SmartBook: Ch06 Proteins

An example of an epigenetic influence on human health would be

exposure to alcohol during gestation influences fetal development.

When blood proteins are too low,

fluid leaks out of the blood vessels into extracellular spaces.

It is uncommon for intact proteins to be absorbed from the digestive tract except in _____.

infants

A conditionally essential amino acid

is a nonessential amino acid that becomes essential during times of stress.

Protein equilibrium occurs when protein intake

is equal to protein losses.

An incomplete or lower-quality protein

is lacking one more essential amino acids.

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

it is likely to be low in dietary fiber and phytochemicals. foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat.

A form of protein-calorie malnutrition characterized by a fatty liver and edema in the abdomen is

kwashiorkor.

A ______ diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs.

lactoovovegetarian

A ______ dietary pattern is primarily plant-based, but does include dairy products.

lactovegetarian

A(n) ______ amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize.

limiting

______ protein balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed.

Negative

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?

Negative protein balance

Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids?

Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Nonessential

Which foods could a lactovegetarian choose for breakfast?

Oatmeal with butter and brown sugar Calcium-fortified orange juice Parfait made with yogurt, granola, and blueberries

What is the term for the chemical bond formed between amino acids?

Peptide bond

______ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat.

Plant

Which of the following meals would be acceptable for a lactoovovegetarian?

Poached eggs; whole-wheat toast with jam; banana; orange juice Spinach and artichoke lasagna with Alfredo sauce; Italian bread; iced tea

______ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses.

Positive

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses?

Positive protein balance

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

Protein equilibrium

True or false: A protein deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients.

True

True or false: Amino acids play a role in the synthesis of hormones.

True

True or false: Amino acids serve as a source of nitrogen for the human body.

True

True or false: During transcription, an mRNA copy of the DNA code moves out from the cell's nucleus, into the cytoplasm, and to the ribosomes.

True

True or false: Exceeding the RDA for protein may contribute to increased body fat.

True

True or false: Genes play a role in development of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

True

True or false: If adequate amounts of essential amino acids are not consumed, a person's health will deteriorate.

True

True or false: In order to meet essential amino acid needs, a vegetarian would need to consume a variety of plant proteins.

True

True or false: Plant sources of fat are good for the heart because they are usually high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

True

True or false: Proteins contribute to immune function.

True

True or false: Soy protein is a complete protein, which means it provides all nine essential amino acids.

True

Which form of diabetes has a genetic link?

Type 1 & 2

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the

limiting amino acid.

When carbohydrates are in short supply, the ______ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues.

liver

Most plant proteins are examples of ______ proteins.

lower-quality

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids can be

metabolized as fuel. converted into ketones. converted into glucose.

A(n) ______bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein.

peptide

In order to meet essential amino acid needs, a variety of ______ proteins need to be consumed.

plant

Which of these foods will a vegan eat?

Watermelon Tofu Vegetable oil

How do "nature" and "nurture" interact to affect the development of obesity?

Weight gain for a person with a genetic predisposition for obesity depends on one's environment.

What is the best way to obtain all of the essential amino acids?

Whole foods

Which of the following are good sources of iron in a vegan diet?

Whole grains Nuts Legumes

Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential

amino acids.

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies

calorie deficiency. lack of nutrients.

A defective gene that delays cholesterol removal from the bloodstream could increase an individual's risk for

cardiovascular disease.

Plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no ______ than animal sources of protein.

cholesterol saturated fat

A(n) ______ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

complementary

What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?

complementary protein

A protein that contains all nine essential amino acids is a(n) ______ protein.

complete high-quality

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

pump ions into and out of cells serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Intact proteins are ______ absorbed from the digestive tract.

rarely

Choose the eight foods that account for 90% of food-related allergies.

shellfish fish soy tree nuts peanuts wheat milk eggs

Inadequate intake of essential amino acids may lead to

slow production of body proteins. impaired growth. muscle wasting.

Nutritional genomics explores

the effects of the gene code on nutritional health. the effects of nutritional health on genetic expression.

A(n) ______ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.

vegan

Which of the following is a poor source of vitamin B-12?

vegetables

There are times during an illness, injury, or wound healing when an amino acid that is normally not an essential amino acid might become one. This amino acid is called a(n)

conditionally essential amino acid.

Legumes

contain a single row of seeds.

The DNA code for synthesis of a specific protein must be transferred from the cell's nucleus to the ______ to allow for protein synthesis.

cytoplasm

Protein synthesis takes place in the

cytoplasm.

If Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh?

70 Reason: 154/2.2 = 70 kg

What is the RDA for protein?

0.8 grams/kg

How many pounds equate to 1 kilogram?

2.2

Researchers now recommend that adults consume at least _____ grams of protein at more than one meal in order to maintain healthy muscles and bones.

30

Proteins supply the body with about______ kilocalories per gram.

4

Proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram.

4

Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein.

56 grams Reason: 70 x 0.8 = 56 grams

Which of the following is a genetic variation that increases a person's risk for cardiovascular disease?

Altered ability to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

What is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agita

Denaturation

Select the foods that would be good sources of calcium for a person who follows a vegan dietary pattern.

Calcium-fortified tofu Fortified soy milk Fortified orange juice

What are some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids in a plant-based diet?

Canola oil Soybean oil Flax seeds Walnuts

Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?

Carbohydrates Fats

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ______code.

DNA

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

Essential amino acid

Protein synthesis takes place in the nucleus.

False

True or false: A diet high in animal protein can reduce a person's chance of developing cardiovascular disease.

False

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

False

True or false: Fats and carbohydrates are rarely used to meet energy needs.

False

True or false: Nuts are high in fat, so they should not be included in a heart-healthy dietary pattern.

False

True or false: Once an amino acid is used by the body, it cannot be used again.

False

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

False

True or false: The presence of proteins in the blood causes edema.

False

True or false: There is very little risk involved in taking amino acids as supplements.

False

True or false: Most enzymes are lipids.

False; most enzymes are proteins

Which of the following are functions of protein?

Fluid balance Production of enzymes and hormones Blood clotting

What are some vegetarian foods that supply the body with vitamin B-12?

Fortified soy milk Breakfast cereals

______ are a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds.

Legumes

Which of the following are examples of branched-chain amino acids?

Leucine Valine Isoleucine

Which food would NOT be a good source of iron in a vegan diet?

Liver

Which of the following is the term used to describe the dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more of the essential amino acids?

Lower-quality proteins

Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?

Protein serves multiple functions in the body Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair

______ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins

Mary's family has a history of obesity. Her mother, father, and two brothers are obese. As Mary is concerned about becoming obese herself, what advice would you share with Mary?

She can take lifestyle steps to reduce her risks.

______ protein is an example of a plant-based protein that does meet essential amino acid needs.

Soy

Which of the following are true about complete protein sources?

Supplies all nine essential amino acids Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein.

Approximately 90% of cancers are related to environmental and lifestyle factors.

True

Food allergies occur when the immune system perceives a harmless food protein as harmful invader.

True

For dietary advice to be effective, it should be tailored to personal and cultural preferences.

True

Recycled _____ make an important contribution to total protein metabolism.

amino acids

An error in the DNA code results the incorrect sequence of

amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Most ______ sources of protein provide ample quantities of all nine essential amino acids.

animal

Many of the proposed anti-cancer effects of foods containing plant protein are through ______ mechanisms.

antioxidant

Enriched tofu, fortified soy milk, and fortified orange juice are all good sources of ______ in a vegan diet.

calcium

Choose the characteristics of marasmus.

develops gradually wasting of muscle and body fat severe weight loss

The study of inherited changes in gene expression that are not due to the DNA sequence is known as ______.

epigenetics

A(n) ______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of

essential amino acids. branched-chain amino acids.

The unique three-dimensional form of a protein dictates the _____of each protein.

function

Which MyPlate food groups offer rich sources of foods with cancer-fighting antioxidants?

grains vegetables fruits

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______ such as insulin and glucagon.

hormones

Studies have found that consuming at least 20 to 30 grams of protein at a given meal has positive effects on

muscle protein synthesis.

A(n) ______ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are two branches of

nutritional genomics.

Although they are a dense source of calories, ______ provide many health benefits.

nuts

Soybean oil, seaweed, walnuts, and flax seeds are all good sources of ______ in a vegetarian diet.

omega-3 fatty acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of

protein

What macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

protein

The function of a protein is determined by the

protein's shape.

Almost all enzymes are ______.

proteins

Due to the activity of some phytochemicals, foods made from ______ can lower the production of cholesterol by the body.

soybeans

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

stomach

Amino acids can be converted into glucose to

supply energy for the brain.

When counseling individuals about nutrition, recommendations should be

tailored to personal and cultural preferences.