotihuacan * Was built in 4 stages with the first resembling pyramids from Teotihuacan, talud-tablero construction * Later stages are different, seem to have been built after collapse of Teotihuacan

What is found in abundance in Escuintla, Guatemala?

* Teotihuacan artwork, particularly in several offerings referred to as "the Escuintla Hoards."

Late Classic depictions of Radiant First Quetzal Macaw show him in __________ dress; contemporary images showed him in ______ garb

* Teotihuacan dress * Traditional Maya garb

What was Tula?

* The capital of the Toltec empire, filling the void left by the collapse of Teotihuacan. * Centre of major economic and political influence

What are Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon dedicated to?

* The divinities explicitly named in old legends. * Unusual in Mesoamerica, where many structures are given "nicknames" * Built early in history

What is Angkor Wat?

* The famous temple in Angkor, built 1080 AD. * longest low-relief sculptures int he world, showing religious and court life int he 12 century * Depictions of king in council, marching armies, royal births.

What was Cahuachi?

* The largest known Nasca site. * Foothills of the andes * Cerimonial centre * 40 mounds interspersed with large open spaces and little evidence of habitation. * Argued to be pilgrimage centre.

What is Popol Vuh?

* The sacred book of the Maya, which their religion is based on. * A creation myth of the highland Maya recorded by 16th Century Spanish friars

Why is Aztec a misnomer?

* The term refers to all people who speak the languages of the Nahua family, geographically inaccurate * People called themselves Mexica

Why did the Mexica journey south to the Valley of Mexico in 1248?

* Their god Huitzilopochtli told them to. * Their chosen location was foretold by the presence of an eagle on a cactus with a ribbon of smoke near its beak. Now the modern Mexican flag.

Complex A at La Venta had 5 elaborate _____

* Tombs * Also had caches and offerings

__________ were wide-spread among Nasca

* Trophy head skulls * Enlarged neckhole * Skin & hair sometimes left in place with eyes and lips pinned together using thorns * Frontal lobe drilled for stringing head onto a rope.

What kind of platform mounds were common and widespread during the Early Formative?

* U-Shaped, symmetrical ones, with a axis matching the centreline of the major mound. * Open-end of "U" oriented up-valley towards source of rivers.

Sup with Shang Dynasty oracle bones?

* Utilized greatly by Shang Dynasty kings. * Over 100,000 recovered * Created by heating pits below bones then observing cracks * Questions posed prior to heating, cracks interpreted. (Divination of events)

How was Cortes greeted in Teotihuacan?

* Welcomed peacefully * Given lavish gifts of gold * Gifts of other precious items, though Cortes only cared about gold

Who did the murals at Bonampak belong to?

* Yahaw Chan Muwan, ruler of Bonampak * Glyphs explicitly state this

When was Teotihuacan (pyramid of sun/moon) occupied?

100BC-550 AD when it was deliberately burned down

How high is Chavín de Huántar?

10330 feet above mean sea level

When did San Lorenzo collapse?

10th century BC

When does El Azuzul in San Lorenzo area date to?

10th century BC

When did the Toltec empire disintegrate?

1100

When did La Venta start?

1200 BC (though has earlier deposits)

Teotihuacan population 6th century AD

125,000-200,000 - 6th largest city in teh world

When did the Aztecs become the dominant polity in the Basin of Mexico?

1420, under emperor Itzcoatl

When did Itzcoatl (Aztec ruler) rule?

1427-1440

How long did the Inca Empire last?

1438 - 1532

When did Ahuitzotl (Aztec ruler) rule?

1486-1502

When was the Shang Dynasty?

1500-1045BC

How did San lorenzo Tenchtitlan begin?

1500BC small village with early occupations

When did Montezuma II ascend the throne?

1502 The Aztec empire was the most powerful state in the history of Mexico. But it was fragile, with many enemies and weak alliances.

Between 100BC-200AD Monte Alban conquered up to what distance? How large of a territory did they control?

150KM away, 20,000KM^2 area.

When did Cortes and his men take Veracruz?

1519

When was the Xia Dynasty?

1700-1500 BC

When did Indus script become obsolete?

1900 BCE

What plants were depicted by iconography at Chavin De Huantar?

2 psychotropic plants, probably ingested by priests and initiates.

Copan's Hieroglyphic Stairway has what on its steps?

2,200 individual glyphs Longest known inscription in Maya hieroglyphic writing

Where is Uaxactun?

20KM North of Tikal

When was the Qin Dynasty?

221-207 BC

What kind of calendar did the Teotihucanos use?

260 day Almanac calendar - no long-count.

How many named days and numbers did the Tzolk'in have?

260 days in total 20 days, 13 numbers

When was Huaca de Los Sacrificios (monument of sacrifices) dated to?

2900 BC

What's the size of the core area of Calakmúl's monumental architecture?

2km^2, over 1000 structures Another 6250 smaller structures (probably residential) within 20km^2 radius

When was the Classic Period?

2nd Century AD

How many Classic Mayan writing signs have been translated?

300

When did Monte Alban begin their campaign of conquest/expansion outside valley

300 BC

How large was Erlitou?

300 hectares, covered 4 occupations.

When are most monuments from Uaxactun dated to?

328-416 AD

When was El Mirador occupied?

350BC - 150 AD

How many provinces did Qin create?

36, each controlled by a governer.

How many months and numbered days did Haab have?

365 days in total. 18 months, 20 days. Additional short month of 5 days at the end of the year

How did we conclude that the tunnel under Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun is completely artificially constructed?

3D Mapping * Tunnel too consistent patterning & intentional directionality.

What converged at Cusco's large plazas?

4 quarters of the empire and the 4 roads leading to them (ceque lines)

What did the new stairways at Copan's hieroglyphic staircase have beside them?

5 life-sized statues of ancestral Copanec rulers dressed as Teotihuacan warriors

When was Longshan culture?

5,000-4,000 years ago, was nearing state-level society

What was the population of Calakmúl estimated to be during the Early Classic period?

50,000

How many signs did The Classic Mayan writing system use?

500

When was Chavín de Huántar's "New Temple" built? Where?

500BC, added onto Old Temple.

When was Monte Albán, Oaxaca occupied?

500BC-900AD

When was Huari occupied

550-1000

When did Liangzhu culture start having larger populations, agriculture and animal domestication, and craft specialists?

5500-3200 years ago.

When did Teotihuacan's influence over other parts of Mesoamerica cease?

600 AD

When was the first evidence of Copan going to war?

653, when an event occurred with a neighbouring polity Quirigua

K'ahk Uti'Witz' K'awiil ruled for ____ years

67

When did Ah Cacao rule?

682

How many times was Templo Mayor rebuilt, with each stage encased within the next?

7 times.

What did the Inca Temple of the Sun (Qoricancha) have hanging on its walls?

700 gold plates.

When did the erection of dated stone elements, stelae-altar complexes and hieroglyphic texts cease?

7th century AD Also decline of polychrome ceramics Decline of sumptuous (splended) burials

When was Chavín de Huántar's "Old Temple" built?

900 BC

What was the first city in Mesoamerica?

900BC San Lorenzo

When did La Venta become the dominant Olme city? When did it stay that till?

900BC, it lasted for 4 centuries

What was The Marcador?

A 3 foot high stone banner with glyphic text describing the Entrada * Also discusses Spearthrower owl's accession to rulership in 374 AD - but not where. May have been the ruler of Teotihuacan

What's Calakmul argued to be?

A Late Preclassic power that continued to be powerful into the Early Classic

How is San Lorenzo defined? (typical of most Mesoamerican cities)

A Regal-Ritual City: urban centre with * Highly developed ritual functions * Modest populations. * Relatively weak and decentralized rulership * Limited economic function * Ritual and ideology appears to have dominated the lives of inhabitants.

What's a sacbeob?

A causeway

What do some people view the events of 378 as?

A change in the Tikal dynastic line Lineage of Great Jaguar Paw replaced by First Caiman or Curl Nose or Fire Born (AKA Smoking Frog)

How did the Mayans view Gemini?

A crab ****ing peccaries (i.e. Musk hog)

What was unique to the Maya lowlands around Palenque?

A four-story square tower. Observatory/watchtower May have been the area where prisoners were sacrificed (2 patios showed prisoners in submission)

Who were The Pochteca?

A group of organized merchants who travelled and traded throughout Mesoamerica.

What was Chacmool?

A reclining human figure with a bowl on its stomach which received human hearts from sacrificial victims.

How did the Inca Empire start?

A regional chiefdom in southern Peruvian Andes

What did excavations reveal in El Azuzul near San Lorenzo?

A series of large sculptures visible from the river * Probably to demonstrate local rulers' power * 2 identical kneeling human twins, two jaguars (Mayan myth, twins playing ball and defeat house who killed their dad and uncle; become Sun and Moon at the end)

What is the Tzolk'in meshed with?

A solar calendar, referred to as Haab

What was the Earthwork structure at the Taosi site identified as?

A solar observatory

What is Cahal Pichik?

A subordinate centre in Caracol

What was The Great Pyramid of Cholula used for?

A temple dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl

What's depicted by the Bonampak murals?

A victory shared by rulers of * Yaxchilan * Bonampak * Lacanha

When did Angkor Wat reach its greatest extent?

AD 1181-1219 during the reign of King Jayavarman VII

When was Moche occupied?

AD 200-850

When did First Caiman retain power over Tikal?

AD 379-425

When did the new ruler of Tikal access?

AD 379. First Caiman or Curl Nose.

When did Stormy Sky die?

AD 456

When did Ruler 13 rule Copan?

AD 695-738

Why did the skeletons at La Venta's tombs not preserve well?

Acidic soil conditions

What did Qin do for Chinese language?

Adopted common script

Which argument did First Caiman's burial objects suggest?

Alliance of 3 polities (societies)

What is Khipu?

An Inca system of knotted strings used instead of writing. Could have been used for calculations/problem solving

Teotihuacán's west ward was ______

An Oaxaca ward, where the people of Oaxaca the Zapotecs carried on their own customs and worshipped their own gods

What do we know about Tonina int he Late Classic?

An aggressive polity, hostile interactions with Palenque and Calakmul

Where was Shang Dynasty discovered archaeologically?

Anyang - the last Shang Capital.

How was fresh water brought to the city of Tenochtitlan?

Aqueduct

How were the Mayan connections between the sky, underworld, and directions depicted?

As a cosmic tree, resembling the Christian cross

How was the Mayan cosmic tree also depicted?

As a crocodile. The Milky Way aka "Wakah-Chan": Great White Road tot he Maya

What is most of Mayan myth based on?

Astronomy, similar to Greek

How did the Aztecs increase power and influence?

Astute political alliances, and fighting skills

When did the Spanish destroy the Aztec empire?

Aug 13 1521, when they captured Cuauhuac, the final Aztec ruler.

Where was Huari's capital?

Ayacucho, in the uplands.

What's the difference between the Aztec and Mayan calendars?

Aztec didn't have a long count.

What saved Cortes from being killed immediately (as Montezuma II's advisors suggested)?

Aztec legend said Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, would return to Earth from across the Eastern sea in the guise of a light-skinned man with a beard.

When was Cholula occupied until?

Aztec times.

How are Mayan Long count dates expressed?

Bak'tun 144000 years 18*20^3 K'atun 7200 years 18*20^3 Tun 360 days 18*20^2 Winal of 20 days (base 18) 18*20^1 K'in 1 day.

What is Mayan Numbering like?

Base 20, with bars for 5, dots for fewer and shell for 0.

How were Oracle bones discovered?

Began to appear on antiques market.

Where was Moche's urban centre?

Between Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna

How was the Cascajal text block found?

Bulldozing

What links does Stormy Sky's tomb have to Teotihuacan?

Butterfly motif, common in Teotihuacan art.

Who orchestrated successful attacks on Tikal by Dos Pilas and Caracol?

Calakmúl

What did the combined Tzolk'in and Haab produce?

Calendar round. A cycle of 18,980 days 52 years x 365 days

What is the Calakmúl site surrounded by?

Canals and reservoirs

Where is the only-known record of the Caracol-Tikal event of AD 562?

Caracol, Belize.

What is the earliest Olmec writing found?

Cascajal - found on glyphs on the Serpentine block, ~3000 years ago

Chichen Itza architecture shows strong connections with ______ _______

Central Mexico

What are the Moche known for?

Ceramic production: * Various utilitarian wares * Mold-made pottery: plants, animals, buildings, warriors, kings, sacrificial victims, deities, child rearing, warfare, sex * Fine-line painted vessels.

What's the Moche site known as?

Cerro Blanco

What was Moche's Capital?

Cerro blanko (aka Moche) Site of Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna

The Teotihuacán area known as the ___________, a huge square enclosure with sides more than 1300 feet long, is argued to be the royal palace.

Citadel (Ciudadela) * Recent investigations demonstrated two apartment complexes suspected to be seats of royal authority

How big was the Shang city Zhengzhou?

City walls (36m wide, 10m tall) enclosed 335 hectares.

What are the 3 themes of the Maya collapse?

Co-occurred: 1. Construction ceases at major centres of southern lowlands 2. Monuments with dates cease to appear 3. People appear to abandon the major sites of the Classic Period.

How did Nasca survive?

Combined agricultural substinence with marine resources

Who ransacked and looted from the Inca Temple of the Sun (Qoricancha)?

Conquistadors.

La Venta is a _____ complete with __-___ _____

Constructed environment complete with man-made mountains

The Maya saw the _______ as interconnected?

Cosmos

Some of the Inca Empire times are off from ethnohistories, what does that mean?

Could be bias, but we can't tell.

What did Qin do for Chinese measurements?

Created uniformity in weights and measures, vehicle wheel gauges, currency.

After Noche Triste (sad night) who did Cortes receive reinforcement troops from?

Cuba. They laid siege to tenochtitlan.

What do Chavín de Huántar's motifs being widespread suggest?

Cultural integration over a large area.

What was Chavín de Huántar's circular plaza decorated with?

Depictions of a procession of jaguars carrying staffs of San Pedro Cactus or blowing conch shell trumpets.

How did Cortes find out about Tenochtitlan and its riches?

Dona Marina, his native mistress.

What were Cusco's principles?

Dualism and unification.

Where did the Teotihuacanos come from?

Dunno.

When did Tikal begin to become important?

During the Preclassic, when construction began on the North Acropolis and Mundo Perdido complexes.

What did Aztecs also do during human sacrifice events?

Eat the sacrifices.

What is the mosaic at Complex A of?

Either * Were-jaguar * Abstract

KJ also controlled the______________ source

El Chayal obsidian source, located 20km away.

Where was the largest Preclassic Centre?

El Mirdor * Had more than a dozen temple pyramids and complexes * Largest pyramid = El Tigre, 180 feet tall * Central Acropolis over 300 yards long-count* * Danta Complex, huge cluster of buildings iwtha giant pyramid * Little excavations * No population estimates or knowledge of what went on there.

Teotihuacán had ______________ living within it.

Enclaves of people from other cities and cultures

What's Dec 21 2012

End of a Baktun cycle, beginning of a new one Time of tremendous celebration

Where in Southern Guatemala did Teotihuacan have long-standing connections to?

Escuintla, 900 miles south

Hernan Cortes arrived in Cozumel in _______

Feb 1519

Why do many archaeologists argue that the Teotihuacans must have had a writing system?

For administrative purposes

What is the last dated monument in the Maya world?

From Tonina January 15 909

Huari had grand compounds with high enclosing walls, interiors used large "halls" sometimes 2 stories tall, these were called ___________

Galleries

What was inside the Inca Temple of the Sun? (Qoricancha)

Garden of the Sun where ceremonial maize was grown. During festivals were replaced by solid gold maize plants.

What are the first Mesoamerican murals of?

Gods and mythical scenes

Who are Xibalba?

Gods of the Mayan underworld

What object was distinct to Moche warriors?

Golden back-flap, butt flap.

What is notable about Longshan burials?

Had elite burials, including some with hundreds of offerings.

What happened to Shield Skull, in power during Tikal / Dos Pilas hostilities?

He was captured and sacrificed.

Where did Huari control?

Highland and coastal Peru.

Who produced resources and crafts for Chan Chan?

Hinterland. Fishing villages, agricultural villages with irrigation systems, craft production widespread.

Who captured Ruler 13?

His vassel. He was beheaded afterwards.

How was Shang Dynasty originally known about?

Historic texts

What was nested in a hierarchy of administration in the Inca empire? (3)

Households, communities, and regions.

What actually caused Inca Empire?

Huari expansion into the Inca region mid-6th century. No major settlements near Cusco or the Sacred Valley (neighbouring valley)

What is Pikillacta?

Huari's largest centre. Planned grid of 12m fieldstone walls and plazas

_______ is one of the larges sites in the Andes

Huari. 2.5km^2 central urban core, 25km^2 of residences, household middens (waste dumps)

What do the Nasca geoglyphs depict?

Humans and animals

Where were materials produced for the Teotihuacan Moon Pyramid made?

Immediately adjecent to it

When was Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun raised?

In stages beginning in the Late Preclassic period.

Where did the Mexica live?

Island north of Valley of Mexico 1168

What was found in many Tikal hiatus-period offerings?

Isolated human fingers

Why did the end of the Classic have less writing?

It fell out of fashion to put carved inscriptions on structures

What was notable about The Haab?

It was 1/4 days short of a solar year, while Mayans knew this, they didn't care.

What does recent analysis of Chavin De Huantar suggest?

It was built after sits like Sechin Alto (Andean)

Why does the Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun have a bend at the top?

It was damaged (searching for buried, earlier pyramid) and reconstructed incorrectly at start of 20th century.

What did The Temple of the Inscriptions and Egyptian funerary monuments have in common?

It was the first to function like an Egyptian funerary structure, with a crypt.

When did Fire born (aka Smoking Frog) arrive at Tikal?

Jan 15 378. Documented at El Peru, 49 miles west 8 days earlier (travelled along San Pedro Martir river from Teotihuacan

When was The Entrada?

Jan 16, AD 378 as recorded by Tikal and Uaxactun

Noche Triste? (Sad night)

June 30-July 1 1520 After Montezuma II was stoned to death, Cortes and his men fled across the causeway from Tenochtitlan to Tlaxcala

What was Calakmúl referred to in ancient times?

Kaan, the Kingdom of the Snake

What's the largest Late Preclassic centre in Southern Maya area?

Kaminaljuyu (KJ) in highlands near Guatamala

Who took over the Yucatan at Chichen Itza and established his capital there?

Kukulcan, 987

When did Ah Cacao die?

Likely 721-734

What are ciudadelas?

Little cities (Chan Chan)

Where are Nasca Geoglyphs visible from?

Local hilltops, planes

What kind of calendar system did the Maya use?

Long-count

Which Asian culture had walled villages?

Longshan

Where did Sky Witness install a ruler at in AD 561?

Los Alacranes, allowing his influence to spread through Buuk (borderlands between Mexico, Belize & Guatamala)

Where is Caracol?

Maya mountains of South-Central Belize. At centre of 7 causeways

Where is Angkor?

Mekong Delta

Teotihuacán's east ward was

Merchants from lowland Veracruz and Maya areas

What did the Mexica first worka s?

Mercinaries for the city-state of Culhuacan

What are Stelae?

Mesoamerican tombstone-shaped statues with relief carvings.

What does the Lord of Sipan not being buried at Cerro Blanco (Moche) suggest?

Moche polity was not a single entity.

What is the style of the first Mesoamerican murals?

Monochromatic or minimally polychromatic.

Who constructed the aqueduct system for bringing fresh water into Tenochtitlan?

Montezuma I, son of Itzcoatl

Who expanded the Aztec empire into the Gulf Coast region, allowing access to exotic goods such as rubber?

Montezuma I, son of Itzcoatl

Who solidified the Aztec triple alliance?

Montezuma I, son of Itzcoatl.

How were the Nasca Geoglyphs made?

Moving darkened desert pavement, to show lighter soil underneath.

What are the most famous murlas at Teotihuacan? What do they depict?

Murals of Tepantitla * Previously thought Rain God Tlalocan * Now believed to be the Teotihuacan Spider Woman, responsible for the creation of the universe and the supreme diety of Teotihuacanos

What is Nasca best known for?

Nasca Lines, large geoglyphs created on the desert floor.

How was Chavín de Huántar's temple lit?

Natural light through the ventilation shafts

Where were most Liangzhu settlements?

Near rivers, used for transportation.

What was destroyed at The Entrada atTikal?

Nearly all carved monuments. Others were dispersed to peripheral locations and minor centres.

Did Chavín de Huántar have imperial installations or fortresses?

No

Why can't we figure out what the mosaic at Complex A is?

No idea which side is the top.

Did Palenque use stelae?

No, just carved panels.

Has Qin Shi Huangdi's burial chamber ever been excavated?

No. Only described in texts. * "The roof reflected the heavens in pearls while the ground displayed the extent of the empire with rivers of flowing mercury.

Carballo suggested Teotihuacán controlled at least some ___________ production

Obsidian

The second view states that the Cascajal block's writing has clear linkage to ______ ______

Olmec iconography

What's the earliest record of systematic writing from China?

Oracle bones, inscribed.

Incas were not always victorious in the battlefield but were efficient in _____________

Organizing conquered peoples/territories

Teotihuacán appears to have had control over source production and workshops dedicated to tool production using obsidian from a material source known as _______

Pachuca, green obsidian

Moche fine-line painted vessels

Painted in black/brown pigment Scenes depict aspects of life

Where was the Temple of the Inscriptions?

Palenque Excavated in 50s 620 glyphs and dates and a carved floor

What are the Nasca Geoglyphs lines believed to be?

Pathways walked along in ritual processions, or related to rain ceremonies.

What was Huari's largest centre?

Pikillacta, near the Inca city of Cuzco

Who did Aztec legends say built Teotihuacan?

Place of the gods, inhabited by giants

How were Huari buildings built?

Plaster-covered rough stone walls.

______ pottery was produced at Cahuachi and widely distributed to villages in the surrounding area

Polychrome (multicolour)

What is argued as evidence for expansion of the Chimu empire and elite system?

Possible ciudadelas at sites outside Moche Valley - including large sites.

Who did Animal Skull, the Tikal Ruler, point to for his lineage?

Pre-Teotihuacan event dynasty.

What did a sandstorm in 2014 reveal in the Nazca valley?

Previously unseen Nasca Lines near the "Hummingbird" geoglyph Likely predate known lines, created by Paracas culture.

Why is Monte Alban important?

Provides clear evidence for system of writing and calendar (Script not translated)

By building a new structure over the tomb of Stormy Sky, what did Au Cacao do?

Put an end to the use of the North Acropolis for royal burials.

What did Aztecs do with the heads of sacrificial victims?

Put them on display on skull racks.

Where does the name China come rom?

Qin

Who applied the legal system everywhere in China in 221-207 BC?

Qin Shi Huangdi

Who unified china in 221-207 BC?

Qin Shi Huangdi

Who was the first emperor of China?

Qin Shi Huangdi

Who began construction of the Great Wall? Why?

Qin Shi Huangdi, building it along northern borders to repel the Xiongnu, the marauding warrior horsemen from Mongolia. Hundreds of thousands of workmen deployed to build it.

Who founded Copan?

Radiant First Quezal Macaw

What shrines does Templo Mayor have at the top?

Rain god, God of war+Sun

What surrounds Chavín de Huántar?

Residential zone.

What are ceque lines?

Ritual pathways leading out from Cusco into the rest of the Inca empire.

______ was the first ruler to overtly attempt to place Copan among the most powerful kingdoms

Ruler 13

Who took power of Tikal in 734?

Ruler B, son of Lord Chocolate.

Who presided over the acession of Aj Wosal at Naranjo in AD 546?

Ruler Bound-Stone Jaguar Wife Lady Star House

What were inscriptions in Angkor written using?

Sanskrit (Hindu) and archaic Khmer (Cambodian)

What other site was contemporary with Anyang?

Sanxingdui, a major centre and location of a large urban settlement

When was Copan founded?

September 5, 0426

Where were the sacrificial victims at the corners of Quetzalcoatl from?

Several areas, but had lived in Teotihuacan for some time prior to their death.

What was behind Angkor Thom?

Several huge reservoirs

Who was Lord Chocolate? (Ah Cacao AKA Ruler A)

Shield Skull's son. Ah Cacao

Who presided over kingly installation at Tikal in 379, 381, and 393?

Sihyaj K'ahk

How do we know that the bodies at Huaca de la Luna were not buried?

Skeletons were found in association with hundreds of fly egg casings.

During the Tikal hiatus period, where were offerings situatied?

Small rooms, suggesting small audience (was outdoors before)

What do Secondary Centres have (Chan Chan)?

Small-scale compounds with courtyards, niched rooms, audiencias (courtroom? Audience?)

Who defeated Tikal and resulted in Caracol victories in the Star War events?

Snake Kingdom

Who did the Aztecs sacrifice most frequently?

Soldiers from other polities

When did Mayan writing develop?

Some time during Middle Preclassic

What did one hear when standing near Lanzón?

Sound effects created by controlling the flow of water through temple drainage channels, making the statue appear to speak.

Where was Maya geographically in relation to Teotihuacan?

South

Where was Erlitou (Xia Dynasty)?

South of Yellow River (Henan province)

Where was Anyang, the last Shang Capital?

Southern bend of the Huan River in Henan province.

Who fathered the next king of Tikal after 378 AD?

Spearthrower Owl.

What did Huaca de la Luna consist of?

Stack of plazas, patios, temples, and artwork.

Inca messengers

Stationed every 6-9km Could cover 240 km a day-to-day 1000 tampu (roadside stations) built along roads.

Where is the only known image of Sihyaj K'ahk from?

Stela 15 at El Peru, where he appears in Teotihuacan dress

What were the Atlantean warriors?

Stela-like statues of warriors.

What did ruler 13 commission a lot of?

Stelae showing him in the midst of ceremonial/ritual behaviour

What's the largest structure at Calakmúl?

Structure II Similar in shape to the Late Preclassic pyramids of El Mirador

All the cultures of Mesoamerica appear to have practiced human sacrifice? T/F

T

There are no original standing Tiwanaku buildings T/F

T

T/F Sky Witness appears to have been a major player in the Caracol-Tikal event of AD 562?

TRUE

What style of structures were the earliest structures at Copan built with?

Talud-tablero style

What does Tawantinsuyu mean?

Tawa -- Four Ntin - Become one Suyu - Parts

Cusco was centre & conceptual hub of _________

Tawantinsuyu: the Naval of the universe. (centre of everything)

Who founded the Chimor (Chimu) Empire? When?

Taycanamu in 900 Arrived at sea alone, sent to rule from afar

What did Ruler B build?

Temple VI (Temple of the Inscriptions) and East Market Complex Had a giant hieroglyphic inscription recording principal events in Tikal's history starting in 457 (Preclassic) BC.

At the time of European Contact, ____________ was the largest city in the world.

Tenochtitlán

Who did KJ possibly affiliate with or were controlled by?

Teotihuacan

Where is Teotihuacan?

Teotihuacan valley - side branch of Valley of Mexico

What do Murals from other centres depict after The Entrada at Tikal?

Teotihuacan-style warriors facing Maya lords.

Aztec legend places the creation of the Sun, Moon, and present universe at _______________

Teotihuacán

What suggests the Huari empire was over-extended relative to infrastructure/communications?

That the site was abandoned before the compounds were completed, and may have never been occupied.

The dating of the Cascajal block and distinction from later scripts indicates what?

That there was scriptural silence till the far later introduction of a script from the Near East and intervening regions.

When are the first Mesoamerican murals from?

The Early Classic

What is at the centre of La Venta?

The Great Pyramid

Who did the 260 day Mesoamerican calendar originate with?

The Olmecs, where there are 260 days between zenith passages.

What was San Lorenzo's Royal Compound referred to as?

The Red Palace (stone colour)

What did Complexes A B C and the Stirling Acropoliis (a plaza with a small platform) form within La Venta?

The Royal Compound

What did the defeat of Tikal result in?

The capture and sacrifice of Double Bird.

El Mirador's structures seem to align with eachother and with astronomical phenomena. What does this suggest?

The city was planned from its origins.

What is Maya religion based on?

The document Popol Vuh - the sacred book of the Maya

What is Sacsahuaman?

The fort-like temple at Cusco (Inca capital)

What is the oldest Mayan myth story (Olmec times)

The laying of the 3 hearth stones * Orion = triangular hearth stone arrangement with his belt as a turtle

What was Palenque?

The most beautiful Maya centre. Not large. A labyrinth with a series of vaulted galleries and rooms arranged around interior courtyards and patios

What, of Mesoamerican culture, has been found as far north as Arizona?

The sacred ball game.

What do the commonality of symbols from Nasca lines in different context suggest?

Their importance to the Nasca culture. Importance of those animals to Nasca culture.

What happened to Copan's hieroglyphic staircase with the 2 rulers after Ruler 13?

They doubled its length

What was Caracol named in ancient times?

Three Hill water

Where was the largest and most powerful centre of the Early Classic period?

Tikal

In Huari times, what was the Staff god more closely associated with?

Tikwanaku

What did one anthropologist argue (in the 1970s) was the reason for Aztec cannibalism?

To compensate for the lack of protein in the Aztec diet.

Why were most of the mounds in Complex I at La Venta destroyed?

To construct an airstrip

What did Huari use terraces for? Andenes

To increase agricultural production, they increase sun exposure, decrease erosion and surface runoff, improve absorption, and create a level planting area.

KJ seemed to be a ______ ______

Trade crossroads - at the route from the highlands to the Pacific Coast for the trade of Quetzal feathers

What was the first evidence that the Aztecs had become an empire?

Tribute lists, showing the flow of goods such as cotton clothes, feathers, foods flowing into Tenochtitlan from conquered territories.

What was the Mayan calendar called?

Tzolk'in

What was the reason for the disintegration of the Toltec empire?

Unknown. Tula occupied after collapse in 1100, till Aztec times.

What were the upper and lower halves of Cusco called?

Upper Hanan Lower Hurin

What was outside Zhenghou's walls?

Various specialist manufacturing areas

What culture do early Teotihuacan buildings share structural similarities with?

Veracruz

What architecture was similarly rigid in geometry to Huari?

Viracochapampa

What were Incas sticklers for?

Warehouses. They wanted trade to happen quickly.

What caused Tikal's Hiatus?

Warfar. Was defeated by Caracol, Belize.

What do Coyotes & Jaguars represent in Aztec and Teotihuacan art themes?

Warrior classes

Who is the Staff God?

We don't know. Portals seem important. Sometimes has a stalk of corn instead of second staff.

What stopped the writing of codexes by the Mayans?

When the Spanish forbade the use of the Maya script.

The signs and sequences of the Cascajal block suggest _______ _______ not ________ _______

Widespread codification, not shamanic idiosynrasy

In Mesoamerica, tunnel caverns were likened to symbolic ______________________

Wombs from which gods emerged in the mythological past.

What was the palace in Erlitou made of?

Wood

What were the names of Popol Vuh's Hero Twins?

Xbalanque and Hunahpu

What was the first dynasty in China? (based on historic texts and archaeology)

Xia Dynasty

Who took the throne of Caracol in AD 553?

Yajaw Te' K'Inich II (K'An I's son)

What's one of the first known examples that demonstrates Tikal's political power?

Yajaw Te' K'Inich II taking throne in AD 553 under sponshorship of Tikal ruler Double Bird

Who captured Bound-Stone Jaguar's vassal (land holder)?

Yaxchilan in AD 537

Monte Albán, Oaxaca - Argued to represent the consolidation of the _________

Zapotec state-level

The Cascajal block made of serpentine being dated to the Early Formative-Middle Formative transition raises the possibility (2) that its writing system is:

i) isolated; devised locally with no successors ii) a widely-spread script that disappeared before the advent of scripts across Mesoamerica in ~100BCE.

When does The Snake dynasty appear?

mid-6th century

Burial 2 at Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Moon suggests__________

proclamation of institutionalized rule in close association with the state military apparatus.

Moche has been long-considered a _____ _____ society

single, unified

What did KJ's (Kaminaljuyu) Monumental architecture along with carved monuments and elaborate burials suggest?

sociopolitical stratification (hierarchy)