SOC 103 Exam 3-4

Rules that are socially enforced are called __________; they tell people how to behave.

norms

Based on the research discussed in class, what do middle class norms tend to emphasize?

self-expression and personal development

According to Lovaglia, what did Ridgeway's study on status characteristics show?

Acting in a group-motivated manner increases the influence of women in a work group more than it increases menâ s influence in a work group

According to Feinberg and Willer, which type of moral arguments appeal best to people who have differing morals than you?

Arguments based on the moral values of the person you are trying to persuade

What do we learn about racial segregation from our in-class activity about Schelling's model?

As the number of our preferred neighbors of the same race/ethnicity decreases, the neighborhood becomes less racially/ethnically segregated

What is the main approach to status treatments used in Cohen's and Lotan's study?

Assignment of competence to low-status students

In the studies conducted by Feinberg and Willer, a group of participants (both liberals and conservatives) were recruited and asked to write a persuasive argument in support of their respective political beliefs. Which of the following statements about this research is correct?

Both liberal and conservative participants used moral rhetoric; both groups tended to frame the argument in ways that were consistent with their own moral convictions

Based on what we discussed in class, which of the following statements about gender is true?

Children and geographic mobility have a bigger impact on women's networks than on men's

What does research show happens to people in the US during interracial interactions?

Cognitive depletion

What best describes the main idea of intergroup contact theory?

Diversity can improve intergroup relations when it increases the frequency of positive intergroup contact between people who are of equal status and share common goals

Which of the following is NOT a status characteristic in the U.S.?

Eye color

Based on the study done by Kurzban et al., (from class), how can we get people to pay less attention to race?

Form group coalitions based on indicators other than race

Based on discussions in class, what can help us have more positive interactions with people from different backgrounds (gender, race/ethnicity, religion, etc)?

Gain better understanding of others by finding what you have in common with them

What dispositions help people focus on what they have rather than what they lack?

Generosity and gratitude

James is trying to make money by running a bike camp. He chooses a location near a local high school and sets up his recruitment booth. Based on Schelling's critical mass model, which of the following would best increase his chances of getting more people to sign up for his services?

Have a public sign-up sheet so that people can see that many other people have already signed up

What might be a good strategy to increase empathy, compassion, and prosocial behavior toward others?

Highlight shared experiences

According to status characteristics and expectation states theories, in an efficient work group, an individual's social status depends on _____________________.

How much the individual can contribute to group goals

According to Feinberg and Willer, which of the following arguments about making English the official language of the United States, would be most persuasive to liberals?

Immigrants who do not speak English earn substantially less money, are rarely treated as equal members of society, and are often discriminated against. Making English the official language is key to giving all immigrants an equal opportunity at succeeding in America.

Based on studies about stress we talked about in class, which of the following statements about reactions to stress is most accurate?

Individuals who have a positive view of stress are less likely to be anxious and depressed, and work with greater focus and productivity

What is the moral foundation on which the following message is based? Same-sex couples are proud and patriotic Americans. They share the same basic hopes and desires as all Americans. Like other proud Americans, gay couples peacefully build lives together, buy homes, and contribute to the American economy and society.

Ingroup/Loyalty

What happens when introverts and extroverts interact?

Introverts and extroverts can make a great team because they have different strengths

According to our class discussion, what explains why people might be inclined to interact with at least some people like them?

It's easier to relate to people like us than to people who are different

According to Feinberg and Willer, which of the following statements about moral foundations is most accurate?

Liberals tend to care relatively more about issues related to harm and fairness, whereas conservatives tend to care more about issues related to loyalty, authority, and purity

According to Kraus et al., what fundamentally shapes people's social environment and their perception of social class rank?

Material resources

What occurs in mixed-sex group interactions?

Men's suggestions are more likely to be listened to and deferred to

According to Cain, what is NOT part of the Big Five traits?

Social aptitude

According to Feinberg and Willer, what might explain why people fail to use moral framing effectively?

Participants are aware of moral differences, but may be reluctant to use moral reframing because they feel that doing so compromises their own beliefs

According to Cohen and Lotan, what is the main basis of classroom status?

Perceived competence in the classroom

Based on our class activity, what best captures the gist of Schelling's model of residential segregation?

Preferences at the individual level can lead to segregation at the group level

According to Cain, which of the following best distinguishes between introverts and extroverts

Reaction to external stimuli

According to Kraus et al., social class identity is rooted in ____________________.

Self-perception of one's position in the social hierarchy relative to others.

In the video on Gratitude we watched in class, what were the 3 steps Brother David Steindl-Rast mentioned we should do to practice gratitude every day?

Stop. Look. Go.

Based on the studies mentioned in class, which of the following statements about stress and health is true?

Stress can be good for our health because it can trigger the process of finding meaning and helping to build a sense of purpose in life

Based on what we learned in class, which of the following statements about stress is the most accurate?

Stress can be harmful or helpful, depending on one's perceptions and attitudes

According to Cain, which is NOT a component of the Extrovert Ideal?

Strong-willed

What type of students are more likely to experience cultural mismatch in American universities?

Students who adhere to norms of social interdependence

According to a study described in class, what are the effects of TV on comprehension of introverts and extroverts?

TV lowered the comprehension for both groups, but more for introverts than for extroverts

According to Cain, which of the following statements about introversion/extroversion is true?

The degree of introversion/extroversion is not related to agreeableness; introverts and extroverts are equally likely to be agreeable

What best summarizes the findings of Cohen and Lotan at the individual level?

The more frequent the use of status treatments by the teacher, the higher the participation rate among low-status students but not among high status students

Which of the following statements about Feinberg and Willer's studies is correct?

Their studies did not address whether the effects of the reframed messages on attitude change endure over time

According to Feinberg and Willer, what best explains the tension between liberals and conservatives on many political issues?

They have different moral convictions

Compared with those with higher SES, which of the following statements about individuals with lower SES is true?

They tend to have a greater sense of compassion

According to Kraus et al., which of the following statements about class-based differences in face-to-face interaction is true?

To adapt to external constraints on their life outcomes, lower-class individuals are more motivated to behave in ways that enhance social connection and interdependence than in ways that emphasize social independence.

Based on the findings of Cohen and Lotan, what is most important in the workplace?

To recognize the competence of each individual and facilitate interaction

One's standing in a hierarchy is related to his/her level of competence and contribution. In American society, how do we know who is more competent?

We tend to associate the traits of successful people with competence; however, such inferences could be totally wrong.

According to Feinberg and Willer, when is a morally based political message more convincing?

When the message is framed to appeal to the moral values of the target audience

Based on a study discussed in class, what is the most useful approach to recalling an unpleasant memory?

Write about the positive aspects of the difficult experience

According to the Stanford stress study, which of the following practices is a good coping strategy for handling stress?

Write down and reflect on our values

According to Kraus et al., what type of individual is more likely to have a sense of self-control and freedom?

individuals from higher social class backgrounds

According to Feinberg and Willer, if liberals want to persuade conservatives about the importance of environmental protection, what moral foundations should the argument rest upon?

purity/sanctity