Smartbook Pre-Topic Readings Topic 2a Blood

Which term refers to the production of blood, especially the formed elements?

Hematopoiesis

Which term refers to the component of hemoglobin that binds oxygen?

Heme

Name the protein that binds oxygen and buffers blood pH.

Hemoglobin

Which term refers to the multipotent stem cells in bone marrow?

Hemopoietic stem cell

Which lists the stages of erythropoiesis starting with the least differentiated cell type?

Hemopoietic stem cell --> colony-forming unit--> erythroblast

Which term refers to tissues that produce the formed elements of the blood?

Hemopoietic tissues

Keeping in mind the structure of hemoglobin, name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis.

Iron

Why is the liver considered part of the circulatory system?

It produces most of the plasma proteins.

Which organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins?

Liver

The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow is called _______ hemopoiesis

Myeloid

Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increased the rate of erythropoiesis. This an example of which of the following?

Negative feedback control

Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen?

Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient.

Which property of blood is defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall?

Osmolarity

The fluid component of blood that is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases is called what?

Plasma

What is serum?

Plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed

What is the role of plasma cells in the blood?

Produce gamma globulins

Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?

Production of red blood cells takes about one month.

What is erythropoiesis?

Red blood cell production

At which stage of erythrocyte development are the RBCs released into the blood?

Reticulocyte

Blood loss stimulates accelerated erythropoiesis. This may cause an increase in which of the following?

Reticulocytes

Which of the following is the most common ion found in the blood?

Sodium

Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?

Spleen

What is the role of erythropoietin?

Stimulates RBC production

Iron needs to be in the Fe2+ form to be absorbed. Which of the following converts Fe3+ to Fe2+?

Stomach acid

The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration are clinical data that describe which of the following?

The amount of oxygen the blood can carry

How does the body use iron?

The muscles use Fe2+ to make the myoglobin. The bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis. Nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria.

The term hematopoiesis refers to which of the following?

The production of blood

What is hemolysis?

The rupture of red blood cells

What is ferritin?

The storage form of iron in the liver

What is true about vitamin B12, copper and folic acid?

They are all required for erythropoiesis.

What happens to the fragments of old red blood cells after they rupture?

They are recycled by macrophages.

What role do the kidneys play in erythrocyte homeostasis?

They detect hypoxemia and secrete erythropoietin (EPO).

Which statement is true about erythrocytes?

They lack internal organelles and perform anaerobic fermentation.

Why do red blood cells rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP?

They lack mitochondria.

What role do macrophages play in RBC death and disposal?

They separate the heme from the globin of hemoglobin, and hydrolyze globin into free amino acids.

True or false: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die.

True

Which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma?

Urea

Which term refers to the thickness or "stickiness" of a fluid?

Viscosity

What is the main component of blood plasma by weight?

Water

The most abundant plasma protein is ________. Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.

albumin

What do hemopoietic tissues produce?

all formed elements of blood

Red blood cells are also called ______.

erythrocytes

A blood clot is based on a mesh framework of the protein ______.

fibrin

Which molecule is the precursor to fibrin?

fibrinogen

Which plasma component is not present in serum?

fibrinogen

The protein in the cytoplasm of red blood cells that binds oxygen and helps to buffer the blood pH is ______.

hemoglobin

The rupture of red blood cells is called

hemolysis

Erythropoietin is secreted by the ______.

kidneys

Where does lymphoid hemopoiesis occur?

lymphatic organs

The formed elements of the blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and five types of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and

lymphocytes

Urea is an example of which of the following?

nitrogenous waste

Which produces gamma globulins?

plasma cells

An excess of red blood cells is called ______.

polycythemia

Which protein transports iron in the blood?

transferrin

Transferrin does which of the following?

transports iron in blood

In addition to water, choose all the blood plasma consists of.

* Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen * Electrolytes and nutrients

Choose all the nutrients that are necessary for erythropoiesis.

* Copper * Folic acid * Vitamin c

Iron is a crucial component of which of the following?

* Cytochromes * Myoglobin * Hemoglobin

Choose all that would directly reduce blood viscosity.

* Decreased hematocrit * Protein deficiency

Choose all that are transported in plasma.

* Dissolved gases * Nutrients * Nitrogenous wastes

Choose all that are causes of hypoxemia.

* Emphysema * COPD * Abrupt increase in activity level

Choose all that describe normal erythrocytes.

* Have a biconcave shape * Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen

Choose all that are included in the cardiovascular (not circulatory) system.

* Heart * Blood vessels

Choose all that a decreased blood osmolarity could lead to.

* Low blood pressure * Edema

Choose all that are the components of blood.

* Plasma * White blood cells * Red blood cells * Platelets

Choose all the clinical measurements that express the blood's ability to carry oxygen.

* RBC count * Hematocrit * Hemoglobin Concentration

How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells? Select all that apply.

* Reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not. * RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes.

Choose all that albumin plays a role in.

* Solute transport * pH buffering of plasma * Maintenance of osmolarity

Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with iron intake at the top, and finish with absorption from the digestive tract at the bottom.

1. A mixture of Fe 2+ and FE 3+ is ingested. 2. The stomach acid converts Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ 3. Fe 2+ binds to gastroferritin 4. Gastroferritin carries Fe 2+ to intestine for absorption

Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with absorption from the intestine at the top, and end with its distribution to the body at the bottom.

1. Absorbed Fe 2+ binds to transferrin in plasma 2. Some transferrin Fe 2+ for storage in the liver 3. Fe 2+ binds apoferritin to be stored as ferritin 4. Remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe 2+ is used

List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. Start with the least differentiated cell type at the top and end with erythrocytes.

1. Hemopoietic stem cells 2. Colony-forming units 3. Erythroblasts 4. Reticulocytes 5. Erythrocytes

Adult hemoglobin consists of which of the following?

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

How long does erythropoiesis take to complete?

3-5 days

One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following?

4 globin chains and 4 heme groups

What is the average volume of blood in an adult?

4 to 6 liters

Which would be a normal hematocrit?

45%

Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin due to which of the following?

Accumulation of bilirubin

Which is the most abundant plasma protein? Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.

Albumin

Match each type of plasma protein to its role.

Albumin: solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity Globulins: immunity Fibrinogen: clotting

What are the three primary types of plasma proteins?

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

Which term refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin?

Anemia

Name the compounds that are converted into bile pigments in the liver.

Bilirubin and biliverdin

After removal of iron from hemoglobin, the remainder of the heme is converted into which of the following?

Biliverdin and then bilirubin

Where does myeloid hemopoiesis occur?

Bone marrow

How do blood-viscosity reducing drugs increase blood flow?

By making the blood thinner and less sticky

How is hypoxemia detected?

By the kidneys and liver and results in the secretion of erythropoietin.

How does hemoglobin transport CO2?

CO2 binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin.

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of which of the following?

Carbonic acid

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction combining water and CO2 to form carbonic acid.

Carbonic anhydrase

Which system includes the heart and blood vessels, but does not include the blood?

Cardiovascular

Sarah is an abuser of antacids. What is a possible side effect of excessive antacid use?

Decreased absorption of iron by the intestine

The hematocrit is the percentage of the blood volume composed of which of the following?

Erythrocytes

What is the most abundant formed element of the blood?

Erythrocytes

Which blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus and other organelles?

Erythrocytes

Which blood cells are critical to survival because of their ability to transport oxygen?

Erythrocytes

Hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following?

Erythropoiesis

Under normal circumstances only 0.5 - 1.5% of the circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Which medical condition might cause this number to increase?

Excessive blood loss

True or false: Hypoxemia can occur transiently, but it is always associated with disease conditions.

False

What is the storage form of iron that is formed in the liver by the binding of excess iron to apoferritin?

Ferritin

Hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to colony forming units, which in turn give rise to what?

Formed elements