Smartbook Pre-Topic Readings Topic 2a Blood
Which term refers to the production of blood, especially the formed elements?
Hematopoiesis
Which term refers to the component of hemoglobin that binds oxygen?
Heme
Name the protein that binds oxygen and buffers blood pH.
Hemoglobin
Which term refers to the multipotent stem cells in bone marrow?
Hemopoietic stem cell
Which lists the stages of erythropoiesis starting with the least differentiated cell type?
Hemopoietic stem cell --> colony-forming unit--> erythroblast
Which term refers to tissues that produce the formed elements of the blood?
Hemopoietic tissues
Keeping in mind the structure of hemoglobin, name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis.
Iron
Why is the liver considered part of the circulatory system?
It produces most of the plasma proteins.
Which organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins?
Liver
The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow is called _______ hemopoiesis
Myeloid
Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increased the rate of erythropoiesis. This an example of which of the following?
Negative feedback control
Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen?
Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient.
Which property of blood is defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall?
Osmolarity
The fluid component of blood that is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases is called what?
Plasma
What is serum?
Plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed
What is the role of plasma cells in the blood?
Produce gamma globulins
Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?
Production of red blood cells takes about one month.
What is erythropoiesis?
Red blood cell production
At which stage of erythrocyte development are the RBCs released into the blood?
Reticulocyte
Blood loss stimulates accelerated erythropoiesis. This may cause an increase in which of the following?
Reticulocytes
Which of the following is the most common ion found in the blood?
Sodium
Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?
Spleen
What is the role of erythropoietin?
Stimulates RBC production
Iron needs to be in the Fe2+ form to be absorbed. Which of the following converts Fe3+ to Fe2+?
Stomach acid
The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration are clinical data that describe which of the following?
The amount of oxygen the blood can carry
How does the body use iron?
The muscles use Fe2+ to make the myoglobin. The bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis. Nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria.
The term hematopoiesis refers to which of the following?
The production of blood
What is hemolysis?
The rupture of red blood cells
What is ferritin?
The storage form of iron in the liver
What is true about vitamin B12, copper and folic acid?
They are all required for erythropoiesis.
What happens to the fragments of old red blood cells after they rupture?
They are recycled by macrophages.
What role do the kidneys play in erythrocyte homeostasis?
They detect hypoxemia and secrete erythropoietin (EPO).
Which statement is true about erythrocytes?
They lack internal organelles and perform anaerobic fermentation.
Why do red blood cells rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP?
They lack mitochondria.
What role do macrophages play in RBC death and disposal?
They separate the heme from the globin of hemoglobin, and hydrolyze globin into free amino acids.
True or false: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die.
True
Which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma?
Urea
Which term refers to the thickness or "stickiness" of a fluid?
Viscosity
What is the main component of blood plasma by weight?
Water
The most abundant plasma protein is ________. Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
albumin
What do hemopoietic tissues produce?
all formed elements of blood
Red blood cells are also called ______.
erythrocytes
A blood clot is based on a mesh framework of the protein ______.
fibrin
Which molecule is the precursor to fibrin?
fibrinogen
Which plasma component is not present in serum?
fibrinogen
The protein in the cytoplasm of red blood cells that binds oxygen and helps to buffer the blood pH is ______.
hemoglobin
The rupture of red blood cells is called
hemolysis
Erythropoietin is secreted by the ______.
kidneys
Where does lymphoid hemopoiesis occur?
lymphatic organs
The formed elements of the blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and five types of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and
lymphocytes
Urea is an example of which of the following?
nitrogenous waste
Which produces gamma globulins?
plasma cells
An excess of red blood cells is called ______.
polycythemia
Which protein transports iron in the blood?
transferrin
Transferrin does which of the following?
transports iron in blood
In addition to water, choose all the blood plasma consists of.
* Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen * Electrolytes and nutrients
Choose all the nutrients that are necessary for erythropoiesis.
* Copper * Folic acid * Vitamin c
Iron is a crucial component of which of the following?
* Cytochromes * Myoglobin * Hemoglobin
Choose all that would directly reduce blood viscosity.
* Decreased hematocrit * Protein deficiency
Choose all that are transported in plasma.
* Dissolved gases * Nutrients * Nitrogenous wastes
Choose all that are causes of hypoxemia.
* Emphysema * COPD * Abrupt increase in activity level
Choose all that describe normal erythrocytes.
* Have a biconcave shape * Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen
Choose all that are included in the cardiovascular (not circulatory) system.
* Heart * Blood vessels
Choose all that a decreased blood osmolarity could lead to.
* Low blood pressure * Edema
Choose all that are the components of blood.
* Plasma * White blood cells * Red blood cells * Platelets
Choose all the clinical measurements that express the blood's ability to carry oxygen.
* RBC count * Hematocrit * Hemoglobin Concentration
How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells? Select all that apply.
* Reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not. * RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes.
Choose all that albumin plays a role in.
* Solute transport * pH buffering of plasma * Maintenance of osmolarity
Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with iron intake at the top, and finish with absorption from the digestive tract at the bottom.
1. A mixture of Fe 2+ and FE 3+ is ingested. 2. The stomach acid converts Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ 3. Fe 2+ binds to gastroferritin 4. Gastroferritin carries Fe 2+ to intestine for absorption
Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with absorption from the intestine at the top, and end with its distribution to the body at the bottom.
1. Absorbed Fe 2+ binds to transferrin in plasma 2. Some transferrin Fe 2+ for storage in the liver 3. Fe 2+ binds apoferritin to be stored as ferritin 4. Remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe 2+ is used
List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. Start with the least differentiated cell type at the top and end with erythrocytes.
1. Hemopoietic stem cells 2. Colony-forming units 3. Erythroblasts 4. Reticulocytes 5. Erythrocytes
Adult hemoglobin consists of which of the following?
2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
How long does erythropoiesis take to complete?
3-5 days
One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following?
4 globin chains and 4 heme groups
What is the average volume of blood in an adult?
4 to 6 liters
Which would be a normal hematocrit?
45%
Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin due to which of the following?
Accumulation of bilirubin
Which is the most abundant plasma protein? Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
Albumin
Match each type of plasma protein to its role.
Albumin: solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity Globulins: immunity Fibrinogen: clotting
What are the three primary types of plasma proteins?
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
Which term refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin?
Anemia
Name the compounds that are converted into bile pigments in the liver.
Bilirubin and biliverdin
After removal of iron from hemoglobin, the remainder of the heme is converted into which of the following?
Biliverdin and then bilirubin
Where does myeloid hemopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
How do blood-viscosity reducing drugs increase blood flow?
By making the blood thinner and less sticky
How is hypoxemia detected?
By the kidneys and liver and results in the secretion of erythropoietin.
How does hemoglobin transport CO2?
CO2 binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin.
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of which of the following?
Carbonic acid
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction combining water and CO2 to form carbonic acid.
Carbonic anhydrase
Which system includes the heart and blood vessels, but does not include the blood?
Cardiovascular
Sarah is an abuser of antacids. What is a possible side effect of excessive antacid use?
Decreased absorption of iron by the intestine
The hematocrit is the percentage of the blood volume composed of which of the following?
Erythrocytes
What is the most abundant formed element of the blood?
Erythrocytes
Which blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus and other organelles?
Erythrocytes
Which blood cells are critical to survival because of their ability to transport oxygen?
Erythrocytes
Hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following?
Erythropoiesis
Under normal circumstances only 0.5 - 1.5% of the circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Which medical condition might cause this number to increase?
Excessive blood loss
True or false: Hypoxemia can occur transiently, but it is always associated with disease conditions.
False
What is the storage form of iron that is formed in the liver by the binding of excess iron to apoferritin?
Ferritin
Hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to colony forming units, which in turn give rise to what?
Formed elements