SOC 170 Midterm

General fertility rate

# of birth rates in a given period/#women of birthing age

total fertility rate

# of children that a woman would hypothetically have without contraceptives

Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

#births/yr to woman of a specific age range divided by the total #women in that age range

centarian

100+

Supercentarians

110+

Helms Amendment

1973: No foreign assistance funds may be used to pay for the performance of abortion as a method of family planning or to motivate or coerce any person to practice abortions

Replacement Level Fertility

2.1 TFR

In many high income countries with low fertility, what is the norm for the number of children that couples want to have?

2?

What was the world population estimated to be in 2015?

7.25-7.4 billion

Age inflation

75 is the new 65

Why are lower dependency ratios desirable?

A large dependency ratio can have negative impacts on labor productivity, capital formation, and savings rates

What is the demographic explanation for why mobility rates in the United States are lower today than they were in the 1960s?

A larger share of Americans are in older age groups that are less likely to move

Biological age

A person's age in terms of biological health.

population-level life expectancy

A population's overall "expected years of remaining life at any age" (Stiefel & Nolan, 2012, p. 13)

Chronological age

Age as measured in years from date of birth

How does fertility get so low?

Changing values, uncertainty, gender equity, opportunity cost of women's time/of childbearing

Which of the following is among the most frequently given reasons by women in lower income countries for why they do not use contraception? -Concerns about side effects -Cost of contraception is too high -Lack access to contraception

Concerns about side effects

Which of the following is not an official use of Census data? -Representation to decision-making bodies -Allocation of resources back to geographic areas -Determination of tax rates

Determination of tax rates

Fertility rates

estimated via birth registration data, census, surveys, etc.

Which of the following causes did NOT contribute to the rising mid-life mortality documented by Case and Deaton? -Diabetes -Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis -Suicide -Drug overdoses

Diabetes

What issue is the largest environmental challenge identified by Hans Rosling in "The magic washing machine"?

Economic growth

What are health reversals?

Factors that prevent mortality levels from decreasing or lead to increased mortality at the population level

True or False: The completeness of death reporting is lowest in South America.

False

True or False: Thomas Malthus believed that poverty was the greatest threat to the environment.

False

According to conventional demographic transition theory and early "demand theories" of fertility, what role do family planning programs play in contraceptive use?

Family planning programs have no impact on contraceptive use; socio-economic development creates demand for lower fertility and drives contraceptive use

Which of the following is not a potential consequence of sustained low fertility in the United States? -Population with more old than young people -Imbalanced population sex ratios -Shrinking population

Imbalanced population sex ratios

I=PAT

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

IPAT equation

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

What is the compression of morbidity hypothesis?

Increased life expectancy will be accompanied by a shortening of the length of time spent in poor health

Who are super-centenarians?

Individuals aged 110 years and older

Which of the following statements is true about unmet need and desire for contraception in sub-Saharan Africa? -It is the region with the highest level of demand and the lowest level of unmet need -It is the region with the lowest level of demand but the highest level of unmet need -It is the region with the lowest level of demand and the lowest level of unmet need

It is the region with the lowest level of demand but the highest level of unmet need

Mexico City Policy

NGOs supported by US can't obtain $ from other sources for abortion services

What distinguishes the age structure of West Virginia?

Natural Decrease

What is morbidity?

Poor health, including the processes of disease onset, loss of function, and frailty

Growth Balance Equation

Population (T2) = Population (T1) + (B-D) + (I-O)

What is climate adaptation?

Reducing vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the technological critique of Malthus? -Social inequality interferes with the implementation of technological innovations -A larger population means more people and labor to work out technological solutions to resource scarcity -Population pressure encourages agricultural productivity and the intensification of food production

Social inequality interferes with the implementation of technological innovations

population policies

Strategies and activities aimed at achieving a certain pattern of population

Which of the following refers to how old someone feels? -Chronological age -Sociological age -Subjective age -Biological age

Subjective age

Washing machine line

The 2-3 billion people or so who live on over $40 a day of consumption. A higher floor than the stupid poverty line.

In the "Magic Washing Machine" video, what is the air line?

The category of resource consumption defined by the ability to afford air travel

old-age dependency ratio

The fraction of people over age 65 compared to younger, working-age adults (ages 15 to 59). This ratio is expected to rise dramatically as the baby boomers retire.

What is population momentum?

The number of births may continue to increase—even if fertility levels are lower—if the number of reproductive-aged adults continues to grow

What is excess mortality?

The number of deaths from all causes during a crisis above and beyond what we would have expected to see under 'normal' conditions

crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

What is the p-score of excess mortality?

The percentage difference between the number of deaths observed in a period and the average number of deaths in the same period over the previous five years Reported deaths-expected deaths / expected deaths X 100 = p-score

Sociological age

The role you play in society due to your age, or perceived age.

crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

What was the primary concern about adding a citizenship question to the 2020 U.S. Census?

There were concerns that immigrant families--with and without documentation--would avoid the Census or respond inaccurately.

Why is age 75 the "new 65" in the United States?

Today's 75 year olds have the same mortality rates as 65 year olds in 1952

True or False: Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic includes both deaths attributable to COVID-19 and deaths from other causes.

True

True or false: If the economy improves, young people who delay having children in the US today are likely to make up many of these births later in their lives.

True

Mexico City 1984

US reverses position and considers population increase a neutral phenomenon in development. Major problem was seen as governmental control of economics and solution proposed was economic reforms that put a society on road towards growth, and as an after effect, slow population growth as well

Which of the following is NOT an example of a health reversal identified by Horiuchi? -Unhealthy life styles in wealthy societies -Re-emergence of infectious diseases -Social alienation -Unmet need for family planning

Unmet need for family planning

What is an undercount?

When certain sub-populations are more likely to be left out of the Census count than other groups

natural decrease

When the number of births is lower than the number of deaths

Centenarian

a person who is at least 100 years old

demographic transition

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

period effects

changes over time experienced by all members of population regardless of age

Population

collection of people alive at a specific point in time who meet certain criteria

Longevity effect

decreased median biological age of population

compression of mortality

delaying or compressing the years in which serious illness and decline occur so that an extended life expectancy results in more functional, healthy years

healthy life expectancy

expected number of years of full health remaining at a given age, such as at birth

"Healthy" life expectancy

expected years lived in good health

Census

full count of everyone alive at a given point

Bucharest (1974)

high income countries will help lower-income countries out with contraceptives, lower-income countries just want their economy to grow

subjective age

how old you feel

Diffusion theories of fertility decline

ideas about the value of children and the acceptability of smaller families spread through social networks, education, and the media

net migration

immigration - emigration.

Aging effect

increased median chronological age of population

time lag

momentum keeps populations growing for many years after fertility declines

Excess mortality

more deaths than expected in a given interval

Demographic Dividend

period where labor force outgrows rest of population

coercive family planning policies

policy/limitations that take freedom away from pop. regarding fertility

Bucharest 1974

population conference; developed countries blame the developing for the "population bomb", approve "world population plan", but need infrastructure development

Cairo 1994

population conference; policy shifts to empowering women, childbearing rights

Tempo Shift

postponement transition of fertility, want to wait to have kids later in life which makes the child bearing years smaller, making them have less children

Positive Checks

practices that increase death counts

Preventative Checks

practices that would limit reproduction

morbidity

prevalence of disease in a population

rights-based planning policies

programs that grant rights and give people freedom over their fertility

Residential mobility rate

rate at which people move/relocate

Differential undercount

some sub-populations are more likely to be undercounted than others

diffusion theory of fertility

spread social ideas that smaller families are okay

cohort-component projection

the components of population change (fertility, mortality, and net migration) are projected separately for each birth cohort (persons born in a given year).

The width of a population pyramid represents....

the size of the population of a given age

2022 Dobbs vs Jackson Women's Health Organization Supreme Court Decision:

the states control whether abortions are legal or not, can have different restrictions. Roe v wade was repealed

natural fertility

total fertility rate in absence of contraceptives

Air line

upper economic class of society that can afford air travel

1973 Roe v Wade Supreme Court Decision:

was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States generally protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion.

population threats to the environment

waste, carbon emissions, land consumption

Lowest-low fertility

x<1.3-1.5

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

#children a woman would have if the current age pattern of fertility remained constant over her lifetime

Technologic critiques of Malthus

- Perceives people as resources - Population density as incentive for intensification

increases in mid-life mortality

-Early stages of the industrial revolution -Re-emerging infectious diseases -Modern lifestyles -eating red meats -social inequality -"deaths of despair" and social alienation

Inequality Critiques of Malthus

-Poverty and hunger cause environmental degradation, not population growth -Economic inequality as product of histories of development -Food shortages as problems of access and overconsumption

Mid-life mortality

-deaths to adults btw ages 25-64, or adults in midlife -Present day: dying in mid life, painkiller abuse, alcohol abuse, economic insecurity

Demographic Critiques of Malthus

-pop. growth rates vary over time -demographic transition: generic model of sequential changes in mortality and fertility rates over time

Characteristics of Postponement Transition

-unrealized fertility -tempo effect

population health reversal

-when the health of a pop declines especially when life expectancy begins to decline Or -counteracting trends prevent life expectancy from improving or improving at a comparable pace

Thomas Malthus 2 Fundamentals of Population

1. food is necessary for man 2. passion between sexes is necessary/unavoidable

Ansley Cole's 3 pre-reqs of fertility decline

1. people must believe they can control fertility 2. reduced fertility must be advantageous 3. effective techniques must be available

Reliability of data collection

1. response rates + census hesitancy 2. what questions are asked 3. differential undercount

Which of the following is not a reason for low fertility mentioned by Gietel-Basten? -Unaffordable housing -Difficulty finding decent, secure employment -Devaluation of children -Difficulty combining work and family roles

Devaluation of children

compression of morbidity

a shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm, accomplished by postponing illness

demographic time bomb

a transition to an elderly-saturated population where the average working age is much higher

Affluence

as consumption of individuals incr., so does their environmental impact

demand theory of fertility

as cost of children increases, demand for contraceptives increases

Demand theories of fertility decline

as the cost of children increases, demand for contraception will increase

life expectancy

average length of life in a population

period life expectancy

avg #years a baby born today would live if today's rates held thru their entire life

population projection

estimate of future population size, age, and sex composition

Cairo (1994)

increasing human rights + transition to individual family goals

Population momentum

latent process of growth despite decl. birth rates

human lifespan

length of an individual life

Life span

length of an individual's life