SOC 100: Chapter 6

The term "deviant" refers to a moral, not a social, judgment.

False

The total number of violent crimes decreased between 2000 and 2015, but the total number of property crimes increased between 2000 and 2015.

False

Which of the following statements about crime and gender have been supported by data from the last decade?

As women gain power in the labor market through education and income, crime rates among women rise to match those among men more closely.

inserting plates to enlarge the lower lip

the Suri

a label that alters self-concept and social identity

stigma, secondary deviance

passing a law that states that anyone caught stealing an item or items valued at $1000 or more will have one hand cut off

deterrence

applied labeling theory to the question of how deviance begins

Howard S. Becker

According to Erving Goffman, when one is labeled a deviant and experiences stigma, what does that individual acquire?

spoiled identity

In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until what century?

nineteenth century

renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether

retreatist

Which of the following are examples of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory?

Shanice finds some classmates defacing the women's bathroom with spray paint and joins in. Justin begins using drugs regularly after hanging out with a group of peers who pressured him to do so.

Which of the following statements about Nikki Jones's 2012 ethnographic study of inner-city African American girls in Philadelphia is true?

The intersectionality of race, class, and gender places these young women in a bind as they navigate respectability and practicality.

ritualist

gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals

accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals

innovator

Which of the following are necessary for a behavior or characteristic to be defined as deviant?

Necessary: group reactions, norms Unnecessary: group orientations, laws

The rapid increase in incarceration rates since the late 1970s overlaps with which of the following?

increase in privatization in prisons

What is the systematic scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal justice known as?

criminology

butt augmentation

Brazilians

offered a functionalist theory of the causes of suicide

Emile Durkheim

Hate Crime

crime that deliberately targets victims because of their demographic characteristics

the first act of rule breaking

primary deviance

Scandinavian and Nordic countries have prisons based on what type of punishment model?

rehabilitation

gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals

ritualist

breast augmentation

Americans

What are the distinguishing features of a symbolic interactionist theory of social deviance?

a focus on individual psychology rather than on the social dynamics of large populations a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people

innovator

accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals

The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance is an example of what stigma-related concept?

in-group orientation

Robert Merton's typology identifies five routes for individuals based on cultural goals and institutionalized means—conformity, ritualism, innovation, retreatism, and rebellion—and all but one is deviance by Merton's definition.

true

What, in broad terms, is the definition of deviance?

any transgression of socially established norms that causes a negative reaction

A sociologist believes that students with less money or connections who are caught plagiarizing are punished harshly and have fewer options afterward, whereas students with more financial or social resources can either transfer to another school or rely on their parents for help. What theoretical perspective does this thinking represent?

conflict theory

The opening text of this chapter suggests that William Randolph Hearst pressured politicians in early twentieth-century America to make marijuana illegal. Over many decades, social scientists have examined how the selective application of drug laws and the penalties attached to them have favored some groups while harshly penalizing others. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?

conflict theory

White Collar Crime

crime that does not involve force crime that is committed by high social status individuals crime that is policed and typically punished less strenuously than other types of crime

A citizen group sends letters to the governor of a southern state and asks her to reconsider stopping the execution of a man on death row convicted of murdering a police officer. The governor declines, stating that the purpose of the criminal justice system is to remove this convicted murderer from society so that everyone else can be protected. What type of justification for punishment is used by the governor?

incapacitation

The way that the My Lai massacre ended during the Vietnam War is an example of what?

positive deviance; Three soldiers put their lives at risk to stop the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War. These soldiers violated norms and laws of the Armed Forces to do so.

renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward his or her own goals using new means

rebel

rebel

renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward his or her own goals using new means

In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, which is the initial deviant behavior.

The year ________ saw the highest homicide rate in U.S. history, at _______ per 100,000 persons or 24,700 murders. Since then, the number has declined to ________ per 100,000 persons, or 14,196 murders in _______.

1991, 9.8, 4.5, 2013

According to a study from 2016, what percentage of young people were victims of cyberbullying at some point in their lives?

33%

The latest crime statistics in the United States suggest that fifteen- to nineteen-year-olds make up about _______ percent of the population but account for _______ percent of criminal arrests while people sixty-five and older make up more than ________ percent of the population but account for less than _______ percent of arrests.

7, 15, 13, 1

Place each study of deviance in the order it was published from first to last.

David Matza called for social scientists to understand deviant phenomena in a perspective he called "naturalism." Alexander Liazos suggested that the sociology of deviance mostly focuses on "nuts and sluts." Jack Katz noted that many studies of deviance focus on background rather than foreground factors. Leila Rupp and Verta Taylor spent three years studying drag queens.

According to Émile Durkheim, which of the following are functions that deviance performs?

Deviance can help clarify moral boundaries. Deviance can promote social cohesion.

applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of stigma

Erving Goffman

Using labeling theory, place in order from first to last the stages by which a student, named Evan, assumes the role of social deviant.

Evan is late for school twice in one week, The school principal publicly calls Evan a truant, Evan's teachers and friends start to treat him as a troublemaker, Evan comes to think of himself as a rule breaker, Evan begins to break rules on a regular basis, Evan's behavior reflects his view of himself as a rule breaker.

Someone who admits that he has a problem, such as alcoholism, but wants to shake the stigma associated with it and change his life for the better is experiencing tertiary deviance.

False

Researchers in a psychology experiment (Rosenhan 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. What was the experimental design?

Nonschizophrenic persons first feigned mental illness, then reverted to normal behavior. The goal was to see how doctors would interpret the change.

developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance

Robert Merton

Which of the following is an example of positive deviance?

Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat to a white man

An educator is disgusted with standardized testing and teaching methods that lead students to simply gain a credential rather than actually learn about the world. She decides to start a charter school that employs innovative teaching methods, doesn't give students grades, and encourages creative thinking over rote learning. How would Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance classify this educator?

as a rebel

A psychology experiment (Rosenhan 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. What were the results?

results: An initial diagnosis of schizophrenia tended to color the medical staff's interpretation of patients' later behaviors. Patients initially diagnosed with schizophrenia were kept under observation for several weeks, despite behaving normally all that time. not results: Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia tended to be treated with suspicion and hostility by both medical staff and other patients After an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia, a change in behavior led to patients shedding the deviant t

retreatist

renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether

Which of the following situations is an example of deviance avowal?

A man admits to his family that he is a smoker, and even if he quits, he will always be a smoker because the addition is lifelong.

Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of "passing"?

A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer

American criminologist Richard Quinney theorized that capitalism—and the exploitation and oppression of the working class—make deviant and even criminal behavior nearly inescapable for workers. The ruling class can make laws that target the poor. When the poor act out against repression, they become targets for law enforcement, while the rich and powerful remain free to do what they like. Quinney's theory falls under which sociological perspective?

conflict theory

passing a law that states that anyone committing fraud will be imprisoned for a minimum of twenty years

incapacitation

passing a law that states that first-time offenders for any violent crime will be submitted to a psychological evaluation and given mental health treatment

rehabilitation

Which of the following hypothetical scenarios are examples of social control in the United States?

parents often reminding their young children not to pick their nose compulsory schooling laws for high school-aged students

What term describes "actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic"?

positive deviance

Which term, coined by Robert Merton, is based on the W. I. Thomas theorem that "if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"?

self-fulfilling prophecy

A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either underage drinking or cheat on assignments and tests, and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?

social control theory

Maria is the school chess champion and is invited to compete at a regional tournament. An opponent tells Maria that men are naturally better at chess than women. Upon hearing this, Maria becomes upset and worried about her performance and subsequently loses her first match. What has Maria just experienced?

stereotype threat

Which Greek word does "stigma" come from?

tatoo

neck stretching

the Padaung

August is a senior at a very expensive private high school. His father is a successful stock broker and his mother is a partner in a Manhattan law firm. August gets caught stealing a shirt and claims he was just seeking the thrill of stealing something. This example highlights what concept of deviance studied by Jack Katz?

the foreground

Erving Goffman suggests there are three main types of stigma: physical, moral, and ___________.

tribal