smol smol

Which of the following is a thin layer of smooth muscle just beneath the skin of the scrotum?

Dartos muscle

_____ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles.

Growth hormone

Where are the transverse palatine folds located?

Hard palate

The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from

IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes.

At which stage of life is the percentage of fluid in the human body highest?

Infancy

What structure is also known as the "voice box"?

Larynx

Which cells resemble basophils and are found in connective tissue, close to small blood vessels?

Mast cells

Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis?

Natural killer cells

What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Which bones form the hard palate?

Palatine bones and maxillae

Which are not tonsils?

Palatoglossal tonsils

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores?

Parasympathetic

Which of the following accounts for the loss of functional alveoli in an individual with a lung disease?

Physiologic dead space

In which sympathetic pathway does the preganglionic neuron synapse with a ganglionic neuron, and the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus, but instead projects directly to the effector?

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Which is not a function of the kidneys?

Regulation of lymphocyte production

What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava?

SA node

In males, the _________ region on the Y chromosome initiates male phenotypic development.

SRY

Late one night, while studying for your anatomy class, you open a box of saltine crackers to do a little snacking. After chewing on a starchy morsel for a few minutes, you begin to notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this?

Salivary amylase activity

Which of the following is true?

Semen is composed of seminal fluid and sperm.

Which lymphoid organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

Spleen

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

Systemic circuit

Which is false regarding the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.

When comparing a lean adult female to a lean adult male, which will most likely have a higher percentage of body fluid?

The male

Which structure is not found in both males and females?

Vestibular gland

Secretion of insulin causes

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that are controlled by pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate the a: Large intestine b: Reproductive organs c: Salivary glands d: Pupillary constrictor muscles e: Urinary bladder f: Ureters

a, b, e, f

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the a: Internal jugular veins b: Right sigmoid sinus c: Left sigmoid sinus d: Subclavian veins e: Straight sinus

a, d

Lacteals

absorb the products of fat digestion.

An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which

action potentials fire spontaneously.

A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by

adaptive immunity.

When norepinephrine is released from postganglionic neurons, its targets are

adrenergic receptors on effectors such as smooth muscle

Angiogenesis

allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.

The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the

alveolar type II cell.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the

anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

According to the Frank-Starling law

as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would

be higher than normal.

The centers for cardiac, digestive, and vasomotor functions are housed within the

brainstem.

Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not eat animal flesh,

but do eat milk, eggs, and cheese.

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped

by a single ventricle in one minute.

Cellulose is a type of __________ from plants that remains in the GI tract as fiber and aids in the movement of material through the tract.

carbohydrate

The preganglionic axons of CN III extend to the _______ ganglion.

ciliary

In the classical pathway of complement activation,

complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance.

The hilum of the spleen is part of its

concave anteromedial border.

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely

decrease.

Vagal tone refers to the

decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.

The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _____ muscle.

detrusor

An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen causes pulmonary arterioles to ________, thereby altering _______ to make gas exchange more efficient.

dilate; perfusion

As a protein is broken down into smaller and smaller fragments, each fragment ultimately requires splitting of the last peptide bond within it. The breaking of the bond between those last two amino acids is catalyzed by the enzyme

dipeptidase

Catecholamines include

dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the

elevation of the soft palate.

Hormone ___________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells.

elimination

Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.

endocrine: communicates by means of hormones, reacts more slowly to stimuli, adapts relatively slowly, may continue responding long after stimulus stops nervous system: communicates by means of electrical pulses, adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation

The portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer is the

endometrium.

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

erythrocytes in the blood.

The presence of food in the stomach triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter. Specifically, these events involve release of

gastrin in the gastric phase of digestion.

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries

get smaller.

Cardiac output equals the

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

Interstitial fluid has a relatively _______ concentration of sodium and chloride; the concentrations of ions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma are very ______.

high; similar

Runners who drink too much water before a marathon run a risk of water intoxication, also known as

hypotonic hydration.

The thyroid gland is located

immediately anterior to the trachea.

Antigen-presenting cells are ________________, and they display antigens to both ________________ and ______________.

immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Vigorous physical activity causes total metabolic rate to

increase during the exercise and for hours afterwards.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by

increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis.

The thyroid gland is located ____________ to the larynx and is composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ___________.

inferior; isthmus

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

ingested or inhaled.

During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone from the placenta

inhibit FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development.

The foramen ovale of the fetal heart is an opening in the

interatrial septum.

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen.

Opsonization involves

marking a target for phagocytosis, and it is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte.

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte.

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries,

more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

more widespread and long-lasting effects.

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium.

The hymen is located

near the vaginal orifice.

One of the metabolic functions of the liver is transamination, which is conversion of

one amino acid form to another.

Lymphatic capillaries

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

Stenosis (constriction) of the pyloric sphincter would interfere with

passage of chyme into the duodenum.

An individual gets a snake bite and goes to the hospital to receive antibodies against the venom. This individual is acquiring

passive immunity.

The carotid bodies contain _________ chemoreceptors that respond to changes in ________________.

peripheral; blood concentrations of H+ and O2

The most abundant cation within cells is

potassium.

The posterior interventricular artery is a branch off of the

right coronary artery.

When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response

rise more rapidly and with a greater proportion of IgG antibodies.

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion is

simple columnar epithelium.

Nucleic acids are digested within the

small intestine.

The capsular hydrostatic pressure is generally ______ than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure; increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure _________ the formation of additional filtrate.

smaller; impede

Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary.

somatotropic

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that __________ synthesis of Na+/K+ pumps and Na+ channels in principal cells of kidney tubules.

stimulates

The diameter of many blood vessels is controlled exclusively by the ________ nervous system, and decreases in the activity of this system result in _________.

sympathetic; vasodilation

The pre-embryonic period ends when

the blastocyst implants in the uterus.

Sweating and shivering are necessary adaptations because

the health of vital organs requires a near-normal temperature, and metabolic rate fluctuates with changes in the environment.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

Iron is considered a

trace mineral, because less than 100 milligrams are required daily in the diet.

The ________ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

tunica intima

Renal compensation for acidosis results in

urine with a low pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels.

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.

If there is an increase in systemic blood pressure, the resulting stretch of afferent arterioles results in reflexive

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate

vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.

In the heart, activation of these receptors increases heart rate.

β1

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.

1° C higher