SkyWest Technical

How often do winds and temperature aloft forecasts come out?

FB's issued 0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 Z.

( 7 ) Where to look for notam affecting change of an app minimum?

FDC (Flight Data Center) Notams FAA web-site

( 4 ) What are the cons of a hershey bar wing?

Low aspect ratio.

( 14 ) What is the maximum speed in a Procedure Turn?

200 KIAS

Wind

210v290 = wind degree variable between 210 and 290 VRB03KT = variable at 3kts

( 15 ) How many volts does your battery have?

24 V

( 6 ) What are the pros of a hershey bar wing?

Stalls at the root first thereby keeping your ailerons effective during a stall which helps recovery. More stable wing*

( 4 ) What are the cloud clearance requirements in class D airspace?

3 SM visibility, 500 feet below, 1000 feet above, 2000 ft horizontally

P6SM

= greater than 6 sm

( 8 ) What does a VOR/DME look like on Jepps?

A black compass rose with a black scalloped cirlce inside. A circle with lines, like a compass.

VCM

Vapor cycle machine

( 9 ) What aerodynamic condition is causing the aircraft to Dutch Roll?

A series of out-of-phase turns, when the aircraft rolls in one direction and yaws in the other.

( 9 ) What affects your center of pressure?

AoA

( 8 ) If a circuit breaker was to pop, was it due to over-amperage or over-voltage?

Because over loading Amp

ACM

air cycle machine

Clouds

CB = cumulonimbus TCU = towering cumulus

( 15 ) If you shoot the approach by doing Procedure turn where is FAF?

established inbound on the final approach course Glide slope intercept on a precision approach When a FAF is not designated, such as on an approach that incorporates an on-airport VOR or NDB, this point is typically where the procedure turn intersects the final approach course inbound. This point is referred to as the final approach point (FAP)

WSCONDS

potential for windshear where not enough info to reliably predict

( 13 ) What is a volt?

the SI unit of electromotive force, the difference of potential that would drive one ampere of current against one ohm resistance. - Basically it is electrical pressure*

Precipitation induced fog:

warm rain falls through cold air, evaporation from the precip saturates the air Common with warm fronts

PT Not Required

1. No PT remark 2. Directed by ATC 3. Radar vectored 4. Timed approaches from a holding fix 5. Hording or teardrop depicted in lieu of PT

What is needed for a thunderstorm to form?

1. Sufficient moisture 2. An unstable air mass as indicated by a higher than average lapse rate. 3. A lifting force

( 6 ) Explain left turning tendencies for a prop driven aircraft.

1.) P-factor (Asymmetrical thrust), 2.) Gyroscopic precession (action), 3.) Spiraling Slipstream (Corkscrew effect), 4.) Torque effect (newtons third law).

What would you do if you found yourself in a thunderstorm?

1.Tighten your safety belt, put on your shoulder harness. 2. Plan and hold the course to take the aircraft through the storm in minimum time. 3. To avoid most critical icing establish a penetration altitude below the freezing level or above the level of -15C 4. Turn on pitot heat, carb heat, jet engine anti-ice. 5. Establish power settings for turbulence penetration airspeed. 6. Turn up cockpit lights to highest level to lessen temporary blindness from lighting. 7. If using autopilot disengage altitude hold mode and safe speed mode. 8. If using airborne radar tilt the antenna up and down occasionally. 9. Keep eyes on instruments to avoid temporary blindness from lightning. 10. Maintain constant ATTiTUDE. Allow altitude and airspeed to fluctuate. 11. Don't turn back once you are in the thunderstorm. Turning maneuvers can increase stress on aircraft. AIM 7-1-28 b,c

( 4 ) Service Volumes of a high altitude VOR?

1000 - 14500 40NM 14501 - 18000 100NM 18001 - 45000 130NM 45001 - 60000 100 NM

( 12 ) How long a temporary airmen cert is good for?

120 days is the correct answer, Part 61.17

( 7 ) Q-routes are at what altitudes?

18,000ft-FL450 inclusive

What altitude does the tropopause start?

20,000' near the poles, 65,000' near the equator. Approximately 36,000' over the US

( 6 ) You're in the lateral boundaries of LAX Class B airspace, but under the actual airspace. What is the max airspeed you can fly?

200 knots

( 10 ) What is the maximum airspeed permitted in a hold between 0-6,000ft , 6,001ft-14,000ft, and 14001ft and above?

200kts,230kts, and 265kts respectively.

How long is a TAF valid for?

24 or 30 hours at a couple airports

( 11 ) How many miles around the nav aid are the altitudes in the MSA circle on an approach plate for?

25 Expandable to 30 NM if necessary to encompass the airport landing surfaces. AIM 5-4-5 7c (April 12, 2018 - Unknown) From the Jeppesen glossary: Normal coverage is a 25 NM radius from the forming facility/fix. If the protected coverage is other than 25 NM, that radius is depicted below the forming facility/fix. (February 09, 2019 - Unknown)

( 5 ) What does a Diffuser do and where is it located in an engine?

A diffuser is a divergent duct that slows the velocity of the impellers output air, thereby increasing the air pressure before it enters the combustion chamber. Used in a centrifugal-flow compressor.

( 2 ) What is a Jet Pump?

A form of a fluid pump in an aircraft fuel system that produces a low pressure by moving fuel at a high-velocity through a venturi. A jet pump helps remove vapors from fuel before it enters a fuel control unit. Some of the fuel from the main pump is returned to the tank through a venturi or a jet pump. The low pressure at the throat of the venturi pulls the vapor out of the chamber where vapor gets collected before returning fuel to the tank.

( 16 ) What is the difference between a fuse and a circuit breaker?

A fuse melts at over-current where a Circuit breaker can be reset. fuse cannot be reset in flight, a circuit breaker can be

( 7 ) What is a Yaw Dampener?

A gyro operated stability augmentation auto control system installed to automatically provide immediate rudder input when necessary to aid in canceling out yaw tendencies such as those of Dutch roll. Basically an autopilot for the rudder.

( 6 ) What is a magneto and how does it work?

A magneto is an engine mounted, direct drive device that converts rotational motion into electrical energy which is then routed through wires to spark plugs in each cylinder of a piston engine and set to fire at specific times during crankshaft rotation. There are generally two per engine to provide redundancy as well as higher performance due to more efficient ignition of the fuel/air mixture.

( 10 ) What is an electrical bus?

A metallic strip or bar, typically housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current power distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks.

What is a Microburst?

A microburst is a rapidly descending column of air, usually no larger than about 2.5 miles in diameter where the rate of descent can exceed 6,000'/minute. When the column of air nears the surface, the wind will spread in all directions causing a wind change as you fly through the microburst.

( 6 ) What is the difference between swept wing and wing on a C-208 Caravan?

A swept wing is better for higher speeds but cant go down to as low of speeds. Swept wing-higher aspect ratio Straight wing-low aspect ration

( 5 ) What is a hershey bar wing?

A wing that maintains and equal chord

AUTO/COR

A01 = automated observation cannot distinguish between rain and snow A02 = automated observation can distinguish between rain and snow AO2A: automated observation augmented by human COR: corrected observation

( 6 ) What is the difference between AC and DC?

AC is alternating current and DC is direct current.

( 39 ) How do you convert AC-DC and DC-AC?

AC to DC by a transformer rectifier, DC to AC by an inverter AC is converted to DC using a rectifier. Usually accomplished in two ways. The most common is through a set of diodes to redirect the current into one direction only, i.e..Direct current. Converting DC to AC is done through a process called inverting. To invert from DC to AC one has to put in a switch that alternates or directs the current back and forth creating a simple Transformer Rectifier, Inverter

( 8 ) What approach lighting has red terminating bars?

ALSF-1 and ALSF-2

( 7 ) What are the 5 required documents on board an aircraft?

ARROW: Airworthiness Certificate, Registration, Radio Operator's License, Operating handbook, and Weight/Balance

( 3 ) How does the hydraulic system on your aircraft maintain psi throughout all regimes of flight?

Accumulator

( 35 ) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a swept wing?

Advantages: Higher cruising speeds due to higher critical mach number.Disadvantages: Reduced lift, which requires high lift type flaps and leading edge slatsAt low airspeed the wingtips stall first, which results in loss of aileron effectiveness.Poor yaw tendencies

What are the thin grey lines (isobars) Close vs far isobars?

Close isobars depict a steep pressure gradient. That is to say, there is a rapid increase or decline in pressure over a short distance perpendicular to the isobar. Close isobars usually indicate a probability of higher wind speeds.

( 13 ) What is a coffin corner?

Coffin corner is found in jet when flying at very high altitudes. You have low IAS and high TAS. go slower and you stall, go faster and you exceed Mmo or Mach Crit. This is where airflow separation due to speed, and airflow separation due to AOA converge. Coffin Corner is found at high altitudes and high speeds. Most notably the U2 spy plane flew and an altitude and speed where those two air flow separations were within 5 knots of each other

( 6 ) Where are the igniters?

Combustion section Excel: 4 and 8 o'clock positions

( 3 ) Part 121. What do we do if we reach the VDP and we do not have the runway environment in sight?

Continue to stay at MDA altitude until the requirements of 91.1759 (C) are met or we reach MAP. Then we would go missed.

( 9 ) What is an ILS hold short line? What's it protecting? Glide slope or localizer?

Critical area when conditions are below 800/2 where you may be asked to hold short. It protects either the LOC signal, GS signal, or both, depending on the airfield and location of taxiway

As a pilot how can you visually tell which stage the thunderstorm is in?

Cumulus clouds building in the initial stage, updrafts Mature stage when precip begins to fall, updrafts and downdrafts Dissipating will be downdrafts (anvil shape?)

Explain 3 stages of thunderstorms.

Cumulus mature dissipating

( 5 ) What are your currency requirements to carry passengers during the day? Night? Instrument currency?

Day, 3 takeoffs and landings sole manipulator, cat, class, type Night, 3 full stop 1 hr after/before sunset/sunrise Instrument, 6 appch, intercept/track, holding

( 3 ) How do you recover from a stall?

Decrease the angle of attach by lowering the nose and maybe add power.

( 12 ) What is associated with the accessory section?

Excel: starter/generator, fuel pump, fuel control, hydraulic pump, oil pump, N2 monopole speed sensor, AC generator Power is transmitted from the N2 section through the tower shaft and a series of bevel gears Lubrication provided by engine oil system

What was my previous company's procedure on wind shear?

Go around

What descent rate?

Groundspeed/2 = FPM 300 kts/2 = 150 = 1,500 FPM

On a prog chart what does H and L mean?

H and L on a Prog Chart depict the forecast epicenter of a High pressure system, and a Low pressure system, respectively.

What are the risks associated with TS?

Hail, lightning, severe turbulence, microbursts

( 7 ) When should you have the igniters on?

Heavy Turbulence and/or precipitation Take off and landing

( 28 ) What section of engine does bleed air come from?

High Pressure Compressor section.

( 4 ) What is the purpose of the turbine? (not a turbine engine)

High Pressure Turbine has one purpose. To turn the High Pressure Compressor Low Pressure Turbine has two purposes. Turn the Low Pressure Compressor and turn the Fan at the front of the engine.

( 11 ) In a modern turbofan engine, what % of the thrust comes from the fan section?

High bypass engine (5 to 1) its about 75 to 80 percent

What are the effects of a cold front

High chance of thunderstorm or line of thunderstorms

What would you do if there was a microburst over the field and you were five minutes from landing?

Hold well away from the activity, or consider diversion

( 21 ) What is the Holding speed above 14000ft?

Holding Speeds 0-6000' = 200 knots 6,001' - 14,000' = 230 knots 14,001 and above= 265 knots

( 10 ) What are Hot start and hung starts?

Hot Start: fuel introduced too early so not enough air compressed causes the gas to burn in the combustion chamber without being exhausted, temp rises rapidly Tailwind should be avoided Remedy? Immediately cut off fuel and motor the engine with igniters to dissipate heat Hung start: light off occurs but engine hangs below starter cutoff speed usually due to higher temp High temp, high altitude, low starter RPM, inefficient compression Do not add more fuel, shutdown Wet Start: light off does not occur, pilot continues turning engine, more fuel will collect. Light off occurs with a huge exhaust flame

How do you determine precipitation amount in a METAR?

Hourly Precipitation Amount (P####). 3- and 6-Hour Precipitation Amount (6####) 24-Hour Precipitation Amount (7####). Prrr P - group indicator rrrr - water equivalent of precip since last METAR in hundredths of an inch example: P0000 - trace of precip

( 5 ) What other systems run of the rotation of the engine?

Hydraulic pumps, engine driven fuel pumps, electrical system Environmental/pressurization (bleed air)

( 13 ) Had me brief an approach and asked me where the final approach fix was.

I had a brain fart and said it was at the last published fix, when it is actually at glide slope intercept. It took a bit of prompting for me to remember.

( 9 ) Finger-fly two approaches.

I had to talk through a Jepp STAR. Big thing was being cleared the STAR, with an altitude clearance. Meaning that I fly the star track but not the altitudes.

( 13 ) Point out different types of airport signs

I was asked about runway edge lights, yellow chevrons, what runway and distance remaining signs looked like.

( 9 ) I was asked if we could be dispatched based on a given time issued and the forecast.

I will first check the forecast at given time to see if it is with minima.

Position report

ID Position Time Altitude Type of flight plan ETA Name only of next succeeding reporting point along route Remarks

( 4 ) What are the pilot certification and currency requirements for a night IFR flight carrying passengers?

IFR Certified. 3 takeoffs AND 3 landings to a full stop, between 1 hour after sunset and 1 hour before sunrise, within the preceding 90 days.

( 2 ) What is the ladder symbol on airport diagram?

ILS critical holding short

What is the definition of severe icing?

Icing accumulation to the point that equipment fails to control removal

( 4 ) What do you do if you capture the GS at 10,000 ft on the ILS 16L at KHLN?

If cleared the approach then start down on glideslope Glideslope usually usable to 10NM (AIM) at some locations, the glide slope has been certified for an extended service volume which exceeds 10 NM. What's my distance from KHLN?

( 12 ) Are you legal to start the approach?

If the visibility is approved the required visibility for the IAP prior to the Final approach segment, then yes. If its below prior to FAF, then no you cannot start approach. If it drops below after the FAF, then you can continue to the DA/DH

( 2 ) What weather do we look at to determine if an alternate is required?

If the weather at destination is below 3SM visibility and less than 2000 feet ceiling

( 16 ) What is the reg. if reported vis. is less than app. minimums before FAF and after FAF.

If visibility is reported below mins before the FAF, the approach cannot be continued. If vis drops below mins once inside the FAF, the approach may be continued

( 3 ) When choosing a high cruising altitude what is the limiting factor?

PSID Difference between high/low speed buffet Temp Weight

( 3 ) What is the function of packs in the pneumatic system on a jet?

In large aircraft, the whole environmental heating/cooling system is bundled together, including air cycle machine (ACM), bleed heat source, vapor cycle machine (VCM) (if installed), and mixing valves. This package is normally referred to as a "PACK." Normally two are installed for redundancy. pressurisation air conditioning engine start wing and engine anti-ice systems water system pressurisation hydraulic system reservoir pressurisation boundary layer separation enhancement

( 5 ) How do we cool the air for the cabin?

In the CRJ air is taken from the 10th stage bleed air from the compressor section and is run through a heat exchanger in the packs to cool and condition the air.

( 29 ) What you can do if you only have the approach lights in sight but not the runway?

Per 91.175, you can continue the approach if you have one of the following: approach lighting system (VERY IMPORTANT CAVEAT: you cannot go below 100' above TDZE unless you have the red side bars or red terminating bars of the ALS1/2); threshold; threshold lighting; threshold markings; runway; runway markings; runway lights; touchdown zone; touchdown zone markings; touchdown zone lights; VASIs; REILs. So in this case, you can continue the approach as long as you can see the red side row bars or red terminating bars

What causes clear air turbulence?

Jet stream

( 4 ) Know how to read TDZE on a Jepp chart.

Know Jepp charts and where all information is located on them.

( 11 ) What to do if you find yourself getting closer to coffin corner?

Level off and descend/reduce airspeed*

( 20 ) What are the negative effects of wing sweep?

Low lift requiring high lift devices at slower airspeeds, wing tips stall first reducing aileron effectiveness, prone to free directional oscillations (dutch roll).

Give examples of Low and High Pressure Bleed Air.

Low-Pressure Bleed Air: Engine Starting and Air Conditioning. High-Pressure Bleed Air: Thrust reversers, cowl and wing anti-ice.

( 13 ) What is a MOCA?

MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (MOCA)? The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 22 nautical miles ( or 25 statute miles) of a VOR Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude. The minimum altitude to get navaid reception and obstacle clearance within 25SM or 22NM The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways,off airway routes,or route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and in t he USA assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 22NM of a VOR. (January 18, 2019 - Unknown) Obstacle clearance is for the entire route. Nav signal coverage is within

( 4 ) What is the difference between a MEA and a MOCA?

MOCA only guarantees reception within 22 NM from the navaid. Both provide obstacle clearance.

( 15 ) What is the difference between the N1 and the N2?

N1 = the speed of the fan/low pressure compressor and low pressure turbine. N2 = the speed of the high pressure compressor and high pressure turbine.

( 8 ) What is N1, where is it measured from?

N1 is low pressure compressor speed, N2 is high pressure

What happens when a cold front collides with a warm front?

Stationary front Occluded front if cold front overtakes a warm front

( 14 ) What is the purpose of a stator vane?

Stationary stator vanes between each set of rotor blades help to direct and compress the flow of air.

( 19 ) Brief a jepp chart.

Stick with the briefing strip at the top of the chart. Make sure you start by stating the approach name and type as well as the airport that the approach is for. Was asked specifically ILS 08L CYVR: The trick is where FAF is for the localizer vs ILS. Also asked about continuing the approach inside FAF if the weather drops below mins. (FAR 121.651 says if you are inside the FAF, you can continue the approach to minimums).

( 9 ) What types ice can you encounter?

Structural, instrument, induction Structural: Clear, Rime, Mixed and Frost

( 12 ) What are the minimums for the approach?

Study Jeppesen charts. Remember approach category speeds and be careful to read the vis. as RVR or SM depending on the approach plate!

( 5 ) Approach into Reno. Coming from Mustang Can you join the LOC.? Where is the IAF? How do you know how far you have to go if applying the procedure turn? Can you land in Reno?

Study the Jepp packet they gave you and Google some Jepp charts to test yourself.

( 20 ) Why are the wings swept on many turbine aircraft?

Swept wings delay airflow separation due to the shockwave from approaching the speed of sound thus increasing the aircrafts critical mach number ( you can fly faster)

( 7 ) What is a relay?

Switches that open and close circuits.

( 9 ) What is Mach Number?

TAS in relation to the speed of sound mach number is to indicate the speed of sound.

Time and Type of change expected:

TEMPO = temporary (goes back to previous line after time period) FM = from (rapid change) BECMG = becoming (gradual change) PROB40 = 40% probability

( 20 ) What is a TRU and an inverter?

TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit. Used to convert AC to DC. The CRJ 200 has five TRU's. Inverter, used to convert DC to AC

( 7 ) V1 decision speed and your action if emergency happens exactly at V1?

Take the emergency with you into the air, fly the airplane get some altitude and then handle the emergency. Obviously besides a dual engine failure on an aircraft with only two engines. Utilize QRH and available resources , ATC, cabin crew etc.

( 15 ) Can you write out 91.175 reg?

Takeoff and landing under IFR. I drew 91.175 straight out of the book they recommend (landing only) including a diagram labeling the runway etc. These drawings more than sufficed for what they were trying to get at for the tech interview section and were hardly referenced (your experience may vary).

( 9 ) What color are taxi way lights?

Taxi way edge lights are blue and center line lights are green

( 5 ) You clear the runway and you're talking to ground and cleaning up the airplane with your head down in the cockpit and look up and the captain has stopped and there are green lights under you. Where are you?

Taxiway centerline lights are green

Centrifugal flow compressor

The engine intake directs the intake air into the center of the impeller, where it is centrifugally slung outward into a carefully designed chamber known as the "diffuser." A diffuser is simply a divergent duct that slows the velocity of the impeller's output air, thereby increasing the air pressure before it enters the combustion chamber More durable than axial flow = popular on corporate jets Compression ratio of about 10:1

( 5 ) What is enhanced centerline and what does it look like?

The enhanced taxiway centerline marking consists of a parallel line of yellow dashes on either side of the normal taxiway centerline. The taxiway centerlines are enhanced to maximum of 150 feet prior to a runway holding position marking

( 8 ) Also which is more effective at low altitude, bypass air or the jet exhaust?

The fan at low altitude and the Jet exhaust at high

( 16 ) Why does COP move aft when experiencing mach tuck?

The increasing size of the shockwave (with an increase in Mach number) forces the COL and COP aft. AoA decreased = C of P moves aft. AoA increased = C of P moves fwd. Dances around the CG

On a TAF if there is a TEMPO line what weather does it resort back to after tempo is over?

The main line before that.

( 6 ) Definition of VMC. Multiengine ops not visual meteorological conditions...

The minimum speed at which you can Maintain directional control with the critical engine inoperative. V-speed that specifies the calibrated airspeed below which directional or lateral control of the aircraft can no longer be maintained, after the failure of one or more engines.

( 9 ) What are the purpose of flaps?

The purpose of the flaps is to generate more lift at slower airspeed, which enables the airplane to fly at a greatly reduced speed with a lower risk of stalling. This is especially useful during takeoff and landing. Missing a bunch there, There's split flaps, Fowler, Slotted,. One creates pure drag the other increases your camber (now you create more lift). (November 08, 2018 - Unknown)

How to differentiate hail from rain on radar.

The radar uses dual band to determine size and shape of the falling particles.

( 3 ) What are wing tip vortices?

The result of lift and induced drag. The high pressure below the wing normally provides lift, but some of it escapes around the outside of the wings, creating a vortex and drag. Will be greatest at a high power setting with a low airspeed.

( 2 ) What is V2?

The speed at which a jet climbs at with one engine inoperative.

( 6 ) What are the numbers on the circuit breaker?

The total Amperage load by which this circuit breaker is designed to protect the circuit with. Upon reaching this number, the circuit breaker will "break" the flow of current to this circuit (I.E. popes the circuit breaker) number of amps

( 15 ) Speeds in and around class B, C, and D.

The way I remember it is: 250 for all the places that are common for a big plane in B. 200 When a big jet can meet a smaller plane such as in C or D airspace, under B.

( 8 ) Be prepared to read en route low, high and approach charts.

They wont ask you every possible question about a chart just a few to test your overall knowledge. Study Jeppesen charts there is a free guide online that is a great resource. Know the basics and you will be fine!

( 6 ) Explain where you can descend, what the courses are, and how you would enter holding depicted.

Things to know: are you cleared for the approach? Did ATC give you a clearance to descend? Are you established? If the feeder is apart of the approach and you have been cleared you can descend unless otherwise told by ATC. Know max holding speeds. Know max speed for a course reversal (200KTS)

( 13 ) What is Mach Buffet?

This is a flow separation of airflow over the wing. This can be from to high of an airspeed (flow desperation at crit. mach), or can be from to high of an AOA. Airflow over parts of the wing beginning at the thicker wing root and progressing outward toward the wing tips begin reaching the speed of sound creating a shock wave that causes turbulence which disrupts laminar airflow aft of the shockwave.

( 5 ) What does MEA give you?

This is the lowest published altitude between radio navigation fixes that assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes*

( 4 ) What is a Kelvin-Helmholtz cloud formation?

Though it looks like someone painted the sky with breaking ocean waves, there's a very good atmospheric explanation for what is really happening. The rolling, wave-like cloud formations are called Kelvin-Helmoltz clouds. Sometimes they are also called billows. They are named for scientists Lord Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz, who discovered the process by which they form. Severe Weather Expert Dr. Greg Forbes of The Weather Channel says, "They are the atmospheric equivalent of those great breaking waves that you sometimes see on the ocean." These breaking atmospheric waves occur in an environment with a large amount of vertical wind shear and stable air. Wind shear is a change in the speed and direction of winds as you go higher in the atmosphere. In this case, winds at the top of the cloud layer are moving faster than the base of that same layer. This causes the top to crash downwards in a curling manner after it hits the stable layer above. The rolling motion created by this type of wind shear also causes turbulence for aircraft. However, the rolling clouds motions are often masked by a large amount of cloud cover. Other times, there are no clouds around to illustrate the wave pattern.

( 13 ) Why is alternators voltage higher than battery voltage?

To recharge the battery in flight

( 10 ) What is the purpose of an outflow valve?

To regulate the cabin pressure for comfort and satety

You just departed Dallas, there's a T-Storm directly in front of you. What direction do you go around it?

To the upwind side, away from the anvil side

( 7 ) What color are runway edge lights?

Typically white. On a precision runway, they will be white until the last 2,000 feet at which time they turn Amber(yellow) to signify you only have 2,000 feet of runway left. white/amber* Runway Edge lights are white except on instrument runways, when they turn yellow the last 2,000ft or half the runway length which ever is less to form a caution zone.

( 10 ) When does your medical expire?

Under 40-ATP (PIC): On the last day of the month, 12 months from the exam. 40 and over-ATP (PIC): On the last day of the month, 6 months from the exam. SIC: On the last day of the month, 12 months from the exam.

Which stage would you most likely encounter a downdraft?

Updrafts and downdrafts at mature and all downdrafts at dissipating stage

What will happen to the de-icing boots if you engage them too early?

Use them early and often; that's the message from the NTSB when it comes to activating deicing boots on your aircraft. The longstanding debate over so-called "ice-bridging" notwithstanding, the safety board recommends inflating the boots with as little as one-quarter inch of ice on the surface.

( 2 ) If we didn't have DME how would we determine how far we have gone out bound?

Use your ground speed and time. If you are going 120 KTS then you are going 2 miles per minute. In 5 min you are 10 miles out. Remember, 1 knot is 1.15 mph converted. (March 31, 2019 - Unknown)

( 6 ) What is climb speed if one engine fails after V1?

V2 V-YSE (Blue line)

( 11 ) How do you calculate VDP?

VDP by TIME & DME: TIME: Take 10%of the HAT(height above threshold)that will give you time(in seconds)from VDP(visual desent point) to the end of the runway or MAP(missed approach point). Example; If your HAT is 300' at minimums, 10% of 300 is 30,therefore you take 30sec. off of your time from the FAF(final app. fix) DME: Devide your HAT by 300. Ex; If your HAT is 360', 360/300=1.2 your VDP is 1.2 miles from the MAP. Back 1.2DME from your MAP and you're there. *It's all based on the 3:1 rule, you lose 300' per 1 N.M. *IMPORTANT* A VDP based on DME will get you to the MAP 'NOT' the begining of the runway.

( 7 ) What is virga?

Virga is the phenomenon when rain starts from a cloud and evaporates before it touches the ground. Usually associated with downdrafts and turbulence. Very common in dry western states Variable Intensity Rain Gradient Aloft.

( 3 ) What is the definition of single-engine Vspeeds (Vmc, Vxse, Vyse)?

Vmc - minimum controllable airspeed during an engine failure Vxse- best single engine angle of climb speed Vyse - best single engine rate of climb speed

( 10 ) When is a take-off alternate needed?

When conditions at departure airfield are below the IAP landing minimums for the airfield.

( 30 ) What is mach tuck?

When the center of pressure/center of lift moves too far rearward. Not enough elevator control exists to overcome forces and maintain level flight. Usually around mach 1.0

( 3 ) Why is dutch roll worse on swept wings vs straight wings?

When the plane yaws, the relative wind is now more aligned with the chord of a swept wing causing more temporary lift on that wing.

( 4 ) What is the final approach fix on an ILS if you are at 10,000ft and intercepted the GS?

When we intercept the GS at publish altitudes. at the Maltese cross

( 6 ) What are the colors of the approach light system?

White and Red

( 9 ) What is the difference between white and yellow displaced threshold markings?

White arrows can be used for takeoff and taxi operations still, while yellow chevrons cannot be used for any operation.

If you see a thunderstorm with a big anvil? Which way to divert?

With only this much information, you would want to stay to the upwind side of the anvil (aka the side opposite where the anvil is pointing), but of course there's more information you want to take into account when diverting.

( 18 ) Modern jets are equipped with what feature to counter dutch roll?

Yaw damper

( 11 ) Can you be dispatched at a certain time if forecast visibilities were lower than prescribed for the approach to be used.

Yes Except as provided in §121.615, no person may dispatch or release an aircraft for operations under IFR or over-the-top, unless appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination thereof, indicate that the weather conditions will be at or above the authorized minimums at the estimated time of arrival at the airport or airports to which dispatched or released. 121.613 No I would not.

( 12 ) Is bleed air cooled before entering the cabin?

Yes Instead of saying yes go into more detail if you can about how many times bleed air is cooled, and how the pressure changes with tempurature

( 5 ) Can you join the glide slope from further out than the published glide slope intercept altitude?

Yes No. The following additional advisory language was added to the AIM 5-4-5 b: 2. The ILS glide slope is intended to be intercepted at the published glide slope intercept altitude. This point marks the PFAF and is depicted by the "lightning bolt" symbol on U.S. Government charts. Intercepting the glide slope at this altitude marks the beginning of the final approach segment and ensures required obstacle clearance during descent from the glide slope intercept altitude to the lowest published decision altitude for the approach. Interception and tracking of the glide slope prior to the published glide slope interception altitude does not necessarily ensure that minimum, maximum, and/or mandatory altitudes published for any preceding fixes will be complied with during the descent. If the pilot chooses to track the glide slope prior to the glide slope interception altitude, they remain responsible for complying with published altitudes for any preceding step-down fixes encountered during the subsequent descent. (January 17, 2017 - Unknown) The AIM verbiage makes it sound like you are allowed to join the GS further out but should keep crosschecking your altitude to make sure you're in compliance with any min, max, or mandatory altitudes at fixes (January 03, 2019 - Unknown)

If it is 5C at altitude could we get ice on wings

Yes! icing can accumulate when there is visible moisture at temps between 5C - (-20C)

( 4 ) METARs says VV001 on an ILS, with visibility still within minimums, can you continue to descend if you are past the FAF?

Yes, ILS approaches care about visibility, not ceiling

Can you overfly a thunderstorm?

Yes, suggested 1000 ft for every 10kts of movement

( 3 ) We were departing SLC for DEN when a passenger started misbehaving in the back. Took off, the flight attendant didn't answer our calls anymore so we declared an emergency and went back to the airport. After it was over they asked us if we could've done better and if there was something different we could've done.

You can have a pilot look through the peep hole, be specific when telling your emergency in what you think is going on

( 12 ) Weather is below mins can you shoot the approach?

You cannot start the approach if the visibility/weather is below minimums.

( 4 ) Would you want to operate your aircraft at its service ceiling?

You certainly can, saves fuel, clears more weather, normally if its bumpy at 410 we will go up to 430 or 450. Sometimes we are too heavy, or the temp is too high. Above 410 one has to wear an oxygen mask so its not the most comfortable for crew or passengers Smaller margin between high and low speed buffet

( 4 ) What is Shock Stall?

a marked increase in drag and a loss of lift and control on an aircraft approaching the speed of sound.

( 10 ) How is 'no special VFR' shown on a jepp lo-enroute?

a red dashed line around the area see sfo inner class B ring. Actually it is red dashed squares

AMD

amended aerodrome forecast (also used with COR for corrected, noted with a time at the end of the amended forecast)

( 4 ) What is a stall?

an aerodynamic condition in which an airplane exceeds its given critical angle of attack and is no longer able to produce the required lift for normal flight.

Radiation fog

ground radiation cools the ground, cool ground then cools air in contact with it, air is cooled to dewpoint which causes fog Clear sky, little/no wind, small temp and dewpoint spread, high humidity Usually night or daybreak Land only because water doesn't cool enough at night Usually burns off

( 9 ) What are the different types of drag? Does induced drag increase with airspeed or decrease?

induced and parasite Induced drag is highest at high weights and slow speeds.* induced drag is highest at slow speed and parasite drag is highest at fast speeds (January 19, 2019 - Unknown) Induced drag is highest at low airspeed and parasite drag is highest at high airspeed. The best glide airspeed is where the induced drag equals the parasite drag (where the curves intersect on a drag/airspeed graph).

( 10 ) How does a winglet work? Draw it.

it directs the wing airflow up and away from the upper wing surface reducing induced drag. Winglets improve swept wing airfoil efficiency by impeding "span-wise" flow thereby allowing more air to flow across the wing and generate more lift.

( 5 ) What is a J-route on a Jepps high altitude chart.

jet routes

( 8 ) What is a KVA?

kilovolt-amp

( 5 ) Know the 4 forces of flight.

lift weight thrust drag

Hydroplane speed

minimum speed at which dynamic hydroplaning occurs differs for take off and landing Takeoff (tires have spun up) = 8.6 x sq root of main wheel tire PSI Landing (tires have NOT spun up) = 7.7 x sq root of main wheel tire PSI Other variables: varying inflation pressures, tire tread design and condition, runway surface texture, depth of water, anti-skid system Any runway not dry is considered wet. Wet to dry stopping distance ratio can vary drastically. Well maintained, grooved wet runway = 1.15 to 1 Grooves not maintained, rubber deposits heavy = 1.9 to 1 Ungrooved runways = 2 to 1 New pavement with rubber deposits = 4 to 1

Advection fog

moist air moves over colder ground or water Common on the coastal areas Wind up to 15 kts deepens fog Cold water cools air, wind brings it inland More persistent than radiation, all times of day possible, rapid movement

Upslope fog

moist stable air being cooled adiabatically as it moves up sloping terrain

( 4 ) Is accessory gearbox attached to N1 or N2?

n2

NSW

no significant weather

051151Z 0512/0612

prepared on the 5th day of the month at 1151Z and valid from the 5th of the month at 12Z to the 6th at 12Z

( 4 ) What do we do to deal with tip-stall?

same way you recover from a spin. Vortex generators, stall fences, winglets.

( 7 ) What phase of flight is a compressor stall most likely to happen?

takeoff Go-around

( 18 ) What does an inverter do?

takes current from D/C to A/C

Ice fog

temp much below freezing, water vapor sublimates directly as ice crystals

( 7 ) What is the print and background color of a runway sign?

white letters red background

WS010/18050KT

windshear at 1000 ft from 180 degrees at 40 kts

( 6 ) Where is icing most critical, on the wing tip or wing joint to the fuselage?

wing tip tips are usually thinner than the rest of the wing, so they are the part of the wing that most efficiently collects ice. This can lead to a partial stall of the wings at the tips, which can affect the ailerons and thus roll control. Wing root is important for some of the airplanes I've flown though because of the wing root is directly in front of the engine, so if ice built up and was knocked off it has the potential to be ingested directly into the engine

( 8 ) What does the ILS critical area boundary signs look like?

yellow background black ink bar

( 11 ) What do taxiway signs look like?

yellow letters black background Destination/Direction- Yellow background with black inscriptions Location- Black background with yellow inscriptions

( 6 ) Can you continue an approach to land with only the REILs visible?

yes

( 3 ) Runaway lights: what do they mean when all red?

you have 1000 feet or runway remaining

( 5 ) Runaway lights: What do they mean when alternating white and red?

you have 3000 of runway remaining They alternate red and white for last 2000' of runway and then red for final 1000' runway remaining. (December 14, 2018 - GREG H.)

( 12 ) What is the difference between a Lead Acid and NiCad battery?

NiCads sustain a higher percentage of their rated output for a longer period of time, then after a certain amount of time the voltage dives and they are depleted. -------The output of a Lead Acid battery decreases more proportional to time. It's like a flashlight that will start going dim as the batteries die. One penalty of the performance of NiCads is that they can produce a lot of heat. lead acid drains slow like a flashlight. Nickel cadium dies without no notice sometimes gets hot

( 23 ) What is the max speed in B airspace at 11000ft?

No max above 10,000 Careful here. The key words are "in class B airspace". KDEN class B goes to 12,000. Max speed in class B is 250. (February 04, 2016 - Unknown) Above 10,000MSl: No speed restriction If operating in Class Bravo; 250kts (March 01, 2016 - Chris P.)

( 7 ) Do the igniters stay on all flight?

No, jet engine should be self sustaining throughout flight

( 11 ) What is hydroplaning?

Occurs when there is a film of water on the runway, as speed and depth of water increase the result is a wedge of water beneath the tire. Water wedge lifts the tire away from contact with the runway to the point where directional control and braking action is nil.

( 9 ) What is the tallest obstruction on an instrument approach chart? How do you find it? It is manmade or natural made?

On Jepp chart the tallest obstruction is shown with a big bold black arrow. and can be either man made or natural (April 04, 2019 - Unknown) in the plan view

( 8 ) What altitude does the OROCA go from green to red?

On Jepp charts it's called a MORA (Minimum Off-Route Altitude). Below 10,000ft it's green, 10,000ft and above it's maroon (red). From Jeppesen: Grid MORA. Values 10,000 feet and greater are maroon. Values less than 10,000 feet are green."

( 6 ) Descend via the arrival SEAVU.2 and loss comms. How do you know what approach to shoot into LAX?

On the STAR it says "In the event of lost communications prior to runway assignment proceed via ILS RWY25"

( 4 ) How does the starter work?

On the citation we have a starter/generator. It functions as a starter during starts and once the engine is running transitions to functioning as a generator. Engines were starting electrically, with power either from the battery, APU, GPU or cross generator Electric power used to rotate the high pressure compressor until 8.5% before fuel is introduced and light off occurs

( 4 ) You are at an uncontrolled airport and it has an ILS critical holding area. It is also IFR conditions. When can you depart and under what weather conditions can you depart without being released from ATC?

Operating Part 121 - Weather minimums prescribed for that specific airport. In the absence of specific weather requirements for the airport of departure, the minimums are 1-mile visibility if you have 2 engines or less. 1/2 mile visibility if you have 3 or more engines. There is no ceiling requirement. See 91.175

( 4 ) What is exemption 17347? (I was told that it is basically a new name for exemption 3585)

Ordinarily an aircraft operating 121 could not depart if wx at destination was below landing minima. This exemption allow this if there are suitable second alternates. I didn't know the whole answer but knew enough to state this and said I expected to receive additional information information I could review and understand; the interviewer confirmed that this was an aspect of the class and one of the more difficult FARs to truly grasp

Steam fog

"sea smoke" winter time when cold, dry air passes from land areas over relatively warmer ocean waters moisture evaporates from water surface but cold air can't hold much water

( 2 ) What control inputs would you have to make if you lose an engine in a multiengine aircraft?

"split the ball and raise the dead". so rudder opposite of the dead engine to split the inclinometer ball, then apply bank into the good engine around 3-5 degrees.

( 4 ) Explain why a generator might be used instead of an alternator.

(0) Greater power output

( 12 ) What is a PACK? What's in there? Explain.

(0) PACKs means Pneumatic Air Conditioning Kits

( 6 ) What is a critical engine (Multi engine ops) and what four factors affect it?

(0) PAST, P-factor, Accelerated slipstream, spiraling slipstream, and torque

( 8 ) What is associated with the pneumatic system?

(1) A pneumatic system is any system that uses pressurized air to move something. On aircraft, lots of different parts of the aircraft can be moved with pneumatic components or hydraulic components, which are the same except they use pressurized water instead of air. Some parts that use pneumatics or hydraulics are the ailerons, the elevators, the rudder and the flaps.

Temp/Dewpoint

01/M01 = temp is 1, and dewpoint is -1

How do you convert pascals to millibars?

1 Hectopascal = 1 millibar 100 Pascal =1 millibar

( 2 ) How long could you run electronics if you are drawing 70 AMPs?

1/2 hour

( 4 ) Approaching 16R in Reno and one of the fixes on the approach says you should be at X altitude? Your indicating x 200'? What do you do?

Depends is the altitude a mandatory altitude, block, at or above, at or below. Either way correct our altitude and fly the plane!

( 19 ) What is the 1, 2, 3 rule?

If within 1 hour before or after the intended time of arrival the ceilings are forecast to be less than 2000 feet and visibility less than 3 statute miles an alternate is required

( 15 ) Describe the basics of jet engine operation.

Intake, Compression, Combustion, and Exhaust

( 30 ) Airspeed in Denver class b at 11,000 feet?

250kts below 10,000 only Airspeed in unrestricted above 10,000 feet MSL even if you are in class B airspace. See 91.117 or https://www.faasafety.gov/files/events/ea/ea03/2012/ea0345029/airspace_made_easy.pdf 250 kts indicated airspeed in class B Only below 10,000 MSL. 91.117 Aircraft speed. (a) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, no person may operate an aircraft below 10,000 feet MSL at an indicated airspeed of more than 250 knots (288 m.p.h.). (b) Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 nautical miles of the primary airport of a Class C or Class D airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots (230 mph.). This paragraph (b) does not apply to any operations within a Class B airspace area. Such operations shall comply with paragraph (a) of this section. (c) No person may operate an aircraft in the airspace underlying a Class B airspace area designated for an airport or in a VFR corridor designated through such a Class B airspace area, at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots (230 mph). (d) If the minimum safe airspeed for any particular operation is greater than the maximum speed prescribed in this section, the aircraft may be operated at that minimum speed. (April 30, 2018 - Dan A.)

( 7 ) What are the cloud clearance requirements in class B airspace?

3 Statue miles Clear of clouds

( 6 ) You are at 10,000ft you need to descend to 1,000ft. When do you begin your descent?

3 miles for every 1000ft

( 5 ) Know the AIMs definition of Mountainous Terrain.

3,000 ft elevation change w/in 10 nm

( 5 ) What are class c cloud clearance requirements?

3sm, 500 feet below. 1,000 feet above. 2,000 feet horizontal

How many times/day does the TAF come out?

4 times 00z 06z 12z 18z

( 2 ) What is the default CAT II approach minimums?

50 feet

( 4 ) What are the cloud clearance requirements in class E airspace above 10,000 feet?

5sm visibility, 1 am away horizontally, and 1000 ft above or below all clouds

( 8 ) How much does jet fuel weigh?

6.7 I lbs / gal

Mountain waves can extend how far from mountains?

700 miles from the rockies 100 miles from the appalachian

( 7 ) What are the three "emergency" transponder squawk codes and their meaning?

7500- hijack 7600-radio failure 7700- general emergency

( 10 ) Describe how a molecule of air would flow through a turbofan engine.

80% of the air goes through the fan and then bypasses the engine core 20% of the air goes through the inlet, into the various compressor stages, into the combustion chamber where it is ignited and exhausted across turbine blades which spin to continually power the compressors, then its exhausted out the back and mixed with the bypass air

( 9 ) Heavy rain / heavy snow equates to what visibility?

??? (4) Heavy snow: < 1/4 SM. Heavy rain:

( 5 ) I had to explain what a carburetor does on a piston engine, and why they aren't needed on a fuel injected engine.

A Carb mixes fuel in to an air/gas proportional to the power needed and relative pressure. A fuel injector does the same thing more efficiently*

( 15 ) What is Dutch Roll?

A Dutch Roll is a combination of rolling and yawing (coupled lateral/directional) oscillations that normally occurs when the dihedral effects of an aircraft are more powerful than the directional stability

( 6 ) Your battery is XY amp/hours. What does that mean?

A battery with a capacity of 1 amp-hour should be able to continuously supply a current of 1 amp to a load for exactly 1 hour. ---So a Battery XY amp/hours should be able to supply a current at its full capacity for XY hours.

What weather associated with cold front, warm front?

A cold front has a higher potential for cumulus build-ups of clouds, with showery precipitation and generally good visibilities. A warm front has stratus-like cloud formations, steady rain and generally reduced visibilities associated with a more stagnant air mass.

( 12 ) What is VDP?

A defined point on the final approach course of a non-precision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided the approach threshold of that runway, or approach lights, or other markings identifiable with the approach end of that runway are clearly visible to the pilot. a defined point on the final approach coarse of a non-precision straight-in app. from which a normal descent from MDA to the touch down zone may commence.

( 6 ) Describe a Delta Wing.

A delta wing is an airfoil shaped like a triangle*

( 6 ) Where is the FAF if there is not a lightning bolt depicted on the chart for precision approaches?

Glideslope intercept at lowest published altitude. Glideslope intercept at GS intercept altitude.

( 11 ) If the VOR, which is being used for missed approach segment, is inoperative, is the approach still legal?

Aeronautical Information Manual5-4-21. Missed Approach. Some locations may have a preplanned alternate missed approach procedure for use in the event the primary NAVAID used for the missed approach procedure is unavailable. The alternate missed approach may be based on NAVAIDs not used in the approach procedure or the primary missed approach. When the alternate missed approach procedure is implemented by NOTAM, it becomes a mandatory part of the procedure. The NOTAM will specify both the textual instructions and any additional equipment requirements necessary to complete the procedure. Air traffic may also issue instructions for the alternate missed approach when necessary, such as when the primary missed approach NAVAID fails during the approach. Pilots may reject an ATC clearance for an alternate missed approach that requires equipment not necessary for the published approach procedure when the alternate missed approach is issued after beginning the approach. However, when the alternate missed approach is issued prior to beginning the approach the pilot must either accept the entire procedure (including the alternate missed approach), request a different approach procedure, or coordinate with ATC for alternative action to be taken, i.e., proceed to an alternate airport, etc. Well, that depends on the title of the approach. If the approach was titled VOR or GPS, then you may legally execute the Missed using your approved database as a means to retrieve the way-points necessary to execute the missed. 1-2-3 Use of Suitable Area Navigation (RNAV) Systems on Conventional Procedures and Routes, Para C. Can use RNAV to hold over VOR. (July 18, 2018 - Unknown) Specifically 5-4-21 e no

( 9 ) Which cg loading condition is most efficient?

Aft For cruise, aft cg loading is the most efficient (reduces drag by reducing the amount of downward lift the tail surfaces have to exert)

Axial flow compressor`

Air flowing remains essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the engine; the air is not slung outward into the diffuser as with the centrifugal-flow compressor. An axial-flow compressor is made up of an alternating series of rotating rotor blades and stationary stator vanes. Inlet air enters the first set of rotor blades, where the air is deflected in the direction of rotation. Stationary stator vanes between each set of rotor blades help to direct and compress the flow of air. The objective is to keep the airflow essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the engine between each set of rotor blades. In this sense, an axial-flow compressor works more like a window fan, whereas a centrifugal-flow compressor throws air to the outside like a slingshot More efficient than centrifugal flow Compression ratio about 25:1

What is a lenticular cloud?

Air is blown over a mountain range or, as the air hits the upwind side it starts to climb, creating what is generally a smooth updraft. This turns into a turbulent downdraft as the air passes the crest of the ridge When approaching mountain from upwind side (generally the west) expect a smooth updraft but strong downdraft on downwind side

What is mountain wave?

Air is blown over a mountain range or, as the air hits the upwind side it starts to climb, creating what is generally a smooth updraft. This turns into a turbulent downdraft as the air passes the crest of the ridge When approaching mountain from upwind side (generally the west) expect a smooth updraft but strong downdraft on downwind side

( 8 ) If you need a takeoff alternate, where must it be?

Aircraft having two engines. Not more than one hour from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative. (2) Aircraft having three or more engines. Not more than two hours from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative. 121.617

( 12 ) How does aerodynamic cooling work?

Airflow that results in decrease in pressure (i.e. top the wing) also results in decrease in temperature airflow

( 12 ) Why are some airports blue and some green?

Airports on Blue have an instrument approach available, airports in green do not offer an instrument approach. Airports in Blue offer approaches available to the DoD (Department of Defense). Airports in Green offer approaches as well, just not DoD Certified Approaches. For 121 operators, they are considered the same. (Brown airports do not have IAP's) (March 16, 2015 - Matthew P.) Facilities in BLUE or Green have an approved Instrument Approach Procedure and/or RADAR MINIMA published in either teh FAA Terminal Procedures Publications or the DoD FLIPs. Those in BLUE have an Instrument Approach Procedure and/or RADAR MINIMA published at least in the High Altitude Dod FLIP's. Brown airports do not have an IAP or RADAR MINIMA (May 27, 2015 - Bryan P.) On JEPP charts, blue airports have a published IAP, green do not. (May 23, 2017 - Jonathan M.) Jeppesen: "Airports with instrument approaches are in blue and have the city name in CAPITAL LETTERS. Airports in green have no instrument approach." Blue - Airports with an Instrument Approach Procedure and/or RADAR MINIMA published in the high altitude DoD Flight Information Publications (FLIPs) Green - Airports which have an approved Instrument Approach Procedure and/or RADAR MINIMA published in either the U.S. Terminal Procedures Publications (TPPs) or the DoD FLIPs Brown - Airports without a published Instrument Approach Procedure or RADAR MINIMA

( 5 ) What is the difference between A/C and D/C electricity and which is better ?

Alternating current vs. direct current. A/C is lighter weight and more stable.

( 5 ) What type of power does the alternator produce? What type of power does the battery produce?

Alternator produces ac , battery produces DC

3-1 Rule

Altitude to lose/300 6000 to lose, 6000/300 = 20 nm start descent

What does ACSL meant on a chart?

Alto Cumulus Standing Lenticular.

( 4 ) Which one kills you, amps or volts?

Amps

( 11 ) Generally explain the flow of electricity.

An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in an ionised gas (plasma). ... Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.

Why does the thunderstorm flatten at the top?

Anvil clouds, which are mostly composed of ice particles, form in the upper parts of thunderstorms. They get their anvil shape from the fact that the rising air in thunderstorms expands and spreads out as the air bumps up against the bottom of the stratosphere the cloud tops reach the tropopause

( 12 ) How can we determine in flight visibility to legally descend below the DA?

By use of the approach lighting length, the number of runway lights seen (12 lights = 1/2 a mile), and using the known distances of TDZ markings. runway edge lights are 200' apart, rwy centerline lights are 100' apart. (September 20, 2017 - Unknown) The runway centerline lights are actually spaced at 50' intervals. AIM 2-1-5 (March 20, 2018 - Dan A.) Use the approach lighting system. Taking your position over the beginning of the sequenced lighting or the steady bars. For example, MALSR approach lights over the beginning of the flashing lights to the approach end is 2400 feet and over the steady bars it is 1400 feet. ALSF approach lights over the beginning of the flashing lights is around 2400-3000 feet and over the steady bars it is 1000 feet.

( 8 ) Where is the bull-horn suppose to be stored?

As per Part 121: In aircraft capable of carrying 60-100 passengers the megaphone (bullhorn) will be in the most AFT compartment. The administrator may deviate from this if it is found more safe to have it in another location. Aft compartment is what they are looking for. 99 seats or less - 1 in rear. More than 99 seats = 2 (1 rear/1 front). most aft compartment

( 3 ) How is Mach number affected by temperature/altitude and what is more controlling?

As you go up in altitude temperature and pressure decrease and so Mach number. Temperature is more controlling because at the tropopause ~36,000ft temp remains relatively constant and as you go higher there isn't much change in Mach number even though pressure is decreasing. Therefore temperature is more of a factor than pressure.

( 12 ) What will you do if you lost communication?

Assigned (Your last assigned heading) Vectored (If nothing is assigned fly your last vector) Expected (If no vector fly what was expected in your clearance) Filed (Finally fly what you filed) For altitude we use the MEA portion of our acronym Fly the HIGHEST of the following Minimum en-route altitude Expected altitude Assigned altitude Where are you cleared to? If you're cleared to a fix from which an approach begins, commence descent and approach at your EFC or if one has not been received, and close as possible to your ETA. If you're not cleared to a fix from which an approach begins, fly to your clearance limit and leave at your EFC or if one has not been received, leave the clearance limit and proceed to a fix from which an approach begins and commence descent and approach as close as possible to your ETA from filed or amended flight plan (May 24, 2017 - Jonathan M.) MEA AVEF

( 4 ) What are lost communication procedures?

Assigned vectored expected/ assigned MEA

Thunderstorms should be avoided by how many miles?

At least 20 miles according to the thunderstorm advisory circular.

( 10 ) How many flight attendants an aircraft would need if it has over 300 seats on it?

At least 7, 1FA/50pax (trick question: more than 300 seats = 301 or more, 6 FA's for 1st 300 pax, 7th FA for pax 301 thru 350, etc.)

( 27 ) Where does the stall occur first on a swept wing aircraft?

At the wingtips

( 8 ) What does runway distance remaining sign look like?

Black sign, white numbers

( 5 ) What happens to speed of sound with decrease in temp or pressure?

Book "Illustrated Guide to Aerodynamics" page 190 states "Because molecules move about faster at a higher rate of speed in warmer air they...transmit sound faster." As altitude (and therefore temperature) decreases, the speed of sound also decreases. As temperature and pressure decrease, speed of sound decreases

( 6 ) Why can a swept wing aircraft go faster?

Delays the onset of a stall As air accelerates about the surface of an aircraft [typically (but not limited to) over the top of the wing] local velocities can reach Mach 1, while the rest of the aircraft is still sub sonic. This super sonic flow builds up against pressure waves of subsonic air behind (think subsonic air downstream traffic jamming the supersonic air) and forms a shockwave. Shockwaves create a huge amount of drag, loss of lift, and often an alteration of stability and control characteristics (pitching moment). The speed at which shockwaves begin to form is known as Critical Mach or M subscript Crit. Air is only accelerated about a wing across the CHORDWISE component. Wingsweep divides the total flow over the wing into chordwise and span wise components. Picture a right triangle, with the hypotenuse being the total flow, and the shorter sides as span wise and chord wise flow. By dividing the flow into smaller components, shockwave formation is delayed and Critical Mach is increased. Meaning the airplane can fly faster before a shockwave develops.

( 3 ) You're at FL 340 and you need to descend to 240 in 31.1nm, what rate of descent would you use?

Depends on airspeed. Assuming 360 KIAS, it would take 5.2 minutes to go 31.1nm, so your rate of descent would be around 1900 fpm.

What are the meanings of different colors on radar?

Different colors define the reflectivity of an air mass or specifically, moisture in the air. Higher reflections of a radar transmission indicate higher moisture content.

What is D-ATIS

Digital automatic terminal information service

( 8 ) What is a diffuser?

Divergent duct that slows the velocity of the output air, increasing air pressure before combustion chamber

( 4 ) Draw an instrument runway with applicable markings and runway lighting.

Don't forget all of the markings as described in the AIM for a precision instrument runway— touchdown zone markings included.

( 4 ) Yawing and rolling motion - what aerodynamic condition are you in?

Dutch Roll

Types of Hydroplaning

Dynamic: flooded runway, standing water on the runway at least 1/10 inch. Lift the tire off the runway surface and can result in complete loss of braking effectiveness Viscous: thin film of water and low tire speeds. Braking could lock the wheels. Lower speed but requires smooth surface. Reverted Rubber: prolonged locked wheel skid and a wet runway. Reverted rubber acts as a seal between the tire and the runway, and delays water exit from the tire footprint area. Water heats and converted to steam. Steam lifts the tire off the runway

How and where is pressure measured in the engine?

EPR - Engine Pressure Ratio - • is the ratio of Turbine discharge to Compressor Inlet Pressure. - Pressure measurements are recorded by probes installed in the engine Inlet and at the Exhaust. - An EPR gauge is used to indicate the power/ THRUST Output of a Turbofan engine. - PRIMARY FOR THRUST PRODUCED!

( 19 ) What is used from the engine's bleed air?

Engine and wing thermal anti-ice, also used for pressurization, heating and cooling. AC, Heat, Pressurization, De-Ice/Anti-Ice. Engine starting (May 27, 2017 - Unknown) Will provide heat to the cabin, air to the air-conditioning unit, or hot air for the deice. Each engine can provide bleed air so heat/AC doesn't need to be sacrificed for deice. Can also be used for engine start Air conditioning

( 13 ) What is a compressor stall?

Exceeding the engine's critical angle of attack means the fan on the front of the engine won't be able to suck in enough air to go through the engine. This can take place during a balked landing or more likely during a go-around for a missed approach procedure by pitching up to much. A compressor stall can also occur if you have violent, rapidly shifting winds. All this means is there's not enough air to suck into the fan again. This can lead to a 'hung' stall which will be noticeable by loud backfiring noises. A compressor stall occurs when the air mass travelling through the compressor slows down and stops. In extreme cases, the airflow might even reverse direction. Compressor blades stall for numerous reasons: blade failure, foreign object damage, a fuel mixture that is too lean, abrupt aircraft movement (severe pitch up or down), excess fuel flow.

Explain a hydraulic system

Excel: Open center concept: fluid continually circulates between hydraulic lines and reservoir at about 60 PSI. Low pressure reduces quantity of hydraulic fluid in reservoir because not alot of heat buildup. Components: landing gear, flaps, speedbrakes, two-position horizontal stabilizer and thrust reversers Separate independent system for main wheel antiskid/power brakes Reservoir: piston extends or retracts based on fluid level in the system. LO HYD LEVEL annunciator here. Pumps: two engine driven pumps, each mounted on the engine accessory case. Either pump is capable of operating the systems. From each pump, fluid is routed through filters and flow switch check valve assemblies to the bypass valve and relief valve. Pump output low triggers LO HYD FLOW annunciator Normal operation: when ex. flaps actuated, a bypass valve in the return line closes enabling the system to pressurize to 1500 PSI. Respective control valve opens allowing flow to go to the selected system. Relief valve cracks at 1350 PSI and is fully open at 1500 PSI. HYD PRESS light illuminates on panel any time the system is pressurized. Once the selected cycle is complete, respective control valve closes, bypass valve opens and system reverts to low pressure open center state

( 14 ) What is exemption 3585?

Exemption 3585 allows 121 flight to be dispatched when the TAF is forecasting below authorized weather minimums at ETA. The remarks may have verbiage such as; TEMPO, BECMG, PROB. However the body must indicate at or above authorized WX mins at ETA. When using Exemption 3585, a second alternate must be listed on the dispatch for release if either destination airport or the first alternate airport TAF contains conditional phrases indicating below WX mins; IE. TEMPO, BECMG, PROB. The lowest WX allowable under 3585 no less than ½ of lowest WX minimum Vis value for the established instrument approach expected to be used. "Released under Exemption 3585" must be on the dispatched release.

( 7 ) If a VOR is required for navigation on a route, above what altitude is DME required?

FL240

( 9 ) Where does RVSM airspace start?

FL290

( 4 ) What is the service ceiling for your current aircraft?

FL450

( 6 ) What are some things inside a turbine engine to provide positive air flow?

Fan directs air back Low pressure/High pressure compressor directs airflow

( 4 ) Is the fan a single shaft or two?

Fan is one shaft

( 13 ) How long is the touchdown zone?

First 3000 ft from the threshold It's the first 3,000' or first 1/3 of the runway, whichever is shorter. Or first half of the runway, if runway length is less than 6,000

Icing

Follows the cloud group and is prefixed by the number 6 Intensity table

Turbulence

Follows the cloud or icing group and is prefixed by the number 5 Intensity table

( 3 ) What happens to TAS as alt increases?

For a given constant IAS, TAS increases with altitude

( 28 ) What are the alternate rules for Part 91?

From 1 hour before to 1 hour after the ETA at the airport ceiling is less than 2000' or visibility is less than 3 miles you need an alternate Alternate weather: Precision approach available: 600' ceiling and 2 miles visibility at least Non-precision approach available: 800' ceiling and 2 miles visibility at least No IAP: descend from MEA to airport VMC Check non-standard alternate minimums though because they can be more restrictive

( 2 ) Where is most of your thrust coming from in the engine?

From the Fan section aka bypass air.

( 10 ) What is bypass air and what is the benefit?

Fuel efficiency Low speed/low altitude performance like a prop airplane Muffles the hot exhaust so much quieter

Fuel System

Fuel system 503 gallons per side, 1006 gallons total = 6790 lbs Wing fuel tanks Wet wing with fuel divided into separate tanks by a fuel rip in center of wing. Hopper is sealed except for vent openings (to maintain a full hopper under low fuel conditions) Gravity feeds fuel into hopper, flapper valves allow this Components for feeding fuel to engine are located in hopper Drain valves: under each wing, 5 each wing Vent system: pressure/vacuum relief Climb vent line: vent during climb and descent Vent surge tanks: located near each wing tip and normally do not contain fuel. Fuel collector for small amounts of fuel which may be trapped in the climb vent line during maneuvers and climb attitudes or during thermal expansion of fuel. Relief valve: prevents excessive positive or negative tank pressures during single point refueling Engine fuel supply components: Engine is supplied with fuel primarily by motive flow powered ejector pump and secondarily by electric boost pump (both in hopper) Primary ejector pump is powered by high pressure motive flow from engine FCU and it supplies low pressure fuel to its respective engine during normal operation. Also supplies the scavenge ejectors with low pressure motive flow. ]Check valve is installed in the pump discharge fitting to prevent backflow through the pump. 28 V DC wet electric is used for engine starting, fuel crossfeed, APU only operating and in the event of primary ejector pump failure Fuel scavenge: fuel for engine feed hopper is supplied by the fuel scavenge system. Uses ejector pumps to pick up fuel throughout each wing and deliver it to hopper. Low pressure motive flow. Normal operation supplies fuel to the engine from its respective fuel tank Crossfeed: enables both engines to receive fuel from single tank. Components include crossfeed valve, motive flow shutoff valve Selecting either trank automatically turns on the electric boost pump in that cell, opens the crossfeed valve, illuminates the XFEED annunciator, 3 seconds later closes the motive flow shutoff valve on the engine receiving crossfeed. Engine fuel system: two stage engine driven pump mounted on the accessory gearbox supplies high pressure flow to the fuel control unit. FCU mounted on engine driven fuel pump and determines proper fuel schedule for all phases of engine op Flow divider downstream of FCU provides proper fuel distribution to the combustion chamber by dividing the flow from the fuel control between the primary and secondary fuel manifolds. Also acts a fuel shutoff valve. When throttle is closed fuel flow is terminated at the flow divider and the fuel manifold is drained. Fuel canister assembly collects the fuel at shutdown and returns it to the main tanks. Flow indicators: measured downstream of the fuel control Filter: measured and alert pilot if filter obstructed. Bypass valve is opened if this happens Quantity indicators: capacitance type probes and one temp compensator. Indicator converts into fuel weight Fuel shutoff: electrically operated firewall shutoff valves individually closed by depressing the FIRE button. Automatic fuel shutoff also for severe overspeed or explosive structural failure. Low fuel level warning system functions independently of normal fuel quantity system 360 lbs in either tank will illuminate annunciator

( 3 ) On the ILS 16L at KHLN where is the FAF?

Glide slope intercept

( 8 ) When do you call out FAF on ILS approach?

Glide slope intercept

( 27 ) If you are assigned higher alt. than the published MDA to intercept GS, where is FAF?

Glide slope intercept at the intercept altitude lowest altitude on the intermediate segment of the published approach and the glide slope intercept Glide slope intercept

( 9 ) What is the difference between volts and amps?

If we think of electricity as water flowing through a pipe it can help us understand amps, volts and watts. Amps would be the volume of water flowing through the pipe. The water pressure would be the voltage. Watts would be the power (volts x amps) the water could provide (think back to the old days when water was used to power mills). So with this analogy in mind the definitions below for amp, volt and watt should be easier to understand: Amp - an ampere is the unit for measuring electricity. The accepted standard unit used for measuring how fast an electric current flows is an example of an ampere. Volt - the basic unit of electromotive force in the SI and MKS systems, equal to the electromotive force, or difference in potential, that causes a current of one ampere to flow through a conductor having a resistance of one ohm. Watt - the basic unit of electric, mechanical, or thermal power in the SI and MKS systems, equal to one joule per second or 10 ergs per second (of a horsepower): for electric power it is equal to one volt-ampere.

When can you fly through known icing?

If you have anti-icing capabilities that will not be exceeded by the icing condition.

( 7 ) The Captain lines up for the wrong runway. What do you do?

Immediately question his actions. It is best to have an angry captain than to have a pilot deviation.

( 3 ) Where is the ITT gauge located inside the engine?

In combustion chamber

( 4 ) Possible CRM Scenario: You and another candidate are taken to a smaller room with a dry erase white board, and two chairs are placed in front of it. It does not matter who sits in what chair; who assumes the role of Captain or First Officer. Our scenario was as follows: On the white board, a map with ORD and Lake Michigan near the center is drawn and various other nearby airports are included: SBN (25 mins away), MKE (15 mins away), MDW (5 mins away, has no SkyWest services), PIA (10 mins away). The interviewer explains that he will play the role of anyone you want to talk to during the scenario - ATC, Flight Attendant, Dispatch, Maintenance, etc. He explains "I'm going to set a timer on my phone for 7 minutes. At the end of those 7 minutes, we might be parked at a gate, we might not. There is no right or wrong answer here - I just want to see how you two work together." The scenario starts at FAF ILS28R ORD. You receive a windshear warning at 300AGL and go-around. From there, he turns you lose. You have 50 minutes fuel on board. Work with your partner and just do the best you can - whether you try to land again, divert, call maintenance to see if it is a problem with the airplane, etc. No right or wrong answer. Make sure you keep the flight attendant and passengers informed.

In this scenario, the official problem ended up being a faulty windshear warning system.

( 5 ) What is the name and meaning of the yellow chevrons painted on the beginning portion of the runway?

Indicate areas of pavement aligned with the runway that are unusable for taxi, takeoff, or landing. Chevrons cover blast pads or stopways, which are constructed to protect areas from erosion caused by jet blast and to provide extra stopping distance for aircraft (stopways). http://download.aopa.org/epilot/Rwy_Flash_Card_Chevron_Markings.pdf

Weather Intensity Proximity Description Precip Obscuration Other

Intensity: -, + = light or heavy, if none listed its moderate Proximity: VC = vicinity (5-10 nm), DSNT = distant (10+ nm) Description: BC = patches, BL = blowing, DR = low drifting, FZ = freezing, MI = shallow, PR = partial, SH = shower, TS = thunderstorm Precip: DZ = drizzle, GR = hail, GS = small hail/snow pellets, IC = ice crystals, PL = ice pellets, RA = rain, SG = snow grains, SN = snow, UP = unknown precip Obscuration: BR = mist, DU = dust, FG = fog, FU = smoke, HZ = haze, PY = spray, SA = sand, VA = volcanic ash Other: DS = dust storm, FC = funnel cloud, PO = dust/sand whirls, SQ = squalls, SS = sandstorm

( 4 ) Tell me what derived alternate mins are.

It allows the carrier(s) to create their own alternate minimums instead of using either what is published on the charts, or the standard alternate minimums.

( 4 ) What is an accumulator?

It is a steel cylinder or spare with a diaphragm in the middle, one half is filled with Nitrogen or air and the other contains fluid. The purpose of an accumulator is to store power and supply fluid when needed in case of a pump failure also to absorb any pressure surges.

( 12 ) What is a circuit breaker?

It is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current, typically resulting from an overload or short circuit. It opens when a coil inside the unit heats up and expands, releasing the button and breaking the circuit. When the coil cools down and contracts, it might be reset again

( 3 ) Explain how density altitude and a hotter temperature will affect your landing distance.

It will increase

( 3 ) What would a high altitude stall look like and how much altitude do you think you would lose?

It would have a buffet and you'll lose 4-5k feet

( 6 ) Feeder routes, how can you tell the difference between that and a cross radial?

Jepp Charts - feeder or transition routes are heavy dashed black lines. Cross raidials are thin light grey lines

( 33 ) What is critical mach? What happens to the center of pressure/lift as we enter mach tuck?

Mach tuck is an aerodynamic effect, whereby the nose of an aircraft tends to pitch downwards as the airflow around the wing reaches supersonic speeds. The aircraft will be subsonic, and traveling significantly below Mach 1.0, when it first experiences this effect. As the wing becomes more affected by the shock wave the center of pressure will continue to travel aft, thereby causing a significantly higher nose-down force and requiring a nose-up input or trim to maintain level flight. Although Mach tuck develops gradually, if it is allowed to progress significantly, the center of pressure can move so far rearward that there is no longer enough elevator authority available to counteract it, and the airplane enters a steep, sometimes unrecoverable dive Critical Mach number is the Mach number at which the airflow over some point on the aircraft reaches Mach 1.0. Can occur well before the aircraft indicates Mach 1.0 "MACH-CRIT" - p215 Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators • "By definition, Critical Mach number, is the "Free Stream" Mach number which produces the First evidence of Local (on-wing) Sonic flow." • This condition of flight would be the Highest flight speed possible Without Supersonic flow. • Critical Mach number is, the boundary between Subsonic and Transonic flight and is an important point of reference for all Compressibility Effects encountered in Transonic flight. • Therefore, Shock waves, Buffet, Airflow Separation, etc., take place above Critical Mach number. • As Critical Mach number is exceeded, an area of Supersonic airflow is created, and a Normal Shock Wave forms, as the boundary between the Supersonic flow and the Subsonic flow on the AFT portion of the airfoil surface.

( 5 ) What is the FAF on a LOC approach?

Maltese cross

What stage would you most likely encounter the anvil top?

Mature stage

Microburst what is it and which stage of Thunderstorm?

Mature stage preceding rain fall

( 8 ) Calculate time/ distance in a procedure turn if travelling at 210 knots and if we would remain within the 10 NM radius before rejoining the LOC inbound.

Maximum speed in a procedure turn is 200 KIAS

METAR

Meteorological aviation routine weather report, hourly

Mandatory Reports

Missed Approach Airspeed +/- 10kts or 5% Reaching a holding fix (time and altitude) VFR on top ETA change 3 mins (non radar) Leaving a holding fix Outer marker (non radar) Unforecasted weather Safety of flight Vacating an altitude Final approach fix (non radar) Radio nav fail Compulsory reporting point 500 unable to climb descend rate

( 10 ) How is turbofan different from Turbojet?

More fuel efficient (30% ish?) Retains some of the positives of a propellor airplane with the fan blade - gives it good low altitude and low speed performance High altitude and high speed performance is still intact with the jet core Less noise because the cooler bypass is mixed with the extremely hot exhaust air

( 11 ) Where is the accessory section?

Mounted below the engine The accessory section sits just below the front part of the engine core. Covered from the outside by the engine cowling.

( 4 ) What does the jet stream do in the winter?

Moves south in the northern hemisphere and increases in intensity Moves to the south in the northern hemisphere

( 12 ) When do you need to hold short of an ILS critical area?

Pilots are not required to hold short of ILS critical areas unless ATC instructs you to hold short. AIM 1-1-9: ATC issues control instructions to avoid interfering operations within ILS critical areas at controlled airports during the hours the Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) is in operation. critical areas are not protected at uncontrolled airports or at airports with an operating control tower when weather or visibility conditions are above those requiring protective measures. Aircraft conducting coupled or autoland operations should be especially alert in monitoring automatic flight control systems. (See Figure 1-1-7.) Ceiling less than 800 feet and visibility less than 2 miles or when instructed by ATC

( 4 ) Tell me about the constant speed prop?

Pitch is varied using oil from the engine and a governor to provide the optimum performance for the state of flight you are in.

( 31 ) Describe the engine on the plane you fly.

Pratt & Whitney 545A 3804 lbs of thrust per side Turbofan engine with a bypass ratio of 4.1 to 1 Fan generates over ½ of the total thrust 2 shafts Inner shaft: connects fan (N1) and the axial boost stage of the low pressure compressor at the front of the engine to the three rear low pressure turbines Outer shaft connects the centrifugal compressor (n2) and the forward high pressure turbine Intake through fan, air divided by concentric duct, ⅘ bypasses core. Air entering the inner duct passes through guide vanes to the axial boost compressor stage, then through a second set of guide vanes and is compressed by the centrifugal compressor. The high pressure air then passes through a diffuser assembly assembly and to the combustion section. Combustion chamber is reverse flow design to save space and reduce engine size Fuel introduced by 11 hybrid nozzles supplied by a dual manifold, two spark igniter. Hot gases expand, reverse direction and pass through a set of turbine guide vanes to the high pressure turbine. This turbine turns and transmits power to the outer shaft to turn the N2 compressor Only a small portion of the energy is absorbed here, gases continue rearward to another set of guide vanes and enter the three stage low pressure turbine. Power generated here transmits through the inner shaft to the fan EEC (Electronic Engine Control): control the engine N1 speed and the engine thrust with throttle position based on ambient conditions AUTO: throttle detents, N1 governing, Idle governing (ground vs flight), bleed valve control, N1/N2 speed limiting, engine sync, overspeed protection MANUAL: FCU takes over full control of engine speed in response to throttle position with a mechanical linkage. Pilot adjustable power setting, idle governing, bleed valve control etc Ground idle: activated 8 seconds after landing (squat switches), easier taxiing, saves brakes Engine synch: left is the master, right is slaved. Fan synchs N1, turb synchs N2 Ignition system: dual exciter units and two igniters per engine. Exciter convert batt or gen input to DC store it momentarily until a given energy level is reached and allow it to discharge in spark form through the igniters. Oil system: 6.13 qt capacity, 2.14 qts usable. Oil passes through check valve which prevents gravity flow when the engine is not running and past a pressure relief valve enroute to the oil cooler. If system pressure becomes excessive the relief valve reduces it by unseating and allowing oil to return to the pump inlet via a bypass line. From the cooler oil passes through filter before routed to the engine bearings and accessory gearbox. If filter clogs a bypass valve opens allowing lubrication to continue. Thrust reversers: Bucket design. When deployed direct exhaust gases forward to provide a deceleration force. Deployed by hydraulic pressure with an engine driven pump and directed to the drive actuators. Fire protection: closed-loop sensing system and detector control unit which illuminates the respective red engine fire warning light. Lifting the guard and depressing the warning light simultaneously closes the respective firewall fuel and hydraulic valves deenergizes the starter/generator arms the two freon extinguishing bottles. Either bottle can be discharged into each engine

( 9 ) Can a compressor stall be prevented, detected, fixed?

Reduce power. Reduce AoA.

( 26 ) When you can proceed down past the DA(H) ?

Refer to 91.175 1) Normal descent and normal maneuvers to make a safe landing in the touchdown zone 2) Visibility as prescribed on approach plate or better 3) Must see one of the following to land: - Approach Lights in sight (Once you have 1 and 2, then if you see the approach lights, then you can descend to 100' above touchdown zone until you see the Red Side Row Bars or Red Terminating Bars. Once you see those you can land.) - Touchdown zone markings - Touchdown Zone Lights - Touchdown Zone - Threshold Markings - Threshold Lights - Threshold - Runway Markings - Runway Lights - Runway - VASI - REIL

( 5 ) Had to brief an approach and was asked about FAF on an ILS from Reno.

Remember to read top to bottom on each of the sections in the briefing box and then the FAF is designated by the end of the "feather" on the profile view as well as described with the briefing strip

( 5 ) What are your ATP hour requirements?

Restricted ATP- 1500 TT, 200 XC, 100 night, 75 Instr, 50 multi

( 6 ) Where does the air stall on a hershey bar wing?

Root.

( 11 ) What color are rwy centerline lights?

Runway centerline lights are white until the last 3,000 feet of the runway. Of that 3,000 feet, the first 2,000 feet alternate red and white and the last 1,000 feet of are red. This is to let you know how much runway is left before the end. Of course you will see the REL's (Runway End Lights) at the end of the runway as well.

"R"

Runway visual range R32L/1000FT = runway visual range 1000 ft on 32L M0600FT = RVR less than 600 ft P6000FT = RVR greater than 6000 ft R06L2000V4000FT = RVR for 6L is variable between 2000 and 4000 ft

RMK

SLP034 = sea level pressure in millibars, add 1000 and a decimal to get 1003.4 millibars ACSL SW-S = altocumulus standing lenticular clouds southwest through south CB W MOV E = cumulonimbus clouds west moving east DSNT = distant, OVR MT E = over mountains to the east MAM = mammatus clouds, CC = cirrocumulus, ACC = altocumuulus castellanus CONS LTGCA = continuous (6+ flashes/min) lightning, cloud to air (LTGCC-cloud to cloud, LTGCG-cloud to ground, LTGIC-in cloud) OCNL = occasional (less than 1 per min) PK WND 28045/1955 = peak wind 280 at 45 kts occured at 1955Z PK WND 34050/38 = peak wind 340 at 50 kts occured at 38 minutes past the hour PRESRR = pressure rising rapidly, PRESFR = pressure falling rapidly RAB20SNB20E55 = Rain and snow began at 20 minutes past the hour, ended at 55 mins past TSB05E30 = Thunderstorm began 5 minutes past the hour and ended 30 minutes past VIS 1V2 = visibility is variable between 1 and 2 WSHFT 45 = wind shift at 45 minutes past the hour VIS N 2 = visibility in the northern sector 2 miles TCU OHD = towering cumulus overhead ALQDS = all quadrants

( 9 ) How is ignition in the combustion chamber sustained?

Self Sustained after igniters are used to start the engine, constant burn with more fuel being constantly introduced

( 9 ) What would you do if a flight attendant was being attacked in the back?

Squawk 7500 Make a PA to all the passengers to help my FA, subdue the perpetrator, declare an emergency, land at the nearest suitable airport.

( 7 ) What are the different types of hypoxia's?

Stagnant - blood pooling, poor circulation. Hypoxic - Altitude related, less o2 for the blood to carry. Hypemic-Oygen deficiency in blood. Smoking is included with hypemic hypoxia, not histotoxic. Histotoxic-tissue poisoning from alcohol, cyanide etc.

( 8 ) Weather is below mins, can you depart?

Standard Part 121/135 TO minimums (91.175(f)) 2 engines or less: 1 SM or RVR 5000 More than 2 engines: ½ SM or RVR 2400 Check for the T in the chart notes for non standard takeoff minimums and/or departure procedures are published Two pilot: ¼ mile or RVR 1600 with at least one of the following high intensity runway lights, centerline lights, centerline marking, or adequate visual reference to continuously identify the takeoff surface TDZ RVR 1200 and rollout RVR 1000 and must have both of the following: centerline lights, two RVR reporting systems TDZ RVR 600, mid RVR 600, and rollout RVR 600, provided all of the following are available: centerline lights, centerline markings, 2 out of 3 reporting systems must be working If you takeoff with weather below landing mins you cannot return if you lose an engine after TO. Therefore you must file a takeoff alternate One hour's flying time at normal cruise speed in still air with one engine inoperative Two hours flying time for an aircraft with 3 or more engines Takeoff alternate must have weather at or above IFR landing minimums Yes you can as long as you meet TO minimums in accordance with FAR or approved Op Specs. You may need a TO alternate, but that is different question.

( 4 ) Tell me what happens from when I hit the master switch to when the engines kick on turbine engine?

Start switch goes to ON, engine starts turning, air pulled through compressor, then into combustion chamber. When enough compressed air is in combustion chamber (usually 10-12% N1) fuel introduced and igniters light off the mixture Engine RPM accelerates as hot gases travel toward the exhaust section, driving turbine which turns compressor faster until spinning at ground idle. Ignition is self sustaining at this point Excel: Master on gives power to the battery bus, crossfeed bus, etc More here Pressing engine start button closes the start relay and provides DC power to the starter. Power to close the solenoid start relays and energize ignition comes from the battery bus (requiring batt switch to be ON) White light on each starter button indicates power on the contacts of the start relay. Starter operation terminated when the GCU reads 38% N2. Start can be discontinued at any time by pressing START DISG switch. Opens the start relay and stops the sequence. During engine start when the generator output exceeds batt voltage and/or is in parallel with the other gen the starter/generator reverts to generator operation. The power relay closes and supplies power to the respective DC bus. Current will flow from either DC bus through the battery bus, battery relay and hot battery bus providing battery charging. Cross start: uses the gen of an operating engine to assist starting the second. Both start relays closing when the second start is initiated routing power through the hot battery bus to the other engine.

( 41 ) Describe the electrical system on the plane you fly.

Starter-Generators: Two 28-volt DC, 300 ampere, engine-driven starter/generators 28-volt DC, 300 ampere, APU mounted starter/generator GCU: 2 Generator control units regulate, protect and parallel the engine driven generators. Also control a power relay to their respective main DC feed bus. 1 GCU for APU Battery: A 24-volt, 44-amp-hour, nickel-cadmium battery for starting and emergency requirements. Battery temperature monitoring and battery disconnect systems are provided. Can provide 30 minutes of power to emer bus for things like: comm/nav 1, n1 indicators, cockpit lights, ahrs 2, gear, flaps, stabilizer etc. DC Buses: The electrical system incorporates a dual parallel main bus distribution system, designed so that essential equipment operation will not be interrupted in the event of a single power source or distribution system failure. 2 main DC feed buses paralleled through two 225 amp fuses (current limiters) are connected to the crossfeed bus. Generators supply power to these main feed buses through power relays. The battery and GPU connect directly to the battery bus, which connects to the crossfeed bus through the isolation relay. Essential systems and avionics receive power from two emergency buses, either through the crossfeed bus (normal) or battery bus (emergency) An AC system is included and dedicated to support the electric windshield. A separate 500 watt inverter supplies 110 volt AC power to three outlets: one in the cockpit and two in the cabin. Limitations: Max gen load (ground) 200 amps (250 up to 4 mins) Max gen load (flight) 300 amps (450 up to 2 minutes - emergency) Generator start limit: 3 starts in 30 minutes with 90 second rest between starts Battery starts: 3 per hour Generator-assisted start = ⅓ of a battery start Battery can power emer

( 9 ) What would you do if the Flight Attendant noticed Bomb 12-C

Tell ATC, you need to land ASAP! and the situation. Don't startle the passengers. Fasten seatbelt sign on. Maintain altitude--don't change. Declare emergency with ATC for priority handling and airspace. Reference the FOM for Bomb Threat and Least Risk Bomb (LRB) location. Notify dispatcher if ATC hasn't already. Ask FA to reference her manual and training for Bomb Threat. Use CRM to develop a game plan with company and crew. Possibly move pax away from 12-C and inspect for bomb depending on situation. If bomb located, try to gather as much intel about it as possible without disturbing it. May have to move bomb to LRB and pack it with wet towels and carry-on items capable of absorbing energy from a bomb detonation. Use all available resources, onboard Wifi, photos, passengers with expertise in hurt-locker tactics, etc. Don't leave the flight deck. Keep the door locked. Fly the plane. Land at the nearest suitable airport based on your game plan.

( 8 ) Why is the air in the compressor section hot if it hasn't been ignited yet?

Temperature of air increases as its pressure increases (compression)

TAF TEMPO meaning and what does it mean to us.

Temporary time period

TAF

Terminal aerodrome forecast, 5sm radius of airport

( 12 ) What is area rule?

The "pinched waist" - there is an indentation in the fuselage near the wing, which reduces the drag at transonic speed, allowing the airplane to fly faster and farther without increasing power. area-rule fuselage. The fuselage of a supersonic airplane built so the combined frontal area of the fuselage and the wing form a smooth curve from nose to tail. An airplane with an area-rule fuselage has the minimum transonic drag. it is a narrowing of the fuselage near the wings and tail section to reduce drag at transonic speeds

( 4 ) What does a RAT provide?

The Ram Air Turbine generates power from the air stream to supply power to either an electrical generator or to hydraulic pumps and is an emergency power supply to vital systems.

( 14 ) What is an amp?

The base unit of electrical current* -basically it is a number of electrons - and tells you how much electricity you have to work with. The More Amps you have, the more electricity you have to work with.*

( 6 ) How long is the MALSR system?

The configuration of signal lights starting at the threshold and extending into the approach area 2,400-3000' for a precision, instrument runway 1,400-1,500' for a non-precision, instrument runway 1600

( 9 ) What is balanced field length?

The distance where Accelerate stop and accelerate go distances are equal.

( 5 ) Can you draw your fuel system?

Total Capacity 1006 gallons or 6790 lbs Wet wing, two separate tanks each supply their respective engine Fuel flows freely inward but is restricted from flowing outward by flapper valves Vent system and surge tanks present to alleviate thermal expansion and during climbs and descents Each tank has a fuel hopper, has flapper valves that allow for gravity fuel flow into the hopper, and is fed by the fuel scavenge system. Uses ejector pumps (motive flow) to pick up fuel in the wing and deliver it to the hopper. Ejector pump is powered by high pressure motive flow from the FCU and it supplies low pressure fuel to its respective engine during normal fuel operation (hopper) Wet electric pump is used for starting, crossfeed, and if ejector pump fails. (hopper) Pressure switch actuates during low pressure and will turn the boost pump on automatically Fuel supply line also contains a firewall shutoff valve Engine driven pump is mounted on accessory gearbox. Supplies high pressure flow to the FCU. Fuel enters pump at low pressure from the primary ejector and exits at high pressure. Automatic fuel shutoff to protect against severe overspeed or explosive structural failure of engine Filter: if it becomes obstructed will be bypassed automatically (FUEL FLTR BP annunciator) Seven capacitance type probes and one temp compensator in each tank Low level warning is independent. It uses a float switch. Triggers at 360 lbs in either tank Fuel shutoff valves can be closed by pressing the LH or RH ENGINE FIRE button. Crossfeed function allows fuel to flow from a single tank to both engines Selecting either tank automatically turns on the electric boost pump, opens crossfeed valve, illuminates XFEED annunciator, 3 seconds later closes motive flow shutoff valve on the engine receiving crossfeed. Single point and over wing fueling. Single point can also be used for defueling ( 3 ) Have you ever diverted? Walk me through the steps of your diversion.

TCU DSNT SW

Towering cumulus southwest

( 5 ) Explain the landing gear system

Tricycle type landing gear Single wheel mains and single nose wheel, oil over air strut Nose wheel chined for water and slush deflection Gear doors are mechanically connected to the gear strut Electrically controlled and hydraulically actuated Trailing link gear Gear actuators incorporate an internal lock to hold the gear in the extended position Held retracted by mechanical uplocks that are normally released hydraulically Speeds: VLO (extend) = 250 kts, VLO (retract) = 200 kts, VLE = 250 kts Gear retraction: Weight off the left landing gear squat switch, power applied to the solenoid lock allowing landing gear handle to be placed in the up position (physically locked while on the ground) Gear handle to UP: gear unlock light comes on, closes bypass valve in hydraulic return line, pressurizing the system, positions the landing gear control valve to route hydraulic fluid to the retract side of the hydraulic cylinders Landing gear are mechanically snatched and held in place by uplatches Actuation of 3 gear up microswitches: opens bypass valve in hydraulic system returning it to open center operation and low pressure, removes power from landing gear control valve, gear unlocked light goes out Gear extension: Identical to above except no solenoid lock on landing gear handle, handle to DOWN causes fluid to be routed by the control valve through uplocks to release them, and then to the xtend side of the actuating cylinders. All gear down and locked microswitches return the hydraulic system to open center. Red light indicates gear in transit or not locked Audible warning with one of these conditions: Gear not down and locked.... Both throttles below 70% N2, flaps 15 degrees or more Both throttles below 70% N2, radio altimeter senses less than 500 ft Both throttles below 70% N2, airspeed below 150 kts Emergency extension: manually operated system releases landing gear for free-fall extension 150 kts with flaps up is optimum speed for free fall extension If gear is not down and locked utilize the blowdown system Mechanically ports emergency air bottle into extend side of all three landing gear actuators This bottle is 1500-2000 PSI

( 2 ) How do you counteract dutch roll if you're yaw damper is inop?

Try to keep the ball center and maintain directional control

( 9 ) Advantages Of turbofan vs. turbo jet, where to turbofans have a greater advantage over a straight turbo jets?

Turbojets are used in aircraft with high performance needs (ie. supersonic); usually military jets. Turbofans are used by commercial airliners which normally cruise in the .75 - .85 mach range. Turbofans are 30-40% more fuel efficient than turbojets and much quieter because the lower-velocity "bypass" air shrouds the jet core exhaust, which insulates and muffles the noise. This is why a F-15 is so much more loud than a 737 passing overhead at an airshow. Lower altitudes because of greater air density

What is clear air turbulence?

Turbulence not associated with cloud formations

( 3 ) What is wake turbulence?

Turbulence produced by another aircraft, the high pressure below the wings spills over to the low pressure above the wing and creates a bubbling air flow

What are the colors of the de-icing fluid?

Type I RED/ORANGE: most common - HOT GLYCOL Removes ice but doesn't do much for preventing more Common to use Type I to remove then type IV to prevent Type II STRAW: thick, viscous fluid, replaced by type IV Type III YELLOW: thinner for aircraft with slower rotation speed, not available Type IV GREEN: very popular Works well but is expensive Green slime Vr above 85 kts so it can blow off before rotation

What is the difference between anti-ice and de-ice?

anti-ice prevents ice build up De-ice removes ice that has built up

( 4 ) What is a chord line?

chord refers to the imaginary straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of an aerofoil.

Which is worse warm front or cold front?

cold

( 11 ) Does air heat or cool as it's compressed?

compressing a gas causes it the temperature to increase. So the answer is that it heats as compressed

( 17 ) What does a rectifier do?

converts a/c to d/c and stabilize current TRU

( 7 ) What does a diode do?

directs electrical power in one direction, does not allow electrical power to flow in the wrong direction

( 15 ) How high does class G go?

from surface up to 14500' MSL when shaded on enroute charts Overlying E; 700' AGL or 1200'AGL or 14,500'MSL