SOC 100 Exam 1

According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm? a. People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely in order to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior. b. Such societies do not yet have the intellectual capacity to develop more sophisticated punitive measures. c. People in such a society view themselves only as agents of social order and not as objects of social order as well. d. A society characterized by mechanical solidarity exhibits little social control over criminals and noncriminals.

a. People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely in order to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.

Which of the following is an example of a total institution? a. a convent b. a political party c. an elementary school d. a sports team

a. a convent

One of the classes you are enrolled in is not only full, but the other students seem to rave about it. It's not due just the subject and it's not due to the professor, and that makes you curious. You have a theory as to why this is so, and you decide to test your theory by building a hypothesis, asking other students a few questions, and then seeing if the results fit your theory. As a sociologist, you are employing what kind of research in your search for answers? a. a deductive approach b. a participant observation approach c. a cross-disciplinary approach d. an inductive approach

a. a deductive approach

What is a moderating variable? a. a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables b. a factor that affects only the independent variable in a hypothesis c. a factor that is positioned between the independent and dependent variables but does not affect the relationship between them d. a factor that affects only the dependent variable in a hypothesis

a. a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

In India, there is an elaborate system of social classification called the caste system. This has existed for thousands of years, and still dictates, to a great extent, the social and economic status of an individual. This particular status is an example of a. ascribed status. b. master status. c. achieved status. d. status set.

a. ascribed status.

This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are a. black. b. white. c. Hispanic. d. women.

a. black.

What three factors are needed to establish causation? a. correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations b. a natural experiment, time order, and correlation c. correlation, a hypothesis, and alternative explanations d. moderating variables, ruling out alternative explanations, and time order

a. correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations

Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including that of the Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For the typical American tourist visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with the Harley biker crowd can be jarring: they can be rebellious, tattooed, openly use marijuana, and more. For the respectful and observant tourist and the emergent sociologist, though, such an encounter is an opportunity to consider a very different group of people by applying a. cultural relativism. b. different values to one's own life. c. reflection theory. d. cultural scripts.

a. cultural relativism.

In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on a. deterrence theory. b. Foucault's theory of discipline. c. differential opportunity theory. d. labeling theory.

a. deterrence theory.

We know little about the secretive nation of North Korea. Ruled for more than 50 years by a single powerful family, the citizenry, as best as can be determined, is highly regimented in daily life. The country also suffers frequent famines, and blocks all access to outside information sources. Regular and flamboyant displays of their military power show throngs of happy, supportive citizens. To most observers, the leadership is a. dominating. b. fascist. c. hegemonic. d. insane

a. dominating.

The process of choosing a urinal in a men's restroom may seem simple, but there is an underlying, implicit protocol that has actually been studied. In what has been termed "piss stance," one researcher found that the unspoken rule was to always ensure a "buffer zone" of at least one "open" urinal between yourself and another person. Being an intrepid sociologist, you have decided to see what happens when this protocol is ignored. In doing so, you are practicing a. ethnomethodology. b. ethnography. c. symbolic interactionism. d. role reversal.

a. ethnomethodology.

Transgendered students have created an interesting challenge for some colleges that are founded as all women's or all men's colleges. Wellesley College, a women's college, is trying to figure out how best to deal with the increasing numbers of students admitted as female who, while attending, decide to transition to male identities. Now, from bathrooms to books, Wellesley and other colleges are trying to adapt, sometimes over the voices of the very students they serve. The meanings of "male" and "female" are changing here, challenging what we understand as a. gender roles. b. conflictual roles. c. sex roles. d. master statuses.

a. gender roles.

The Asch test provides insight into what concept? a. group conformity b. network analysis c. divide et impera d. embeddedness

a. group conformity

The challenge of climate change has evoked a strong polarizing debate, particularly in politics. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous and requires a great deal more of protracted study. While it may seem that the debate is a matter of science, underlying it is a deep attachment to a particular a. ideology. b. fanaticism. c. materialism. d. religious belief set.

a. ideology.

José goes to a training session for election volunteers in his precinct. There are 15 participants and two trainers. This type of group is known as a a. large group. b. party. c. primary group. d. small group.

a. large group.

In his experiment, Duncan Watts created a website where respondents could rate songs. His sample size was 14,341 respondents. If Watts selected a new sample of 14,341 different respondents and their average ratings of each song were significantly different than the first sample, what problem would Watts's research suffer from? a. low reliability b. low reflexivity c. low response rate d. reverse causation

a. low reliability

Today, some persons engage in open relationships, or polyamory, wherein all partners are completely honest about relationship details such as sexual health. In some relationships, the size of the group may be as large as a dozen persons who all share common links to one or more of the others in the group. The transmission and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a very important part of their lives, so everyone agrees to share information in the event someone contracts an STD. In the event that someone fails to do this, or simply does not know he or she has an infection, the group could employ what to try and determine what happened? a. network analysis b. historical analysis c. a careful look at embedded ties d. organizational structure analysis

a. network analysis

In the effort to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, organizations and countries have marshaled a vast number of resources, including research designed to understand how the virus is spread among a population. Often, this research involves an investigation into the nature of "having sex." Here, one the challenges is to precisely define what exactly is meant by having sex in order to then consider the variables related to such a study and the methods needed to gather the data. This challenge is crucial to any good sociological study and is called a. operationalization. b. defining the independent variable. c. hypothesis testing. d. defining the dependent variable.

a. operationalization.

As a budding sociologist, you decide to undertake a study of American politics by attending presidential caucuses. Your personal affiliation is that of a liberal independent, and you are interested in the process from many different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for the Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting somewhat strongly to ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the major obstacles you must overcome in order to produce a well-balanced, objective study? a. remembering that everyone, including yourself, is raised into a system of beliefs that influences our thinking and perceptions b. making sure you attend an equal number of caucuses on all sides of the political spectrum c. determining the actual party affiliation of the people you interview d. ensuring the names and identifying information of the people you interview is kept completely confidential

a. remembering that everyone, including yourself, is raised into a system of beliefs that influences our thinking and perceptions

Since the 1970s, both violent and total crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have a. risen dramatically. b. remained steady. c. cycled through various highs and lows. d. steadily decreased.

a. risen dramatically.

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the mass incarceration of all persons living in the United States who were of Japanese ancestry. The government stated that this action was to preserve national security. Many of those sent to these concentration camps were U.S. citizens, even though their parents or grandparents may have been born in Japan, because of the feeling that all Japanese were dangerous. This action is representative of the use of a. stereotypes. b. racist ideologies. c. sexism. d. hegemony.

a. stereotypes.

Melinda and Alex are co-leads on a project at work, but their working styles differ greatly and they are having trouble agreeing on procedures and objectives. Elena, a member of their team who is relatively new to the company, steps in and pulls together a crucial part of the project to meet a tight deadline. The account manager is impressed with Elena's work, and she ends up getting a promotion after the project is completed. In this triad, Elena could be said to have assumed what role? a. tertius gaudens b. mediator c. divide et impera d. role leader

a. tertius gaudens

One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been a. the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons. b. a more efficient prison system. c. a more equal percentage of races in prison. d. the development of successful work-training programs for inmates

a. the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.

Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state legislator. She has talked to her family members and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts. One day she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for a state senator in the most recent election. The classmate then offers to put Martha in touch with his cousin. This is an example of what concept? a. the strength of weak ties b. a structural hole c. leveraging social capital d. embeddedness

a. the strength of weak ties

Adekunle enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Adekunle is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is an example of which sociological concept? a. double consciousness b. anomie c. the generalized other d. positivism

a. double consciousness

Allison is concerned with the messages that her little sister receives from her elementary school teacher about suitable careers. For example, class lessons portray nurses and secretaries as female but doctors and engineers as male. Allison's concerns reflect her own outlook as a a. feminist. b. functionalist. c. positivist. d. conflict theorist.

a. feminist

Another early sociological writer, Harriet Martineau, wrote a book in 1838 that examined the institution of marriage and the assumptions about women's inferiority. In this respect, Martineau adopted what kind of theoretical position in her writing? a. feminist b. functionalist c. liberal d. Marxist

a. feminist

An interesting innovation created quite a stir in 2003. The Schipol airport in Amsterdam fitted the men's restrooms with urinals that had a detailed picture of a fly on the inner wall. The idea was to reduce the mess - and it worked. In order to understand how this could work, the company that made the urinals would have had to do some careful research - focus groups, interviews, and the like - and apply the methods of what kind of sociology? a. microsociology b. macrosociology c. conflict theory d. positivist

a. microsociology

Gender, a topic that will be covered in greater detail in the chapters ahead, frequently poses a challenge to many, even leading to violent reactions. Seeing someone dressed as a male who also has obvious, visible secondary sex characteristics such as breasts and yet insists on using the personal pronoun he is a good example of how meaning is subjective. This is an example of a. postmodernism. b. symbolic interactionism. c. conflict theory. d. feminism.

a. postmodernism.

Which of the following is an example of recognizing the "generalized other"? a. A child goes to his friend's house for dinner and announces that they must bless the food before they eat, because that's what they do in his home. b. A child is taught to hold the door for her parents or siblings when they are carrying something into the house. While at the mall, she holds the door for a stranger who is carrying several bags. c. A little girl lives with her parents, siblings, and grandmother; the grandmother uses a cane. One day the girl sees a neighbor who is about her grandmother's age and asks where her cane is. d. There are several children at a pool party. One little boy is very shy and isn't joining in the games. After a while, a slightly older child encourages him to play with the others.

b. A child is taught to hold the door for her parents or siblings when they are carrying something into the house. While at the mall, she holds the door for a stranger who is carrying several bags.

Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure? a. A group of friends stages an intervention with a member of their group who they think has a drug problem. b. A sophomore woman is afraid to report a sexual assault because she believes her sorority sisters will ostracize her. c. Three friends encourage a fourth friend to follow her dream and try out for the school play. d. Three children steal another child's soccer ball on the playground because she won't share it.

b. A sophomore woman is afraid to report a sexual assault because she believes her sorority sisters will ostracize her

Resocialization would be most likely to occur in which of the following situations? a. An electrician who has never left the United States takes a two-week vacation to Kenya. b. A woman just out of college decides to accept an offer of a full-time job in Saudi Arabia. c. A mother decides not to return to work after giving birth to her first child. d. A child gets a new teacher halfway through the school year.

b. A woman just out of college decides to accept an offer of a full-time job in Saudi Arabia.

Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable? a. Employees with more responsibility are more likely to receive promotions. b. Employees with more responsibility are less likely to miss work. c. Employees with lower incomes miss fewer days of work. d. Healthier employees are more likely to receive promotions.

b. Employees with more responsibility are less likely to miss work

A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her horrified looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms? a. The status of the others in the room is threatened by the actions of the woman who spit on the floor. b. The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room. c. There is probably a sign on the wall that says "No Spitting," and the others in the room cannot believe that the woman has breached this overt rule. d. The others in the room have been socialized to think that it's okay for a man to spit on the floor but not a woman.

b. The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room.

Which one of the following is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences? a. You are greatly offended when a classmate from Bangladesh describes her sister's arranged marriage, and you think that you would never let your parents choose your spouse. b. You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-flavored cereal and milk for breakfast. c. You read about an indigenous group in South America that still hunts with bows and arrows and your reaction is that they should use better technology. d. You love sushi and see the influence of Japanese culture on the United States as a positive thing.

b. You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-flavored cereal and milk for breakfast.

Which of the following is an example of a primary group? a. a neighborhood volunteer association b. a family in which the parents live in California and their children live around the United States c. a three-time state champion high-school volleyball team d. a preschool class

b. a family in which the parents live in California and their children live around the United States

A friend of yours spends a lot of time on Facebook, as he has a lot of close friendships there. He is somewhat alienated from his family, who lives far away and most of whom he sees perhaps once a year. Lately, he's been very involved - electronically, of course - with a special, secret group on Facebook whose members share the same common concern about their families and the emotional distance they all seem to experience. Your friend's family would be considered a. a secondary group. b. a primary group. c. his most intimate relationships. d. an impersonal group.

b. a primary group.

Suppose you are a member of a six-person cycling team with a strong winning record. After reaching the final round competition, your team faces the prospect of going up against a French team ranked first in the world. This is your team's first ever championship slot, and you are all feeling anxious. Your team leader decides that one way to prepare is to see how you all compare to other French teams, none of whom are in the finals. Your team leader has drawn upon a good sociological idea and is using what to make the comparison? a. a secondary group b. a reference group c. a small group d. a social network

b. a reference group

Our birth families - mother, father, sister, and so on - are a central part of our life. Your family decides to host a foreign exchange student for a year. It goes well, and, the next year, the student's entire family (all nine of them) decides to visit America and you and your own family. It's not all smooth sailing during the visit, but it's surprisingly pleasant. In the ensuing year, various members of the two families stay in touch. You share this relationship with your own friends. In the context of social networks, what's happening between your two families, as well as the way you share the experience with your friends, is what sociologists call a tie, and despite the fact that you are completely unrelated, this "tie that binds" is made real because of a. the sum of the stories we tell about people in our primary group. b. a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network. c. a direct path to another member of our network. d. a symbol that is given meaning through social interactions.

b. a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.

There have been many cases of what are termed feral children. Many of these are simply stories, but more recent cases have provided concrete substance to the way children develop. The case of the young girl named Genie is the most carefully documented and well studied instance of what happens to a child who does not experience adequate contact with other people during infancy and childhood. Genie was locked in a room alone for nearly 13 years and never developed language skills the way most children do. Obviously, part of this case is due to severe parental neglect, but the other question is whether abilities like language are innate. Fundamentally, this case is about nature versus nurture and whether a. the physical or the social environment has a larger impact on culture. b. biology or socialization shapes human behavior. c. parents or peer groups influence children's behavior. d. physical or cognitive traits influence socialization.

b. biology or socialization shapes human behavior.

There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood that was maintained by a neighbor who lived next to it for years. That neighbor moved away and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Shortly after that, an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a couple of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an example of what theory? a. strain theory b. broken windows theory c. labeling theory d. differential opportunity theory

b. broken windows theory

In the United States, media ownership is a. owned mainly by private stakeholders. b. centralized in the hands of a few big companies. c. spread among a large number of public and private companies. d. in constant flux.

b. centralized in the hands of a few big companies.

Definitions of deviant behavior tend to a. be copied from one society to another. b. change over time and vary from one context to another. c. be impervious to changes in notions of acceptable behavior. d. be defined by a few elite members of society.

b. change over time and vary from one context to another.

Amber is conducting research on the negative portrayal of Hispanics in the media. She searches through newspapers to document instances of discriminatory language toward Hispanics. What type of research is Amber conducting? a. cross-sectional survey b. content analysis c. participant observation d. comparative research

b. content analysis

The tobacco industry has been closely scrutinized in regard to its advertising practices, which many claim are deceptive. The U.S. surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud - criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco. Despite this, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, 50 years after the initial report, the industry agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns lied. Taken all together, this could be understood as a protracted case of a. environmental crime. b. corporate crime. c. white-collar crime. d. street crime.

b. corporate crime

Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? a. crime rates and penal codes b. economic opportunities and crime rates c. formal and informal social sanctions d. recidivism and rehabilitative justice

b. economic opportunities and crime rates

A researcher observes that most women entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most men choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that women like to feel part of a larger group of people, whereas men are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach? a. deductive reasoning b. inductive reasoning c. quantitative research d. a case study

b. inductive reasoning

In an interview with the Dalton Conley, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated? a. participant observation b. informed consent c. reflexivity d. "do no harm"

b. informed consent

Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions for changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond the allotted minutes, and so on. These similarities are due to which of the following processes? a. market alignment b. institutional isomorphism c. converging organizational structures d. institutional culture

b. institutional isomorphism

A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance? a. role theory b. labeling theory c. reflection theory d. strain theory

b. labeling theory

You are part of a research team that is stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys on HIV/AIDS. It is a two-year assignment, and you are there with your spouse, a same-sex married partner of eight years. You are aware that in Uganda, the parliament passed a bill in 2009 criminalizing homosexuality, punishable by death. This was later changed to life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, and while you are safe in your living quarters and have not experienced difficulties in daily life, you are always on guard. As you complete your work, and begin the write-up, you have to work hard to a. ensure that the Ugandan government approves of all your data. b. letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing. c. disseminate your data to all of your colleagues for preliminary review. d. avoid being outed (detected) as a same-sex couple.

b. letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her fieldwork in Milwaukee and New York in which job applicants, both having a fake prison record, differed in race. The white applicants were far more likely to be called back for an interview. Stepping past racism, Pager talks about unconscious stereotypes that are part of the mindset of the persons doing the hiring. The link between prison, race, and anticipated behavior formed in their mind is almost an expectation, part of how things are. This can be understood as a manifestation of a. organic solidarity. b. mechanical solidarity. c. nationalist solidarity. d. racial solidarity.

b. mechanical solidarity.

Women's bodies have been a central preoccupation in the United States for quite some time. Certain ideals seem the most highly valued: thinness, fitness, skin tone, and so forth. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession with the "perfect female body" emerges from the innate nature of our social structures and the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be with people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not of the way in which women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it a. presumes that women's bodies are essential to a functioning society. b. presumes culture is a one-way process. c. sets up a conflict between men and women. d. ignores differences found in other cultures.

b. presumes culture is a one-way process.

A thermometer that consistently gives readings that are five degrees cooler than the actual temperature is a. valid but not reliable. b. reliable but not valid. c. both reliable and valid. d. neither reliable nor valid.

b. reliable but not valid.

The decision to marry is a major life step. We do so with certain expectations - that our partner will love and care for us, will share the duties of managing a household based upon which partner is willing to do what tasks, and will support us in our lives with challenges such as a difficult job or family problems. When that partner completely steps away from any of these things, our ability to understand them may be challenged as their behavior is suddenly out of keeping with what we expected at the outset. This is an example of a. status. b. roles. c. gender division. d. sexism.

b. roles.

In the United States, public nudity has generally been seen as socially unacceptable. Women, in particular, who have tried to change this by going topless have been arrested, summoned to court, and evaluated by psychiatrists for their mental stability. Having transgressed this boundary once, with consequences, those who continue to transgress might be seen as expressing a. lewd and lascivious behavior. b. secondary deviance. c. public indecency. d. primary deviance.

b. secondary deviance.

For a research project in your introductory sociology course, you decide to compare the coverage of health and beauty topics to that of career and professional topics in magazines created for women. You are conducting a. cultural production. b. textual analysis. c. media scanning. d. culture jamming.

b. textual analysis.

Nonmaterial culture includes a. literature and historical texts. b. values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms. c. anything from the natural environment. d. technological innovations.

b. values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.

In her interview with Dalton Conley Julia Adams talks about the differences between sociology and history. As a self-identified historical comparative sociologist, Adams makes the point that sociologists are less concerned with uniqueness than they are with commonalities. Consider Henry the VIII of England during the mid-1500s. Henry's succession of marriages - six wives in all - is often seen as a unique case. Six wives is a lot, and by many European standards, it is a unique case. A sociologist, however, might well look at it by considering the ways in which Henry's marriages a. adversely affected his wives. b. affected religious life in England then and now. c. changed the Pope and Catholicism. d. were unique as divorce cases.

b. affected religious life in England then and now.

Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to a. embrace quantitative and qualitative research b. detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena. c. ask probing questions about how societies function. d. examine human interaction on the micro level.

b. detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena.

Justin decides to conduct research for a class project by recording and assessing how public transit companies can persuade people to take a public bus to and from work. Which type of sociology is this? a. positivist b. macrosociology c. microsociology d. feminist

b. macrosociology

Voter turnout in the United States for national elections has never been stellar, with about half of eligible voters, on average, not showing up at the polls. At the local level, though, things are far worse, with estimates suggesting that less than a quarter of eligible voters turn out. Given that these local elections can have a big impact in things like property taxes, ordinances about being on the street late at night and even where you can skateboard, it's a bit of a surprise. What larger social trend does this suggest? a. Strict voter ID laws have disenfranchised millions of people. b. Tightly knit communities tend to avoid getting involved in local politics. c. There is a decline in the amount of civic engagement. d. People are too busy with social networking to bother with local politics.

c. There is a decline in the amount of civic engagement.

Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of your life has been shaped by that entire experience: what you choose to wear, whom you make friends with, whom you avoid, and how you respond to authority figures such as teachers. Overall, your experience of school is a. a place where people learn specific cultural scripts. b. a significant exposure to a specific subculture. c. a major part of your own socialization. d. an institutional program to foster moral development.

c. a major part of your own socialization.

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own personal life experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended the daily lives of himself and his friends, and the ensuing sense of despair, chaos and being disconnected from society are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called a. social cohesion. b. high social integration. c. anomie. d. excessive social regulation.

c. anomie.

You are on an overseas trip with friends, and enjoy finding a place to stay as a guest in someone's home. At one such place, the hosts invite you to dinner, and serve up a meal of couscous, steamed veggies, and roast dog. You are unprepared for this, and you have a beloved pet dog at home. You recognize that this as a case of differences in a. economic disparities. b. performance types. c. assigned meanings. d. face.

c. assigned meanings.

Your friend Jerome tells you he believes that culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you argue that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. Your supporting argument is based on the idea of a. subculture theory. b. hegemonic theory. c. cultural scripts. d. symbolic culture.

c. cultural scripts.

Which of the following is an example of a given off gesture? a. winking at a stranger b. nodding in agreement during a job interview c. glancing at your watch while someone talks to you d. talking to a colleague over coffee

c. glancing at your watch while someone talks to you

If you were to tell someone that you were conducting breaching experiments, you would be telling them that you were intentionally a. resocializing others in order to see what happens. b. challenging total institutions to see what happens. c. ignoring social norms to see what happens. d. trying to convey a good impression and seeing what happens.

c. ignoring social norms to see what happens.

A company changes from a hierarchical approach to product development to a team-based approach. This involves a fundamental change to the company's a. corporate culture. b. small- and large-group dynamics. c. organizational structure. d. social capital.

c. organizational structure.

Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of? a. strain theory b. primary deviance c. recidivism d. general deterrence

c. recidivism

A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went, and she answers that she didn't go because she was sick. In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected. The way your classmate handled the situation is an example of what? a. role strain b. the process of social construction c. saving face d. a breach of common roles

c. saving face

A television ad campaign for a new car starts playing nationwide. Within weeks, people are bombarding the car manufacturer for information about a song that is featured in the ad and trying to find it online. This is an example of a a. long-term, negative media effect. b. short-term, positive media effect. c. short-term, unintended media effect. d. long-term, intended media effect.

c. short-term, unintended media effect.

You and a date are enjoying time at a fancy cocktail party, schmoozing it up with lots of people. As you pluck a drink off a tray, you turn and almost run into actor Kevin Bacon! You discover after a short chat that you both know your date. With perfect calm, you remark that it sure is a small world and that maybe that six degrees thing was true. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Duncan Watts confirms the work of Stanley Milgram, but also notes that the "six degrees" idea can apply to a. nonhuman networks. b. families. c. small groups. d. disjointed populations.

c. small groups.

You attend a dinner party with a dozen people. The invitation was from a close and valued friend trying to help you land a job in your chosen field of human resources. Your friend was unable to attend, and you knew nobody at the dinner, even though the guests were all employed in human resource departments in the area. During the dinner, you were quiet and reserved, and never really got to know anyone at all and you had no meaningful conversations with anyone. Afterward, you worry you have lost the chance to expand your a. embeddedness. b. social ties. c. social capital. d. organizational resources.

c. social capital.

Bathrooms are usually divided between men and women. We are expected to use the bathroom that reflects our self as either a man or a woman. For transgender persons, however, this can present a conundrum. To choose which bathroom to use, a transgender person is often called on to ignore learned, preexisting a. personal values. b. societal subcultures. c. social norms. d. media messages.

c. social norms.

The chapter includes an example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, and is left with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful patter for living is rendered moot, and he lacks a behavioral template with which to guide himself. The man is now a social deviant. According to Merton, this is an example of a. nonconformity. b. selfishness. c. strain theory. d. internalization.

c. strain theory.

Skateboarding is a very popular pastime among youth in larger urban settings. Even within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done - street versus vert, and so on. There is a large lexicon of terms and phrases, and these can vary over locale. Skaters are a kind of a. minority group. b. cultural majority. c. subculture. d. ethnic group.

c. subculture.

According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what can you use to predict the behavior of members of a social group? a. whether the group serves a social or professional function b. whether the group is personal or impersonal c. the number of people in the group d. whether the group has a hierarchical or flat structure

c. the number of people in the group

Comparative research usually involves studying which of the following? a. a minority and majority group in a particular country b. two or more units of analysis that have almost nothing in common in order to determine why they are so different c. two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest d. several subgroups in a given country or culture to identify how and why they are similar or different

c. two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest

The chapter notes that Duke University has changed its name twice and yet remains the same institution, and that the tobacco company Philip Morris changed its name to Altria in order to remake itself into a different institution. These two examples explore the idea of social identity as a.determined by the social group into which people are born. b. a construct that no longer has meaning in the postmodern era. c. a collection of individual stories told between individuals. d. a collection of social roles that an institution will or will not fill.

c. a collection of individual stories told between individuals.

Every four years, the United States elects a new president. The entire process of swearing in and recognition of the new office holder is an elaborate ceremony, with a great deal of symbol and pomp. Despite the enormous expenditure of time and resources, we continue to hold this ceremony, suggesting it has a crucial purpose in our society. A sociological examination of this particular American rite might well apply ideas from what branch of sociological theory? a. symbolic interactionism b. conflict theory c. functionalism d. postmodernism

c. functionalism

One of the difficult problems faced by many colleges and universities is the increase in binge drinking on campus. Pretend you are part of a group seeking to develop approaches to understanding and reducing this problem. Putting on your sociology hat, you suggest to the group that it would useful to understand the meaning placed on the binge-drinking parties, and thereby develop solutions based on an understanding of the experience itself. Your approach uses the methodology embodied in a. cultural anthropology. b. macrosociology. c. interpretive sociology d. functionalism.

c. interpretive sociology

Examining the interactions between people with a focus on how the people talk, dress, and use body language is an example of which theory? a. postmodernism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. midrange theory

c. symbolic interactionism

The Chicago School of American Sociology emphasized the importance of a. the social and moral consequences of the division of labor. b. predicting and describing relationships. c.the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality. d. rigorous statistical research.

c.the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality.

The changing attitudes toward marijuana use can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In the majority of states, possession is a criminal offense. Penalties often include jail time. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor - similar to a traffic ticket - and in Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. Given the extent of the changing legal attitude, as well as the rise in incarceration rates, what does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time? a. Federal and state laws often contradict each other. b. Increasing numbers of people are committing crimes but may not be caught. c. Law-enforcement agencies keep unreliable records. d. Definitions of crimes change over time.

d. Definitions of crimes change over time.

The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience? a. Goffman's total institution b. Merton's strain theory c. Durkheim's anomie d. Foucault's panopticon

d. Foucault's panopticon

Which of the following represents the highest amount of embeddedness? (Any relation of knowledge is reciprocal; that is, if A knows B, then B knows A). a. You know Paul, Robert, Stacey, and Tom. Paul is dating Quinn and Stacey. Quinn knows Robert. Stacey knows Robert. Tom knows Quinn. b. You know Jack, Jill, Larry, Moe, and Sam. Jack knows Jill, Moe, and Sam. Larry knows Jill and Moe. c. You know Alex, Walter, and Fred. Alex knows Walter and Fred. Walter knows Alex. Fred knows Alex and Walter. d. You know Ted, Alice, Bob, and Carol. Bob knows Carol, Ted, and Alice. Carol knows Ted and Alice. Ted knows Alice.

d. You know Ted, Alice, Bob, and Carol. Bob knows Carol, Ted, and Alice. Carol knows Ted and Alice. Ted knows Alice.

Which of the following is an example of a panel survey? a. a survey of 1,000 high school seniors that is repeated with a new group of seniors every year for 10 years b. a survey of 1,000 high school seniors conducted by a panel of sociologists with different specialties c. a onetime survey of 25 percent of each of the four grades in a particular high school d. a study of 1,000 high school seniors who are then contacted every 2 years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey

d. a study of 1,000 high school seniors who are then contacted every 2 years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey

Both quantitative and qualitative methods - the way sociologists can gather data about a social issue or problem - are approaches that attempt to establish a __________ between social elements. a. correlation b. commonsense relationship c. numeric relationship d. causal relationship

d. causal relationship

Kalani has busy summers planned for her daughters. They take music lessons, soccer lessons, and basketball lessons and attend summer school classes. This is an example of a. resocialization. b. natural growth. c. role strain. d. concerted cultivation.

d. concerted cultivation.

Which of the following is the best example of a quantitative research method? a. observing children as they learn to read b. interviewing people about the last book they read c. analyzing the language style of newspaper ads d. conducting a survey of how often people read

d. conducting a survey of how often people read

After almost a year and half in college, you notice that lack of sleep seems to yield poorer grades. That is, when you (and your friends) don't get enough sleep, your grades seem to go down. It makes sense, right? But if you wanted to do a little research on this and really "tell the story," you might also notice that for some students, lower grades leads to lack of sleep - the worry over those sinking grades keeps them up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables - lack of sleep and lower grades - are you noticing here? a. coincidental b. causal c. time-ordered d. correlation

d. correlation

A friend of yours has invited you to a big social event, and knowing you might meet people who can offer you interesting jobs after graduation, you elect to dress really carefully in order to make a really good, strong impression. In sociological terms, you're operating within what theoretical framework? a. saving face b. symbolic interactionism theory c. role theory d. dramaturgical theory.

d. dramaturgical theory.

Many states in the United States have special court diversion programs that are designed to help youth avoid the consequences of what society agrees are criminal acts: theft, robbery, drunken driving, and so forth. The application process involves a meeting between the offender and a case manager, who strives to get to know the offender, their strengths and weaknesses, and what led to the offense. This level of individual interest is an example of a. symbolic interactionism. b. social control. c. means-ends theory of deviance. d. functionalist theory.

d. functionalist theory.

Most would agree that the most popular social media site in the world today is Facebook. It wasn't the first social media site - it had early competition from others like Friendster and MySpace. Today, though, Facebook is virtually the "only game in town" for many social media users. The power of the product is a good example of a. socialization. b. domination. c. soft power. d. hegemony.

d. hegemony.

Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavior problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? a. the number of times per week that a family eats together b. how much time children spend with their families c. the types of behavior children exhibit in school d. how often children misbehave in school

d. how often children misbehave in school

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through a. formal games. b. playing informally with other children. c. first recognizing their own identities. d. imitation.

d. imitation.

There are many different student organizations on a college campus. Think about your campus for a moment. Can you think of a student-run, student-led organization? Now stop and consider the ways in which this organization shares their beliefs and behaviors. Like a larger society, such organizations have a. power and authority used to control others. b. an autocratic decision-making process. c. embedded ties. d. organizational culture

d. organizational culture

Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post a sign that reads, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." This is an example of which of the following? a. manifestation of material culture b. establishment of a shared value c. enforcement of a subculture d. reinforcement of a cultural norm

d. reinforcement of a cultural norm

In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system a. gives special treatment to white-collar criminals. b. discriminates against minorities. c. unfairly incarcerates drug addicts. d. represents a transformation in social control.

d. represents a transformation in social control.

HIV/AIDS has devastated many different populations. Efforts to reduce the spread of the disease have often focused on sexual behavior. Many studies in Africa have presumed that awareness of high HIV rates would lead to a change in sexual behavior - the higher the prevalence rate, the fewer risky sexual behaviors should be observed (the dependent variable). Following widespread educational efforts (the independent variable), the actual change in HIV rate showed little to no change. This is an example of a. correlation. b. a spurious relationship. c. causality. d. reverse causality.

d. reverse causality.

As a mother, Janelle sometimes feels torn. She knows she should be loving and supportive, but sometimes she needs to be firm and discipline her children. These seemingly incompatible expectations are an example of a. ascribed status. b. role conflict. c. adult socialization. d. role strain.

d. role strain.

At a friend's housewarming, you meet a nice couple from India. They are engaged and tell you that their marriage was arranged - the young woman was "given" to the young man when they both very young `she was 12, he was 14). They seem happy with this arrangement, but you're quite taken aback. Later on, you have the chance to be alone with the young woman. You ask her about the arranged marriage, and indeed, she seems very happy about the impending nuptials. By your standards, this all seems very hard to take, but since the couple is happy, you let it go. This is an example of a. symbolic interactionism. b. operationalization. c. social interaction. d. socialization.

d. socialization.

Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture? a. a music website b. a Buddhist temple c. a garden d. spirituality

d. spirituality

Devah Pager's research on how criminal records deter potential employers illustrates the consequences of a. secondary deviance. b. anomie. c. strain. d. stigma.

d. stigma.

In August 2014, police in Ferguson, Missouri, shot a young black man. The incident sparked a wave of riots and civil unrest, and elicited a dialog about both police and race relations nationwide. The town of Ferguson is predominantly African American, having shifted over the years as the white population moved to the suburbs. Some have argued that part of the problem in Ferguson originated from the disparity between the residents and police department, where the city was comprised of one population (black) and the police department another (white). This underlies a more fundamental problem faced by many communities, in that the decline of communal ties has lessened the amount of a. civic engagement. b. social capital. c. fear. d. trust.

d. trust.

In an effort to understand how group dynamics change under duress, a research team gathers 100 people at a very remote mountain location, bringing them all in by helicopter. Using carefully designed interviews, the researchers begin the lengthy process of interviewing the participants. After the second day, however, there are a dozen participants who express unhappiness and want to leave. The research team reminds them that they signed an agreement agreeing to be interviewed knowing what it entailed, that leaving is not practical and that they need to continue with the process. The research team is overlooking what aspect of research? a. failure to notify their home institution b. informed consent c. ignoring a protected population d. voluntary participation

d. voluntary participation

"Thinking like a sociologist" means that you a. apply analytical tools to things you've always done without a lot of conscious thought. b. reconsidering your own assumptions about society. c. making the familiar strange. d. All of these are correct.

d. All of these are correct.

In an attempt to better understand the experience in college - that of the students as well as the teachers - you ask a professor for the chance to lead the class without her being in the room. Your professor grants your request. "Thinking sociologically," this follows the methodology proposed and developed by which of the following early sociologists? a. Émile Durkheim b. Georg Simmel c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber

d. Max Weber

Which of the following American sociologists applied Émile Durkheim's theory of anomie to explain African American crime rates? a. George Herbert Mead b. Louis Wirth c. Jane Addams d. W. E. B. DuBois

d. W. E. B. DuBois

Which of the following is an example of a social institution? a. education system b. government c. marriage d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Using the sociological imagination helps sociologists a. understand the theories developed by Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim. b. create an image of how people in other societies live. c. focus on individual lives. d. develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history

d. develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history

Auguste Comte developed very early ideas about sociology at a time when concern for proper behavior was a dominant part of life. A major part of his approach revolved around the idea of a secular morality. What aspect of life at that time would likely have made acceptance of Comte's ideas difficult? a. the emergence of scientific thought b. the social and political upheaval following the French Revolution c. the early beginnings of the Industrial Revolution d. the predominance of religion in daily life

d. the predominance of religion in daily life