Smartbook Chapter 3

removes waste products from the circulatory system

urinary system

_______ carry blood towards the heart and _______ carry blood away from the heart

veins, arteries

the kidneys are involved in the activation of

vitamin d

the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be __________ structure

accessory

the ________ is gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and make dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed

acid

the high energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein in the cells is called

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

fat

adipose tissue

which of the following dietary components can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach

alcohol & water

the chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of

amylase

calcium

bones

the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cell lining the

capillaries

Transports nutrients, wastes, and gases throughout the body

cardiovascular system

membranes, cytoplasm, and organelles are part of a self contained, living entity called a(n)

cell

what holds the cellular contents together and regulates the flow of substances into and out of the cell?

cell membrane

which of the following are functions of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

cellular identity, cell to cell communication, & immune defense

breaks down food both mechanically and chemically

digestive system

the first segment of the small intestine is known as the _________.

duodenum

small intestine in order they appear in the GI track

duodenum, jejunum, & lleum

regulates metabolism through the action of hormones

endocrine system

the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields

energy or ATP

only the enzyme from the digestive system are made from a protein

false

the digestive system is the body system primarily in charge of regulating metabolism

false

the storage capacity for nutrients is similar for all nutrients

false

which of the following must be absorbed into the lymphatic vessels before entering general circulation

fat soluble vitamins & long chain fatty acids

which of the following must be absorbed into the lymphatic vessels before entering general circulation?

fat soluble vitamins & long chain fatty acids

identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract

gallbladder, pancreas, & liver

which of the following statements about the acidic nature of gastric juice is true

it halts the biological activity of proteins, it converts the inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, & it partially digests food protein

which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium

large intestine

removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption

lymphatic system

the acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

making dietary minerals soluble, partially digesting protein, & activating some digestive enzymes

which organelle are capable of converting energy from nutrients into a form the cells can use?

mitochondria

digestive organs in order that they come in contact with the food

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large intestine

where does short-term storage of carbohydrate occur?

muscle & liver

glucose

muscle and liver

detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions

nervous system

the enzyme that recognizes sucrose will

not recognize other chemicals

which of the following are roles of the endocrine system

plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism, produces hormones, & maintains water balance

a substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a

prebiotic

the digestive system supports the immune system by

preventing pathogens in food from invading the body.

foods containing live microorganisms (e.g., lactobacilli), when are eaten in an attempt to promote digestive health, are called

probiotics

enzymes are made of

proteins

identify the roles that protein plays in the cell membrane.

provides cell to cell communication, it provides structural support for the cell membrane, & it is a gatekeeper for what flows in and out of the cell.

the kidneys produce a hormone that is involved in

red blood cell synthesis

the ________ and the _______ support the immune system by forming an important barrier against invading microorganisms

skin, intestinal cells

chyme passes from the stomach into the _______

small intestine

most digestion and absorption of food occurs in the

small intestine

the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption is the _______________

small intestine

the site of most nutrient absorption is in the

small intestine

which part of the GI tract absorbs the most nutrients?

small intestine

amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ________

starch

the endocrine system is related to nutrition through

the effects of hormones on metabolism and growth

true statements about the human microbiota

the human microbiota has high metabolic activity, the human microbiota is recognized as a human organ, & the human microbiota influences nearly every aspect of human health

a community of 100 trillion microorganism that colonizes throughout the body is termed _________

the microbiota

carbohydrates on cell membrane are involved in the identification of cells by the immune system.

true

each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process

true

compared to the small intestine, the large intestine

absorbs fewer nutrients & houses more bacteria

large dietary fats are absorbed from the small intestine into the

lymph

what are common features that all cells share?

membranes, cytoplasm, & organells

the organelle responsible for converting the chemical energy from food and drinks into a form of energy that cells can use is the __________

mitochondria