Smart book 22

The first draft of the human genome was published in the year ____ ,and completed maps and sequences of all human chromosomes were published by the year ____.

2001, 2006

What was the source of DNA for the Human Genome Project?

DNA from several anonymous volunteers

True or false: Correlations among cytogenetic, linkage, and physical maps are constant from one region of a chromosome to another and from one species to another.

False

True or false: The Human Genome Project used DNA from a single individual to obtain the human genome sequence.

False

What is studied in functional genomics?

How the components of a genome interact to produce the traits of an organism

In addition to the nucleus, where is genomic information stored in a human cell?

Mitochondria

Which of the following can be used as molecular markers for linkage mapping?

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Microsatellite sequence Sequence-tagged site (STS)

A research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome is called a(n) ____-____ project.

genome sequencing

A collection of recombinant vectors that each contain a particular fragment of chromosomal DNA is called a DNA ____.

library

Genomics is the molecular analysis of ______.

the entire genetic composition of a species.

Which outcomes of the Human Genome Project will be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases?

-Determination of the types of proteins encoded by disease-causing genes -Identification of mutant genes that cause inherited diseases

How many different types of chromosomes make up the nuclear genome of a human female?

23

What is a sequence-tagged site?

A DNA sequence that can be amplified uniquely by PCR

What is a molecular marker?

A segment of DNA that can be uniquely identified using molecular tools

What is a microsatellite?

A short DNA sequence repeated many times in a row

How can eukaryotic chromosomes be distinguished from one another in the microscope?

Chromosomes can be treated with dyes that produce unique banding patterns for each chromosome.

Which of the following processes is used for physical mapping? Multiple choice question.

Cloning fragments of chromosomal DNA

The map shown in this diagram represents the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. The positions of the sc and w genes and numerous bands are indicated. What type of map is this?

Cytogenetic map

Match each type of chromosome mapping with the correct description.

Cytogenetic mapping - Determination of the locations of specific sequences relative to bands on chromosomes Linkage mapping - Determining the relative locations of genes on a chromosome based on their frequency of genetic recombination Physical mapping - Determining the locations of genes and other DNA sequences using DNA cloning techniques

This map represents the sc and w genes of Drosophila melanogaster. Both genes are located on the X chromosome. What type of map is this?

Linkage map

Which mapping strategy involves cloning many pieces of DNA and characterizing their sizes and relative locations along a chromosome?

Physical mapping

Geneticists use several types of mapping strategies to identify the locations of genes. The approach that relies on DNA cloning techniques and allows computation of distances in base pairs is ____ mapping. The technique that is based on recombination frequencies between genes is ____ mapping. The technique that locates genes relative to bands on chromosomes that are visible by microscopy is ____ mapping.

Physical, linkage, cytogenetic

What is the goal of a genome-sequencing project?

To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species

What is the goal of physical mapping?

To determine the order of overlapping DNA clones from a chromosome

What is the goal of cytogenetic mapping?

To localize a gene to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern

A genetic distance of 1 mu corresponds to ______.

a variable physical distance that depends on the recombination frequency.

The complete sequencing of the approximately 3 billion bp that make up the human genome was ______.

accomplished in several drafts and published in 2006

At best, cytogenetic mapping can localize a gene to a(n) ______.

area of a few million base pairs on a specific chromosome.

Cytogeneticists can distinguish one chromosome from another based on the ____ patterns that are obtained when chromosomes are treated with certain dyes.

banding

Obtaining a physical map of the human genome was one of the goals of the Human Genome Project. Accomplishing this goal required ______.

cloning many segments of chromosomal DNA into BACs, YACs, and cosmids

The study of the interactions of many genes and the ways that the components of a genome interact to produce an organism's traits is called ____ genomics.

functional

The total genetic composition of an organism or species is its ____.

genome

The field of study in which the entire genome of a species is analyzed is called ____.

genomics

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by ______.

identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes

One of the ethical and legal issues that has been identified as a result of the Human Genome Project is whether ______.

individuals have a right to privacy regarding genetic information

Identifying and localizing millions of genetic markers was an important procedure for the Human Genome Project's goal of obtaining a genetic ____ map of the human genome.

linkage

The mapping technique that relies on the frequency of recombinant offspring for determination of the distance between genetic loci is ____ mapping.

linkage

The site on a genetic map where a specific gene or other DNA sequence is found is called its ____.

locus

The Human Genome Project had a stated goal of developing programs focused on understanding and addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications of the Human Genome Project. An example of a genetic issue is the possibility that an individual who carries a deleterious allele could be discriminated against by a(n) ______.

medical insurance company

A short repetitive DNA sequence, such as a dinucleotide sequence repeated many times in a row, is called a(n) ______.

microsatellite

A segment of DNA that is located at a specific site along a chromosome and that has properties that allow it to be uniquely identified using molecular tools is called a(n) ____ marker.

molecular

Using the results of the Human Genome Project, scientists can identify the location of ____ genes that cause inherited disease and determine the types of ____ encoded by these genes.

mutant, proteins

Cloning many segments of human chromosomal DNA into YACs, BACs, and cosmids was an important step in obtaining a(n) ____ map of the human genome.

physical

Identifying overlapping cloned DNA fragments in a DNA library and determining the relative order of these fragments is a goal of ____ mapping.

physical

To analyze a microsatellite sequence, a scientist must first amplify it by PCR. This requires the use of PCR ____ that flank the repeated sequence in the microsatellite.

primers

The area of study known as ____ is focused on determining the roles of all cellular proteins.

proteomics

In linkage mapping, the distance between sites on the same chromosome is determined by calculating the frequency of ______.

recombinant offspring

A DNA library is a collection of ______.

recombinant vectors containing various fragments of chromosomal DNA.

The term locus refers to the ______.

site on a genetic map where a specific gene is found.

In the field of study called proteomics, researchers study ______.

the roles of all cellular proteins in producing the traits of cell types and organisms.

An organism's genome is its ______.

total genetic composition.

The type of mapping in which a gene is localized to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern is ____ mapping.

cytogenetic

A microsatellite can be amplified by PCR using primers that are located ______ the microsatellite.

on both sides of

The resolution of cytogenetic mapping is ______.

fairly crude because it relies on light microscopy.

A site that can be uniquely amplified by PCR is called a(n) ____-____ site, or STS.

sequence tagged

Microsatellites, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and sequence-tagged sites can all be used as molecular ____ to provide sites for mapping experiments.

markers