Soc 1 Midterm 1 (3 of 3)

crime rates

-higher in poor urban areas than wealthy suburbs (probably more cops there to make arrests) -Robert Sampson and William J Wilson argue that the same factors that cause an area to become economically and osmically disadvantaged also encourage criminal activity (lack of jobs, after-school child care, good schools) -higher among younger ppl (peak arrests at 19) -hypothesis that women crime rates will int as they gain power in the labor market through education and income -Black ppl arrested more bc of institutionalized racism , SES, Class, age, gender, race, hate crimes (race. national origin, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability) ^^^INTERSECIOTNALLLLLL

bureaucracies

6 traits -specialization: assigned specialized roles nad tasks (soc prof can't teach calc) -technical competence: all members are expressly trained and qualified for their specific roles within the org -hierarchy: feature the supervision of subordinates by higher-ranking managers nad bosses -rules nad regulations: meant to make all operations as predictable as possible -Impersonality: rules come before ppl, no individual receives special treatment -formal written communication: documents such as memos are the heart of the org and most effective way to communicate

instrumental vs expressive leadership

: task or goal oriented; not feelings but getting the job done e: concerned w maintaining harmony within the group; interest in feelings nad achievements of the indivudal *** gender strereotypes

differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers form of symbolic interactionism we learn to be deviant through our interactions with others who break the rules. This is the theory of deviance that your parents subscribed to when you were a teenager: Don't hang out with the bad kids! why we do it but not the explanation of deviant behavior

mcdonalization

George Ritter called trickle-down rationalization ____________ Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization; We touch-tone our way through telephone calls at work, never speaking to a real person; at lunch, we construct our own salads at the salad bar and bus our own tables afterward hopes that increased awareness of the process will help us avoid the "iron cage" of bureaucracy—a term coined by Weber to illustrate the way bureaucracies can trap individuals.

labeling theory

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person proposes that deviance is not inherent in any act, belief, or condition; instead, it is determined by the social context. A man who kills an intruder who is attacking his child may be labeled a hero, labels depend on culture, time, period, situation; Rosenhan hallucination in-patient study although not schiz.... focus on aspects of a person's background that would influence him to act in deviant ways AND social location may cause deviance

structural strain theory (functionalism)

Robert Merton bridge between functionalist and conflict theorues deviance is inevitable, but an individual's position in the social structure affects their experience of deviance nad conformity Social inequality can create situations in which people experience tension (or strain) between the goals society says they should be working toward (like financial success) and the means they have available to meet those goals (not everyone is able to work hard at a legitimate job)... our society's stress on financial success can be stressful

compliance

the mildest form of conformity; actions to gain reward or avoid punishment no change in ideas or beliefs, think AA and willingness togo

traditional authority

Weber: authority based I custom, birthright, or divine right is usually associated w monarchies and dynasties, (lineage) can't be replace

stigma

a central concept in the sociology of deviance, was analyzed and elaborated by Erving Goffman (1962) in his book of the same name. Once an individual has been labeled as deviant, he is stigmatized and acquires what Goffman calls a "spoiled identity." There are three main types of stigma: physical (including physical or mental impairments), moral (signs of a flawed character), and tribal (membership in a discredited or oppressed group). Almost any departure from the norm can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, a past battle with alcohol or mental illness, time served in jail, or sexual transgressions.

Group

a collection of at least two people who not only share some attributes but also identify w one another and have ongoing social relationsns soccer team, fan club, sorority

white collar crime

a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation." White collar crime can include fraud, embezzlement, or insider trading. Most white collar criminals come from a relatively privileged background (Shover and Wright 2001), and it is no coincidence that white collar crime is policed and punished less strenuously than street crime. think Elizabeth holmes

reference group

a group that provides a standard for judging one's attitudes or behaviors am I maintaining a higher or lower grade point average than other runners on the track tea,??? we often try to live up to the standards of our peers... these can also be group we ASPIRE to join

crowd

a temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact throngs of sightseers at a tourist attraction, ppl who gather to watch a fire,

social identity theory

a theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging\ __________ increases motivation and places the needs of the group above purely personal concerns

dyad

a two-person social group the smallest possible social group, consists of only two members 0 a romantic couple, two bffs, two sibs fundamentally unstable (oof one wants out, it is over), and usually indtense

bureaucracy

a type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, and formal written communication your university, employer, internet service provider, fast-food restaurant, church designed to perform tasks efficiently and approach tasks w calculations designed deliberately to meet their goals **** s groups grow bigger, they also necessarily become more structured, hierarchical, and bureaucratic

social network

a web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other ppl who may also affect the individual you, fam, friends peers, coworkers

outsiders

according to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society... want to be deviant or who belong to a subculture rock musicians, eco warriors, outlaw bikers

positive deviance

actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic Rosa Parks, three soldiers who put a stop to a massacre during the Vietnam war (My Lai massacre)

rehabilitation

an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty

retribution

an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

deterrence

an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes

self-fulfilling prophecy (labeling theory)

an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true; coined by MERTON developed out of Thomas theorem -> merton developed his notion of this which his basically a prediction that causes itself to come true merely bt being stated.... think racial issues in US and subsequent research..... how black male inner-city teens are perceived, relates to hate fact they are more likely to be incarcerated stereotype threat, and stereotype promise (model minority)... labels are not 100% deterministic

unified crime report

an official measure of crime in the us by FBI the UCR is used to track the "crime index," or the eight offenses considered especially reprehensible in our society. Murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery are categorized as violent crime... objective or means to an end. Burglary (theft inside the home), larceny (of personal property), motor vehicle theft, and arson are considered property crime. 1991 saw the highest homicide rates in U.S. history, at 9.8 per 100,000 persons, or 24,700 murders. Between 1991 and 2000, there was a dramatic drop in homicide rates, and the rate has stayed low ever since

Incapacitation

approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

social loafing

as more individuals are added to a task, each one takes it a little easier the phenomenon in which each individual contributes a little less as more individuals are added too the task; a source of inefficiency when working in terms too many helpers can contribute to this so the two pizza role at amazon -> too many ppl means too much miscommunication, chaos, and bureaucracy which reduces efficiency nad slows progress

duncan watts

author of six degrees: the science of a connected age examined not only the connections individuals have to one another but also how those connections shape our actions he found that we may change our minds about whom to vote for if enough of our friends are voting for the other candidate learn about fads and fashions

legal-rational authority

authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader

coercive power

backed by the threat of force

charismatic authotiy

based in remarkable personal qualities of the leader; neither rules nor traditions are necessary for the establishment of a charismatic leader - can be revolutionary, breaking rules and defying traditions.... Jesus and hitler

deviance

behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction that is necessary for a behavior or characteristic to be defined as deviant The importance of norms becomes clear when we remember that what is deviant in one culture might be normal in another (or varies w time) *** cultural, historical, and situational norms

social ties

connections between individuals we need both primary and secondary relationships, as well as those along the continuum between the two, in order to function optimally in our environment

symbolic interactionism

consider the ways that interpersonal relationships and everyday interactions shape definitions of deviance. differential association theory, labeling theory

cybercrime

crime committed using a computer and the internet to steal a person's identity or sell contraband or stalk victims or disrupt operations with malevolent programs information age

stanford prison

demonstrated COMPLIANCE and how situational dynamics rather than individuals' personal attitudes can determine behavior

Functionalism (in deviance)

each element of social structure helps maintain the stability of society (Durkheim) DEVIANCE FUNCTIONS: 1. help society clarify its moral boundaries, (we are reminded about our shared notions of what is right when we hav Eto address wrongdoings) 2. promote social cohesion; ppl can be brought together as a communicate in the face of crime or other violations 3. social cohesion: Hirschi's theory hypothesizes the stronger one's bond, the less likely one is to commit crime focus on aspects of a person's background that would influence him to act in deviant ways

robin leidner

further studied mcdonalization developed model for increasing routinization of service industries

social influence

group impact on others' decisions, PEER PRESSURE based off Aristotle

in-group

group member identifies w and feels loyalty for As we might expect, in-group membership can be a source of prejudice and discrimination based on class, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or political opinion nad then out-group attributions become exaggerated

primary group

groups composed of the people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging typically involve more face-to-face interaction, greater cooperation, and deeper feelings of belonging, associate to spend time together cooley!!! provide most of our emotional satisfaction through interaction with other members, are responsible for much of our socialization, and remain central to our identities throughout our lives; represent the most imp looking glasses in the formation of our social selves, and are our "significant others"

Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler (2009, 2013)

how transmission happens between individuals belonging to similar social networks 2 principles: CONNECTION and CONTAGION (what flows through social ties)

group dynamics

the patterns of interaction between groups and individuals how groups change, form, disintegrate, achieve great goes, or commit horrendous wrongs

Robert Putnam

in his book Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (2000), argues that we no longer practice the type of "civic engagement" that builds democratic community and keeps anomie at bay: Fewer people bowl in leagues than ever before, and people are less likely to participate in organizations like the League of Women Voters, PTA, or Kiwanis or engage in regular activities like monthly bridge games or Sunday picnics

groupthink

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement helps maintain solidarity but cna also short-circuit the decision-making process, letting a desire for unanimity prevail over critical reasoning, causing a feeling of invulnerability and moral superiority think the CHallenger's failure, CIA's failure to accurately assess the state of Hussein's programs for weapons of mass destruction, and other invasions, trump's win also bc we were so convinced Hillary was gonna win

innovators

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them might seek financial success through unconventional means MERTON STRAIN THEORY/functionalism

ritualists

individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means go through the conventional motions while abandoning all hope of success MERTON STRAIN THEORY/functionalism

rebels

individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means -> radical alternatives to the existing social order

retreatists

individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether live outside conventional norms altogether MERTON STRAIN THEORY/functionalism

identification

induced by a person's desire to establish or maintain a relationship w a person or group A person who identifies with a group conforms to the members' wishes and follows their behavior. This is especially true when there is a strong attraction to the group. So perhaps the person who was first ordered to attend AA decides to keep going to meetings, stay sober, and become a member of the group.

secondary groups

larger less intimate groups, organized around a specific goal and is temporary co-workers, college classes, athletic orgs, labor unions, political parties, less emotional satisfaction Tham primary group membership may be completely anonymous we need both primary and secondary relationships, as well as those along the continuum between the two, in order to function optimally in our environment*****

Asch experiment

line matching (confederates give wrong answer after giving all right answers), how would subject react?? study of COMPLIANCE (1951) some subjects reported that they had assumed the rest of the participants were right and they were wrong. Other subjects knew they were not wrong but did not want to appear different from the rest of the group. Almost all of them were greatly distressed by the discrepancy between their own perceptions and those of the other participants.

out-group

members usually feel a certain distinctiveness from or even hostility Group loyalty and cohesion intensify when differences are strongly defined between the "us" of an in-group and the "them" of an out-group; we may also feel a sense of superiority toward those who are excluded from our in-group.

crime

particular type of deviance: the violation of a norm that has been codified into law for hitch you could be arrested and imprisoned

category

people who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging don't really interact w one another or have any common sense of connection other than their status in he category

aggregates

ppl who happen to find themselves together in a particular physical location (don't form lasting social relations but ppl in groups do)

in-group orientation

ppl who refuse to pass from their stigma (don't feel the need to conceal their identities to make normal ppl feel comfortable) Hoffman called them _______________ because they reject the standards that mark them as deviant and may even actively propose new standards in which their special identities are well within the normal range NAAFA, NAD, PFLAG

passing

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to -method by which stigmatized individuals negotiate the perils of everyday interaction

deviance avowal

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process coined by Ralph Turner, suggested that it may be useful to conceive of deviance as a role rather than as an isolated behavior that violates a single norm or ppl who want t avoid pressure of having to adopt certain conventional norms an alcoholic might resist taking a typical 9-5 job bc stress might make them wanna drink; or alcoholic refuses to go to family gathering bc they drink.... voluntary outsiders

tertiary deviance

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon John Kitsuse: when the person labeled deviant rejects he notion of deviance entirely and attempts toredefine their deviant attributes or behavior as normal biggest loser; LABELING THEORY

milgram experiment

shock voltage one to observe the lengths to which ordinary ppl would follow orders from a legitimate authority figure the experimenter (scinetist in lab coat), teacher (subjects), and learner (confederates)... COMPLIANCE 65% administered max voltage while pilgrim had predicted only a few would... A subject will often rely on the expertise of an individual or group, in this case the experimenter, when faced with a difficult decision

triad

slightly more stable bc the addition of ha third person means that conflicts between two members can be ferret by the this

deviant

social judgment not a moral one *** violates norms of a PARTICULAR GROUP, not that it is inherently wrong body modifications for example, banishment (NA), shunning (Amish)

conflict theory

study of inequalities of wealth and power believe that rules are applied unequally and that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed; Those at the top are subject to different rules and sanctions than those nearer the bottom, and the behaviors of less powerful groups and individuals are more likely to be criminalized than the behaviors of the powerful focus on aspects of a person's background that would influence him to act in deviant ways

influential power

supported by persuasion some ppl yield bot this and coercive power

power

the ability to control the actions of others

principle of rationalization

the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns

social control (conflict theory)

the formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion

primary deviance

the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant LABELING THEORY

group cohesion

the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong membership; relies heavily on interpersonal factors such as shared values and shared demographic traits like race, age, gender or class, relies on attraction to the group; enhanced when members are able to cooperate and work tog in achieving goals

axiom of group dynamics

the smaller the group, the more likely it is to be based on personal ties; larger groups are more likely to be based on rules and regulations

internalization

the strongest kind of conformity and most long-lasting, occurs when individuals adopt the beliefs of a leader or group as their own.when __________ occurs, there is no separation between beliefs nad behavior, ppl believe in what they are doing and feel that it is morally right

secondary deviance

the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant LABELING THEORY

criminal justice system

the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime

criminology

the systematic study of crime, criminals nad the criminal justice system asks questions like Who makes the laws? Who breaks them? Who benefits from defining and enforcing them? How do individuals begin committing crime, and how do they desist? What are the intentions and outcomes of law enforcement institutions?

coexist

the three sets of authority: traditional, legal-rational, and charismatic, cna coexist within the same leader

Social control theory

travis hirschi hypothesis that the stronger one's bonds to family/religious/civic/other groups, the less likely they will commit crime With both internal and external forces regulating behavior, Hirschi argued that social bonds promote conformity and decrease deviance

Durkheim

was worried that in our increasingly fragmented modern society, anomie would become more and more common argues that we need these limits—otherwise, we would want many things we could never have, and the lengths to which we would go in search of our unattainable desires would be boundless. worried that anomie would become common overtime