Skeletal System Anatomy 7

Which tissue in the body supports, protects, produces blood cells and stores minerals?

Bone

____ bone has a continuous extracellular matrix organized into osteons with no gaps. ___ bone is irregular interconnecting spaces between bony plates called trabeculae.

Compact; spongy

Bone ( top to bottom)

Diaphysis, epiphysis, endosteum, perosteum epiphyseal plate

What hormone stimulates growth at the epiphyseal plate?

Growth hormone

Order of healing fractures

Hematoma formation fibrocartiliage formation bony callus formation bone remdeling by osteoclasts to get is back to its original shape

_____ is the process of blood cell formations and takes place in different places at different ages. It begins in the yolk sac in the embryo, later occurs in the liver and spleen, and still later in the bone marrow.

Hemopoiesis

A disorder called ___ is caused by excess growth hormone secretion in adults.

acromegaly

What is sclerosis?

an abnormal lateral curvature

What are the four fontanels?

anterior, posterior, mastoid, sphenoid

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones attached to each other ___ and to the sacrum ___.

anteriorly ; posteriorly

The periosteum is located ____ and plays a role in ____.

around the bones ; bone growth and repair

The ___, or second cervical vertebra, has a tooth-like process called the ___ process, which provides a pivot for the first cervical vertebra when the head turns from side to side .

axis; dens

Hemopoiesis is the formation of ____, and occurs in ____.

blood cells; various places at different stages of life

Some hormones, such as parathyroid hormone, act on bones to help regulate blood _____ levels

calcium

Intervertebral discs are made of ____ and are located _____.

cartilage; in between vertebrae

Bony matrix is made up of:

collagen fibers and calcium phosphate salts ( inorganic salts)

Osteons are the structural unit of ___ bone, and contain ____ in the center.

compact; blood vessels and nerves

Compact bone has a ____ matrix, while spongy bone's matrix is____.

dense; formed into trabeculae

Osteoblasts function to ___, while osteoclasts ___.

deposit bony matrix; dissolve body matrix

The long bone has an expanded portion at each of the bone called an epiphysis and a shaft called the _____.

diaphysis

The ___ is a membrane lining the meduliary cavity of the diaphysis

endosteum

Long bones have enlarged ends called ____ that are covered with ____.

epiphyses; articular cartilage

zygomatic, mandible, and maxilla are part of the ____ bones

facial

An intervertebral disc is composed of ____ and is located between ____.

fibrocartilage; vertebrae

What does excess growth hormone in childhood cause?

gigantism

The endosteum is found ____ of long bones.

in the medullary cavity

suture

interlocking line of union between bones

Tuberosity

knoblike process usually larger than a tubercle

The body of an osteocyte lies in space called

lacunae.

The bones in the middle ear are the ____, ____, and ____.

malleus, incus, and stapes

Cells called ___ dissolve bony matrix, while cells called ___ deposit new matrix.

osteoclasts; osteoblasts

Compact bone is composed of cylinder shaped units called ___, each contained a(n) ____, which contains blood vessels.

osteons, central canal

In ____, bone mass declines, bones easily fracture and may spontaneously break because they no longer can support body weight.

osteoporosis

Low blood calcium level simulate the secretion of ____ hormone; high blood calcium levels simulate the secretion of ____ hormone.

parathyroid; calcitonin

Function of red bone marrow

produces blood cells

The thoracic cage consists of twelve pairs of ____ and one ____.

ribs; sternum

Epiphyseal plates...

seperates the diaphysis and the epiphysis of long bones, and it is responsible for the growth in length of longbones, and it also consists of cartilaginous cells

facet

small, flat articular surface

Tubercle

small, knoblike process

What roles do sex hormones play in bone growth?

they simulate vlosure of the epiphyseal plate and therefore stop long bone growth and they also stimulate growth at the epiphyseal plate and therefore long bone growth

Osteoporosis is characterized by:

thin, fragile bones that fracture easily

spine

thorn-like process

Bones that compose the pectoral girdle are...

two scapula and two clavicles

How many PAIRS of ribs in a normal adult? how many all together?

12 pairs, 24 all together

The coccyx is formed by __#__ vertebrae that fuse between the ages of 25 and 30.

4

Number of vertebrae in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra

7;12; and 5

Role of calcium in the body?

A component of bony matrix, important in blood clot formation, and also plays a role in muscle contraction.

Epicondyle

A projection situated above a condyle

Characteristics of paranasla sinuses

Air- filled cavities, increase the intensity of the voice and reduce the weight of the skull.

Roles of the fontanels

Allows for the brain to develop and grow; allows for bones to move during child birth.

After bones have formed via intramembranous or endochondrial ossification, what happens to the bone?

Bone is continually remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Characteristics of the occipital bone

Contains occipital condyles, foramen magnum, and also joins the parietal bones along the lambdoid suture

Characteristics of the frontal bone

Contains paranasal sinus; and also contains the superorbital foramen

Categories of bones according to shape...

Flat, long, irregular

Flat bone is...

Frontal ( forehead bone ) and scapula ( shoulder blade )

What is kyphosis?

Humpback in the thoracic area

Cells of the ____ system originate in the bone marrow.

Immune

Curled, like a scroll and extends medially from the lateral nasal cavity wall.... what is it?

Inferior nasal concha

When blood calcium is ____, parathyroid hormone simulates osteoclasts to break down bone; when blood calcium is ____, calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to form bone tissue.

Low; high

What is the name of the prominent bulge located posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus?

Mastoid process

crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Bone that is long, thin, rectangular and forms the bridge of the nose?

Nasal

The___ is the vascular connective tissue membrane that covers bones and plays an important role in bone growth and repair.

Periosteum

What is located in adult spongy bone of the skull, sternum, and hip bones

Red bone marrow

Trochanter

Relatively large process

Condyle

Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

The ____ is formed by five fused vertebrae and is a component of the pelvis.

Sacrum

The immune system depends upon the ____ system to produce its cells.

Skeletal

Fontanel

Soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones

What bone articulated with the clavicles and the costal cartilages?

Sternum

Bones...

Support and protect soft tissues, house blood-producing cells, and they store inorganic salts.

What is lordosis?

Swayback in the lumbar region (Lumbar, Lordosis)

The _____ functions to protect organs of the thoracic cavity and the upper abdominal cavity.

Thoracic cage

___ bone marrow stores fat and is inactive in blood cell production.

Yellow

Which bones are classified as irregular?

Zygomatic ( cheek bone ) and vertebra ( backbone)

fissure

a groove in the bone