SOC 241 Exam 3

Beliefs which seem preposterous to outsiders to be quite ordinary and plausible to insider due to:

coherency

People experience intrapersonal conflict due to:

contradictory voices within

Attorneys in Hopper's study noted that clients in no-fault divorces often used custody proceedings to:

decide who is the better parent

According to the editors (O'Brien and Kollock), boundaries:

delineate experience and environment into islands of meaning; categorizing

According to Harris (Status Inequality and Close Relationships), ____________ can be used to defuse a potentially disruptive status difference

discounts

When a person does not experience what, for others, are obstacles in everyday social life, we may say that person:

entitled, occupies the center socially

The examples given by Mehan and Wood about the features of reality suggest that:

it's possible to enter other people's realities

Social power depends on the compliance of those who are ruled. Compliance is accomplished through the performance of:

legitimacy rituals

One circumstance the text describes where white males often experience outsider status is:

losing their job

Conrad and Schneider analyze hyperkinesis as an example of:

medicalization

Hopper writes that the social world is populated with:

more selves than people

When bell hooks (Talking Back) was growing up, the sharing of speech and recognition took place between:

mothers, sisters and women friends

The common sense of a member of the traditional vodoun religion would say that:

moving against the western rational model that you can see/talk to spirits and that things don't have to be in the material world for you to understand and believe in them

When people feel compelled either to go along with a cultural practice or to provide a "reasonable" explanation for their deviation, the practice can be said to be:

normative of compulsory.

As described by Mehan and Wood, the incorrigible proposition in Western thought of object consistency is exhibited in the Copernican shift in astronomy because

objects remain the same over time/ the sun was a star all along

According to Watzlawick (Self-Fulfilling Prophecies), only a few prophecies are self-fulfilling because:

only when a prophecy is believed, that is, only when it is seen as a fact that has, so to speak, already happened in the future, can it have a tangible effect on the present and therefore fulfill itself

According to the text, special interest groups and clubs are important for people who share marginalized statuses because:

opportunity associate and redefine reality, bridge contradictions, and provide interactional mirrors.

According to O'Brien (Wrestling the Angel of Contradiction), lesbian and gay Christians must explain (and often defend) themselves to

others; this experience is seen both as an occasion that can be tiresome and also an occasion for growth and self-articulation.

Hopper finds that divorce is a site in which:

people operate a moral and legal self

That soldiers can move between a reality in which they are trained to kill other humans and another in which killing is defined as murder illustrates that realities are:

permeable

Ewick and Silbey argue that the multiple and contradictory meanings of legality:

protect it from - rather than expose it to - radical critique.

CLUE supported workers primarily by:

relying on religious moral authority, scriptures, and a mixture of modern political persuasion techniques and ancient religious symbols

For a sociological and symbolic interactionist thinker, the signs on public toilets which say "Men" and "Women" function most importantly to:

represent gender, one of the most basic boundaries of difference in our culture.

Rather than challenge our beliefs about reality, contradictory information is generally resolved through the use of:

secondary elaborations

Dan is diagnosed as clinically depressed and feels that other people do not want to interact with him. The more he demands that others interact with him, the more they pull away. The result is that Dan becomes increasingly isolated and depressed. This sequence of events reflects:

self-fulfilling prophecy

Based on the readings, what would the reaction be of the cult members if one of Festinger's researchers breached the congruency of relevances by asking the members to clarify "matters just known in common"?

stunned, hostile and confused

Sociologically, the terms "subject" and "object" direct our attention to:

subject is a person in an active role, and the object is the person upon who the subject is acting; POWER!

If two professors teach the same material, yet the white male is viewed as "apolitical" and "fair," while the black female is evaluated as "lacking authority" and being "uninformed," the man has more:

subjective freedom

When someone else imposes their definition of your status upon you, they are refusing to grant you:

subjective freedom

In this country, the leading cause of death among gay, lesbian, and transgendered youths aged 15 to 24 is:

suicide

A matrix of all socially objectivated and subjectively real meanings is also known as:

symbolic universe

To claim that reality is a social construction is to emphasize:

that reality is malleable.

To claim that reality is a social construction is to emphasize:

the created realities are the product, not of individuals, but of relationships, communities, groups, institutions and entire cultures.

The divorce lawyers in Hopper's study expressed frustration at:

the idea that one side had to be right over the other; people's desire to expose negative sides of spouse

Contemporary U.S. culture is characterized by a "marriage" story that compels people to:

to consider marriage or to provide themselves and others with an explanation for their non-participation.

Breaching experiments reveal that social order is based on:

trust

Watzlawick argues that self-fulfilling prophecies disrupt our traditional cause-and-effect thinking because

we usually see event B as the preceding, causal event (A)—which in turn has it's own causes, just as the cause of B produces its own events. A→B is linear.

. Which of the following was not an overarching story of law, found by Ewick and Silbey?

• Before the law • With the law • Up against the law

Altheide argues that political elites and businesses transformed terrorism from an act, to:

a condition and a worldview that would influence social life and become an account - particularly a justification - for adjustments to the social order.

According to O'Brien (Wrestling the Angel of Contradiction), the need to explain the contradiction of being a lesbian or gay Christian is experienced by many as:

a way to make them stronger

What does DuBois see as valuable about "the Negro Problem"?

"second sight" -- They have the ablity to see and understand the world from multiple perspectives; dual consciousness

By talking back, bell hooks challenged

adults definition of the situation, symbolic meaning attached to children by adults, the dramaturgical manner of adults.

The examples Watzlawick uses show that self-fulfilling prophecies:

are phenomena that not only shake up our personal conception of reality, but which can also throw doubt on the world view of science

From a sociological perspective, if the women's bathroom is occupied, and the men's bathroom is not, a woman who chooses to use the available toilet may feel anxious because:

: "getting caught" using the "wrong" bathroom would be breaking down the gender wall; social boundaries

In a well-known study, Leon Festinger and his associates studied a doomsday cult. The cult predicted the end of the world and believed that only members of the cult would be saved from the mass destruction. When the day came for the end of the world and nothing happened, some cult members said that the activities of the cult had saved the world and continued to believe in the cult's teachings. The explanation by these members for the failure of the cult's predictions is an example of:

: secondary elaboration, encouragable beliefs, and reflexivity of reality

Which of the following is not a key theme reported by Altheide in the article Consuming Terrorism:

1. fear supports terrorism as a condition 2. Consumption and giving were joined symbolically with terrorism 3. The absence of a clear target for reprisals contributed to the constructin of broad symbolic enemies and goals referred to as "terrorism"

According to O'Brien (Wrestling the Angel of Contradiction), which of the following is NOT a theme used by queer Christians to articulate their identity?

1. living the contradiction is a purpose in itself, a raison d'etre 2. "My contradictory presence is good for the church" 3. "we are all god's children"

According to Ridgeway, what explains why women make less money than men?

1. women underestimate the quality of their performance 2. women underestimate their worth of pay 3. women unintentionally accept lower pay than men

What do Mehan and Wood (Five Features of Reality) mean when they say that "all people are equally superstitious"?

An absolute faith in the incorrigibility of one's own knowledge enables believers to repel contrary evidence. Cultural understandings of the world are shared conventions.

According to Harris (Status Inequality and Close Relationships), all BUT which of the following must occur for an inequality to merit bond-saving attention?

At least one participant in the dyad must: 1. become aware of the inequality 2. define it as prolematic 3. decide that the relationship is worth the effort it would take to deal with the inequality

CLUE stands for:

Clergy and Laity United for Economic Justice

The basic, "what everyone knows" knowledge about reality is called

Common Sense

CLUE relied on which biblical story to challenge the University of Southern California's treatment of its workers:

David and Goliath

How does a stigmatized identity become a master identity?

Everything else about the person takes a back seat to, or is evaluated in terms of, the master identity. Ideas reflect entrenched social expectations about which social roles go together and which do not. There's a tendency to assume that a person with a stigmatized role is nothing other than a particular role.

According to the text, which of the following limits the way reality can be constructed?

Existing patterns of interaction and the taken-for-granted assumptions that underlie realities.

Someone who occupies a __________ position can be relatively certain of encountering others like them wherever they go.

Hegemonic/central position

According to Ridgeway, what are NOT some of the effects of gender status beliefs in the workplace?

People expect more from men, attribute groundbreaking ideas to men instead of women, wage gap

Which of the following is NOT a highly marked aspect of identity?

Police officer, male nurse, female basketball player (granddaughter is NOT marked)

According to Hondagneu-Sotelo, which of the following was most central to revitalized unionism in California?

Religion

Cognitively, we tend to pay attention to things that resonate with the _________________ that is unfolding in any given moment.

Situational story

One of Snyder's findings on attractiveness and personality characteristics is that:

Stereotypes functioned as a self-fulfilling prophecy

When disruptions in the expected routine occur, one strategy for repairing consensus is called:

Tact, accounts, nothing unusual bias

According to Berger and Luckmann, which of the following entails the application of conceptual machinery to ensure that actual or potential deviants stay within the institutionalized definitions of reality?

Therapy!

What is an example of a highly marked person?

Those who are different from the expected norm. ex: female basketball player, white basketball player, etc.

What does DuBois claim is the goal of Negro struggles?

To study race and society; Human opportunity

Well-established cultural practices that have widely recognized authority are known as:

cultural institutions