SOC - Chapter 4 - Gender Inequality

What accounts for the gender gap in earnings?

- Socialization affects what jobs young men and women choose to pursue - Men and women do not want to encounter difficulties they may experience if they take a job traditionally assigned to the other sex - Sex-segregated jobs discriminate against applicants who are not the "right" sex for that job - All of the above

In surveys of women employed in corporate and other settings, an average of what percentage have reported being sexually harassed?

58%

Latinx women earn about what percentage of what white men earn?

67%

What percentage of women between the ages of 35-44 is in the labor force?

72.7%

Biological explanations for gender roles include _______

All of the above evolutionary psychology prehistoric female's exclusive role as child bearers prehistoric male's superior strength and quickness males' higher levels of testosterone

A study of fifth graders in Connecticut by Janet Lever in 1978 found that boys' games

All of the above - had a greater number of rules than girls' games.- had more specialized roles than girls' games.- were typically more complex than girls' games.-involved more individuals playing than girls' games.

Rape is more common in societies

All of the above are true - Where women have less economic power, where women have less political power, and where women are poorer.

Which of the following is most indicative of the glass escalator effect?

Although men only account for 23 percent of public school teachers, they account for about 46 percent of public school principals.

Recent anthropological evidence

Challenges the evolutionary argument that men's tendency to commit violence was biologically transmitted

To the extent that gender is shaped by ______, it is possible to change gender and to help bring about a society where both men and women have more opportunity to achieve their full potential.

Culture and Society

"Herdache" is a category anthropologists use to refer to a woman who takes on a man's role.

False

Primary sex characteristics are the biological differences between females and males that emerge during puberty.

False

_____ is the belief that men and women should be equal.

Feminism

_________ is/are the social and cultural differences a society assigns to people based on their biological sex.

Gender

___________ is/are a society's expectations of people's behavior and attitudes based on whether they are female or males.

Gender roles

Anthropological research finds a good deal of variation in gender roles for certain tasks, including _______

Generating fires, milking a and c

The anthropologist who studied almost 200 preindustrial societies and who created the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample is __________.

George Murdock

Which of these describes the "glass escalator"?

It applies especially in occupations primarily filled by women - It represents the relative ease afforded men for promotion within the workplace b and c

Which of the following is NOT true for men, when compared to women?

Men live longer than women.

Which Indigenous Americans recognize four genders?

Mohave

Comparable worth refers to:

The idea that women's and men's jobs may be of roughly equal value and thus deserve the same pay, even though women's jobs typically pay less than men's jobs.

Which of the following statements about sexual harassment is NOT true?

The long-term psychological consequences of sexual harassment already comprise a vast body of research.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding women?

They are more likely to be victims of violence of all kinds.

According to the text, which of the following is NOT true of teachers at all levels?

They tend to give boys higher marks for similar work performed by girls.

Which of the following is NOT true when boys are compared to girls? Boys are more likely

To have lower intelligence.

Females have two X chromosomes.

True

In a study discussed in this chapter, less than half of respondents agree that it is better if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family.

True

In addition to the fear of being fired, many people do not report sexual harassment in the workplace due to the mental health effects known as sexual harassment trauma syndrome, a phenomenon similar to post-traumatic stress disorder.

True

Socialization into gender roles begins in infancy.

True

The major characters on children's television shows are male.

True

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that women around the world are differently impacted by COVID-19 than men?

Women around the world are more likely than men to smoke and less likely to go to the doctor.

Why do women's jobs pay less than men's jobs?

Women's care giving responsibilities - Sex discrimination a and b

Sociologists have concluded that gender-role socialization stems from

a and c practices by adults - children's own activities without adult involvement.

Women spend how much longer than men per week on housework?

about 7 hours

In the #MeToo era, which of the following have women reported as true, based on workplace surveys?

an increase in non-sexual harassment

A person's sex refers to

anatomical differences.

What percentage of U.S. women will experience a rape or sexual assault, including attempts, at least once in their lives?

at least one-third of U.S. women

Secondary sex characteristics

develop during puberty -stem from hormonal differences. a and c

The United Nations' "gender empowerment measure" gauges women's involvement in their nation's:

economic life - political life b and c

Cultural expectations of girls and women, including gentleness and attractiveness is known as:

femininity

Where is the United States ranked according to the "gender empowerment measure"?

forty-first

A previously used term for "intersexed" is:

hermaphrodites

While women have narrowed the gender gap in earnings, today they still earn what percentage of men's average earnings?

less than 80%

Female genital mutilation is thought to have affected how many girls and women worldwide?

more than 100 million

Worldwide, how many women die annually from complications during pregnancy or childbirth?

more than 300,000

According to the General Social Survey, about what percent agree with the statement: It is much better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family.

one-third

"Patriarchy" is defined as:

relating to male domination

The contemporary women's rights movement began in:

the late 1960s

Sexual harassment consists of

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that is used as a condition of employment. physical conduct of a sexual nature that interferes with an individual's job performance. All of the above

A rape myth(s) that attempts to explain rape and sexual assault is/are:

women enjoy being forced to have sex - women ask for or deserve to be raped - men should be sexually assertive or even aggressive - All of the above