Soc final exam

What is an example of a total institution? - A political party - A convent - A workplace - A book club

A convent

Driver stop at red lights for no other reason than that there is a shared understanding that this is what you're supposed to do at a red light. This shared meaning becomes the basis for how people act and interact with each other on the road and thus takes on the appearance of an objective fact. This is an example of - double consciousness - functionalism - macrosociology - a social construction

A social construction

What is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time? - a nation - a social construction - a society - a social institution

A social institution

Professor Chang has spent years studying human history and social change and developed an abstract, systematic model that explains how as countries become wealthier their cultures shift to become more tolerant and open. This would be an example of - a theory - operationalization - generalizability -the scientific method

A theory

" thinking like a sociology" means that you - apply analytical tools to the things you've always done without much conscious thought in the past. - understand how the meaning of an act is the same across cultures. - - always back up your assertions with statistics. - focus on the uniqueness of phenomena.

Apply analytical tools to the things you've always done without much conscious thought in the past

What have studies shown about the overall health of black and white Americans with similar incomes and education levels? • Blacks have worse health than whites, regardless of income or education level. • Blacks with lower income and lower education levels have higher rates of diabetes and obesity, whereas whites with lower income and a lower level of education have higher rates of lung cancer and a higher incidence of stroke. • Blacks and whites with similar incomes and levels of education levels have similar health outcomes. • Blacks with higher income and a higher level of education have higher rates of heart disease and high cholesterol, whereas whites in the same category have higher rates of hypertension and respiratory disease.

Blacks have worse health than whites, regardless of income or education level.

When children who speak languages other than English at home attend public schools in the United States, they not only are expected to learn and use academic English, they also are exposed to and expected to act in accordance with rules such as waiting in line to go through the lunch line and sitting in the cafeteria to eat lunch. When these children go home, they speak with their family in their shared language and follow different practices regarding shared meals. Moving between these different settings, these children grow adept at - Media affects - Code switching - Culture jamming - Ethnocentrism

Code switching

Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"? • Asian Americans have experienced very little discrimination because they have adapted so well to white norms. • In general, Asian Americans have not tried to hold on to their ethnic identities and have instead adopted white culture. • Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States. • The Asian American population is heavily concentrated in California, Hawaii, and New York.

Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States.

Kalani has busy summers planned for her daughters. They take music lessons, play on soccer and basketball teams, and attend summer school classes. This summer schedule is an example of - Role strain - Natural growth - Concerted cultivation - resocialization

Concerted cultivation

What is the best example of a quantitative research method? - interviewing people about their experiences in high-school gym class - observing people as they participate in an aerobics class - analyzing the language style of men's and women's fitness blogs - conducting a survey of how frequently people exercise

Conducting a survey of how frequently people exercise

You've noticed that when you sleep less, your grades suffer. At the same time, you realize that lower grades could also lead to a lack of sleep: that worrying about a possible dip in your grade point average could keep you up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables, lack of sleep and lower grades, are you noticing here? - causal - spurious - correlation - time-ordered

Correlation

Your friend Jerome tells you he believes that culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you disagree, arguing that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. You give the example of the disagreement between indigenous Americans and colonial Europeans about whether land was something that could be owned. You are trying to illustrate the idea of - Cultural lag - Cultural shock - Reflection theory - Cultural scripts

Cultural scripts

Josie comes up with an idea to create and distribute satirical advertisements that expose the hypocrisy of a large tech company that promotes itself as a force for good in the world while exploiting factory workers in poor countries. This would be an example of - Textual analysis - ethnocentrism - Cultural scripts - Culture jamming

Culture jamming

The changing attitudes toward marijuana can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance, and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In most states, possession is a criminal offense with penalties including jail. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor, and in a handful of states, beginning with Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. What does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time? • Law enforcement agencies keep unreliable records. • Federal and state laws often contradict each other. • Increasing numbers of people are committing crimes but may not be caught. • Definitions of crimes change over time.

Definitions of crimes change over time.

Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to - examine human interaction on the micro level. - provide evidence rather than rely on rhetoric. -detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena. -ask probing questions about how societies function.

Detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena

Jamar enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Jamar is aware of the security guards actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is a contemporary example of which sociological concept developed at the turn of the twentieth century? - Double consciousness - Anomie - The generalized other - Positivism

Double consciousness

A friend of yours has invited you to a big social event. Knowing you might meet people who could offer you a job after graduation, you polish your shoes, buy a new outfit, and practice introducing yourself and explaining the insights you've gained during college, all in the hopes of making a strong professional impression. In sociological terms, you're preparing to present yourself as a young professional, in accordance with - Saving face - Symbolic interactionism - Dramaturgical theory - Role theory

Dramaturgical theory

The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, recurve from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rio's experience? • Durkheim's anomie • Merton's strain theory • Goffman's total institution • Foucault's panopticon

Durkheim's anomie

In his interview with Dalton Conley, David Grusky explains why the notion of perverse incentives is outdated. What is an example of a perverse incentive? • A woman builds a fence around her property so her children won't kick their balls into the neighbor's yard, but after the fence has been built, the neighbor complains about the noise of the children's balls hitting the fence. • People were so enthusiastic about Nintendo Wii when it was first released that accidents occurred as customers stormed store entrances to purchase it on the day of its release. • An elementary school teacher gives students candy for the correct answer even though this is forbidden by the school district. • Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken, so some students take easier classes the semester before applying to boost their grade point average.

Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken, so some students take easier classes the semester before applying to boost their grade point average.

In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." This ambitious plan led to the creation of numerous agencies, some of which persist today. These include which of the following? • Head Start and College Work Study • Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Agriculture • Department of Labor and Peace Corps • Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Minority Health

Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Agriculture

A theoretical perspective most popular in the mid-twentieth-century held that social realities such as the roles that men and women play and heterosexual couples or the existence of inequality could be explained by the necessary purpose they served in society. What was this theoretical perspective? - Functionalism - Symbolic interactionalism - Conflict theory - Postmodernism

Functionalism

Same-sex marriage is now legal in the United States, and the numbers of persons marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed and become easily visible. In Brazil, we see that the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, declare themselves as men, and yet have penetrative sex with men who have an exclusively male appearance. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior? • Homosexuality involves obtaining a social identity through repeated homosexual behavior. • Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity. • There is no difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior. • Homosexuality is a fixed social identity that is determined at birth, and homosexual behavior is the outward manifestation of that identity.

Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity.

Children and families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavioral problems in school. And this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? - the number of times per week that a family eats together - the nutritional value of the food children eat with their families - how much time children spend with their families - how often children misbehave in school

How often children misbehave in school

Climate change has evoked a politically polarized debate in the United States. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious based on the science available. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous. Although it may seem that climate change is a matter of science, underlying the disagreement are attachments to opposing - Stereotypes - Ideologies - Religious belief sets - Ethnocentrisms

Ideologies

What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like? • Incomes at all levels have increased at about the same rate. • Incomes at the highest end of the bracket have stagnated, whereas low-income and middle-income individuals have experienced slow but steady growth in their incomes. • Middle-income individuals have experienced greater income growth than those at the highest and lowest ends of the bracket. • Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

A researcher observes that most teens entering a café chose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most retirees choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that youth like to feel but they are part of a larger group of people, whereas the elderly are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach? - inductive - deductive - a case study - quantitative

Inductive

Suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other users. Such a reprimand is a kind of • formal social sanction. • expression of mechanical solidarity. • violation of the collective conscience. • informal social sanction.

Informal social sanction

How has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used to partially explain the great difference in inequality and poverty between the United States and other advanced democracies? • Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free- market economy later than the United States. • Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free- market economy sooner than the United States. • Countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States usually had a more centralized form of government that could impose very high taxes on citizens. • Countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States usually had no history of feudalism.

Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free- market economy later than the United States.

One of the challenges faced by many colleges and universities is binge drinking on campus. Imagine you are tasked with developing solutions to this problem. Thinking sociologically, you suggest that it would be useful to understand the meaning placed on the parties where binge drinking happens, so solutions are based on a deeper understanding of the experience itself. Your approach relies on the methodology of - interpretive sociology - functionalism - macrosociology - cultural anthropology

Interpretive sociology

Getting ready to go out on a first date with someone she first contacted through a dating app, Jada tries on a dress and stilettos. Then, remembering that the person mentioned liking sporty women, Jada reconsidered and changed into shorts and a tank top. Jada's wardrobe change illustrates what social theory? - Credentialism - Verstehen - Looking-glass self - Double-consciousness

Looking-glass self

Despite being a business executive and competitive athlete, Jorge is often treated as helpless by people he encounters in his daily life because he is paraplegic and uses a wheelchair. Jorge's disability is a(n) - Achieved status - Role strain - Master status - Status set

Master status

Which statement is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies? • Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace. • Boys and girls develop masculine and feminine personality structures through interactions with their parents. • Women are socialized to prioritize the private, domestic sphere over the public sphere of wage-earning work. • The traditional family is the best way to meet society's constant need to add to the labor force.

Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace.

In effort to stop the spread of HIV, organizations and countries have invested in research to understand how the virus spreads within a population. Often, this research investigates transmission through "having sex." Here, one of the challenges is to precisely define what "having sex" means, so that researchers can identify the relevant variables. This challenge of specifying a key idea is crucial to any good sociological study and is called - defining the dependent variable - defining the independent variable - operationalization - hypothesis testing

Operationalization

According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm? • People in such a society view themselves only as agents of social order and not as objects of social order as well. • Such societies do not yet have the intellectual capacity to develop more sophisticated punitive measures. • People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior. • A society characterized by mechanical solidarity exhibits little social control over criminals and noncriminals.

People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.

Whether Muslim women veil themselves, especially in countries such as the United States and France, is often a controversial topic. Sociological research has found that while some women choose to veil for religious reasons, others may take up the veil because they are motivated to claim their Muslim identity in the face of anti-Muslim sentiment. These different interpretations of the importance of veiling illustrates how meaning is subjective. This emphasis on differences in subjective interpretations, in turn, is characteristics of - functionalism - midrange theory - postmodernism - conflict theory

Postmodernism

Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post signs that read, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." These signs - Reinforce a cultural norm - Manifest material culture - Enforce a subculture - Establish a shared value

Reinforce a cultural norm

The decision to marry is a major life step. Contemporary Americans do so with certain cultural expectations: that our partner will love and care for us, will share the duties of us in our lives when problems arise at work or with other family members. These expectations of a spouse are an example of - Status - Roles - Sexism - Gender division

Roles

Arenda is the oldest of five children. Shayna is an only child. According to research on determinants of mortality, who is at higher risk of dying young? • Shayna • Both are equally at risk. • Arenda • We can't say because mortality is too difficult to predict.

Shayna

At a friend's housewarming, you meet a young engaged couple from India. They tell you that their relationship was arranged when they both very young (she was 12, he was 14). They seem happy with this arrangement, but you're taken aback. The couple's comfort with the arrangement, as well as your initial discomfort, are examples of - Operationalization - Socialization - Social interaction - Symbolic interactionism

Socialization

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the internment of all people of Japanese ancestry living in the United States. The government stated that this action was to protect national security. Many of those sent to these internment camps were US citizens, with parents or grandparents born in Japan. This action relied on the use of - Hegemony - Cultural jamming - Sexism - Stereotypes

Stereotypes

How do street crime and white-collar crime compare in terms of cost to society and prevalence? • Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, but white-collar crime has greater financial impact. • Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime and is also more costly to society than white-collar crime. • Street crime and white-collar crime cost society roughly the same, though street crime is more prevalent. • Street crime costs society more, but white-collar crime is more prevalent.

Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, while white-collar crime has greater financial impact

According to William Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families? • Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner. • Such factors mean that low-income workers must take on two or more jobs to earn a living wage, which means that they spend all their time working and no longer participate in the community where they would be most likely to find a spouse. • Such factors have led to a decline in marriage rates for young men under 30 because they cannot afford to move out of their parents' house, which makes it more difficult to find a stable life partner. • Such factors mean that many poor people travel farther from their communities to find jobs, which creates tensions and stress that often destroy marriages and lead to men abandoning their families.

Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner.

The passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) involved a lengthy political battle between Congress and President Obama. How did the ACA represent a shift in the relationship between doctors and patients? • The ACA allowed millions of formerly uninsured people to choose any doctor they wanted. • The ACA relied on the American Medical Association to empower doctors. • The ACA gave health insurance companies less power and doctors more power. • The ACA further reduced the power that doctors have.

The ACA further reduced the power that doctors have.

Talib was starving as he got on the crowded bus with a greasy cheeseburger he had just purchased. As tempting as it was to eat his messy meal right then and there, he worried what the other passengers might think of him if he did so, and decided to wait until he got home. As illustrated here, Talib is fully socialized because he has developed a concept of - Role conflict - Social interaction - The generalized other - Master status

The generalized other

Why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving their marriages? • Two single people received a larger amount than a married couple, so the financial incentive motivated couples to split up to earn more money. • A larger percentage of men than women took their guaranteed payment and essentially "blew through it" quickly, so to have more control over their money, some women found it better to leave their husbands. • People could make earnings from a low-wage job stretch further because they paid less income tax, making some women feel financially independent enough to leave their husbands. • The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man.

The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man.

What is an example of using one's sociological imagination? - being comfortable in unfamiliar surroundings, such as visiting a new friend's house - creating different hypotheses to explain an individual's behavior when you see that person acting strangely in public - understanding that the divorce of one's parents is part of a larger societal trend toward marriage dissolution - creating a story to explain unfamiliar social customs when you are traveling in a new country

Understanding that the divorce of one's parents is part of a larger societal trend toward marriage dissolution

Sociologist Allison Pugh researched consumer culture and socioeconomic class differences through parental purchases for children. In their relationship with their children, low-income parents tended to strive for symbolic indulgence, whereas high-income parents tended toward symbolic deprivation. Both of these approaches are an attempt to ensure that kids "fit in" at school, indicating that parents of all classes shy away from difference. These actions reflect - Material culture - Ethnocentrism - Symbolic representation - Values

Values

What is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable? - Individuals with lower incomes are less likely to vote in presidential elections. - Poorer people tend to have worse health. - Individuals with more formal education tend to have higher incomes. - Wealthier individuals tend to be less concerned about environmental problems.

Wealthier individuals tend to be less concerned about environmental problems.

Which statement offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences? • There are far fewer women professors in the hard sciences because women are encouraged to study the humanities and social sciences. • Women find themselves in lower-paying jobs with fewer opportunities for advancement because these jobs make it easier for them to balance work and family. • Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men. • Women take on more responsibility for domestic tasks because men still think of these tasks as women's work.

Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

You would like to understand why some high-school students in a private religious school are prone to being cyberbullied. After thoroughly operationalizing the terms, developing well-honed variables, and identifying a sample, you must apply to an institutional review board in order to conduct the research. One of the main concerns is that - you are dealing with the school administration. - your questions ask about illegal activities. - you are required to get the consent of the parents. - you are dealing with a protected population group

You are dealing with a protected population group

In India, a system of stratification persists, partially because it was exploited by British colonialism to persistently divide the people. This division of society into four main groups (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra) is an example of • a status hierarchy system. • a status-attainment model. • a caste system. • an estate system.

a caste system.

What is discussed in this chapter as the gateway to becoming middle class? • marriage • a manual occupation • a blue-collar job • a college education

a college education

What is an example of a primary group? • a three-time state champion college lacrosse team • a group of three best friends who grew up together on the same block and see each other regularly • the residents of a freshman dorm • a neighborhood volunteer association

a group of three best friends who grew up together on the same block and see each other regularly

Jasmine has begun attending a large weekly support group for atheists raised in religious families. She hasn't felt very close to her family since she came out as an atheist, but when she is at these meetings she feels like for the first time in her life she is accepted and valued for who she really is. Her support group would be considered • a secondary group. • a formal organization. • an informal bureaucracy. • a primary group.

a secondary group

Our birth families (mother, father, sister, and so on) are a central part of our lives. Suppose you family decides to host a foreign exchange student for a year. It goes well, and, the next year, the student's entire family (all nine of them) decides to visit America and your family. In the ensuing year, various members of the two families stay in touch, and you share these relationships with your own friends. In the context of social networks, what's happening between your two families, as well as the way you share the experience with your friends, is what sociologists call a tie, and although the two families are unrelated, this "tie that binds" is made real because of • the sum of the stories we tell about people in our primary group. • a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network. • a direct path to another member of our network. • a symbol that is given meaning through social interaction

a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.

Marissa Mayer was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. Mayer is not the highest paid CEO in the United States, but her position suggests that more women are • overcoming the obstacles to better pay and prestige. • able to enter technical fields. • able to negotiate better salaries. • able to break the glass ceiling.

able to break the glass ceiling.

In August 2018, alt-right figurehead Jason Kessler organized the Unite the Right 2 Rally in Washington, D.C. to advocate for "white civil rights." This example illustrates white nationalists' reaction to the "browning of America" in that they are • engaging in color-blind racism. • adopting the rhetoric of minority status. • practicing collective resistance. • advocating for pluralism.

adopting the rhetoric of minority status.

Building on Émile Durkheim's classic theory of suicide, sociologist Matt Wray describes a contemporary "American Suicide Belt." Wray finds elevated suicide rates in the American West, particularly among white men isolated from social contact by unemployment or being unmarried. What type of suicide are residents of this area prone to, according to Durkheim's typology? • altruistic • anomic • fatalistic • egoistic

anomic

Suppose you are part of a research team stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys. You are there with your same-sex spouse of eight years. In Uganda, homosexuality was criminalized in 2009 and is currently punishable by life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, but you have not experienced difficulties in daily life. As you begin the write-up of your research, you are especially aware of the scholarly need to - ensure that the Ugandan government approves of all your data. - disseminate your data to all of your colleagues for preliminary review. - avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing. - avoid being outed (detected) as a same-sex couple.

avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing.

Your good friend Judy comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the girl's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Judy is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about • one-sex model. • biological determinism. • feminism. • the nature versus nurture argument.

biological determinism.

The case of a young girl named Genie is the most carefully documented and well-studied instance of what happens to a child who does not experience adequate contact with other people during infancy and childhood. Genie was locked in a room alone for nearly 13 years and never developed language skills the way most children do. Obviously, this is a story in part of severe parental neglect, but it also provides insight into whether such abilities as language are innate. Fundamentally, this case about a feral child is about whether - biology or socialization shapes human behavior. - the physical or the social environment has a larger impact on culture. - parents or peer groups influence children's behavior. - physical or cognitive traits influence socialization.

biology or socialization shapes human behavior.

Material culture includes - buildings, artworks, and technological devices. - anything from the natural environment. - literature and historical texts. - values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.

buildings, artworks, and technological devices.

Definitions of deviant behavior tend to • be copied from one society to another. • change over time and vary from one context to another. • be defined by a few elite members of society. • be impervious to changes in notions of acceptable behavior.

change over time and vary from one context to another.

As discussed in the text, President Barack Obama, the son of a white Kansan mother and black Kenyan father, is widely perceived as a black man despite being biracial. This is illustrative of the • strong ethnic divisions among African Americans in the United States. • continued significance of the one-drop rule. • symbolic ethnicity of African Americans. • recent racialization of African Americans.

continued significance of the one-drop rule.

What three factors are needed to establish causation? - a natural experiment, time order, and correlation - correlation, a hypothesis, and alternative explanations -correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations - moderating variables, ruling out alternative explanations, and time order

correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations

In the book, we are presented with a mobility table (Table 7.2). As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons. The rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. The sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that • the tendency for individuals to trade jobs eventually balances out and is not cause for concern. • despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades. • education may not be as necessary as previously thought to ensure individual mobility. • young people today need to be very concerned that opportunities for employment in prestigious occupations is declining significantly.

despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades.

Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? • recidivism and rehabilitative justice • crime rates and penal codes • economic opportunities and crime rates • formal and informal social sanctions

economic opportunities and crime rates

Consider outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1961 farewell address, in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." Eisenhower's position critiques the __________ system. • class • political • status hierarchy • elite-mass dichotomy

elite-mass dichotomy

In 2014, the US Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotomayor argued that the law placed an undue burden on racial and ethnic minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotomayor arguing in favor of? • equality of outcome • equality of opportunity • equality of condition • ontological equality

equality of condition

What standard of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s? • equality of outcome • ontological equality • equality of condition • equality of opportunity

equality of opportunity

Sociologists are skeptical of ____ arguments that explain social phenomena in terms of natural ones and often rely on biological determinism. • intersectional • cisgender • feminist • essentialist

essentialist

At the outset of US history, eligible voters were white property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have become popular. Many would argue that such laws restricting who can vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system? • estate • elite-mass dichotomy • class • caste

estate

Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of • eugenics. • nativism. • social Darwinism. • environmentalism.

eugenics.

Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at • forced assimilation. • ethnic cleansing. • linguistic purity. • educational parity.

forced assimilation.

The Asch test provides insight into what concept? • network analysis • group conformity • embeddedness • divide et impera

group conformity

Paul is a father and a successful manager earning six figures. At age 48, he is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Paul finds it increasingly difficult to do basic tasks such as driving, typing, and even walking. As his disease progresses, he is eventually terminated from his job, leaving him unemployed. Gradually, friends stop calling and party invitations taper off. Paul and his family have been "downgraded" in their socioeconomic status in accordance with the drift explanation, which asserts that • differential access to a healthy life is the result of socioeconomic factors. • health determines social position. • one's social status determines health. • the relationship between higher morbidity and income is spurious.

health determines social position.

The level of income inequality in the United States is • higher than that of most other advanced democracies. • about equal to income inequality in most other advanced democracies. • lower than that of most other advanced democracies. • higher than that of all other advanced democracies.

higher than that of all other advanced democracies.

The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the US Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that • society's need to establish cohesion by identifying and classifying all forms of deviant behavior. • the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries initiated a careful evaluation of deviant sexuality. • changes in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man required a categorization of "deviance." • homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power.

homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power.

Celiac disease affects a moderate number of people worldwide. Gluten intolerance is claimed to be more widely spread and is more difficult to evaluate clinically. A recent clinical study found that even when subjects were given a strictly controlled placebo diet, they reported a worsening of the symptoms commonly reported by people complaining of gluten intolerance. This is an example of • how a stigma can be attached to anyone. • how people learn the sick role and behave accordingly. • the reactions of others to a chronic illness. • the ease of diagnosing celiac disease.

how people learn the sick role and behave accordingly.

In an interview with Dalton Conley, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated? - informed consent -"do no harm" - participant observation - reflexivity

informed consent

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) were an early attempt to control healthcare costs. In this model, the provider (doctor) receives a capitation, which is a fee per person and not per treatment. The major shortcoming of this approach is that • the incentive is to avoid going to the doctor • doctors may try to see a patient more often than necessary. • it may lead to undertreatment. • it still requires the patient to pay a fee.

it may lead to undertreatment.

Feminists argue that gender matters because • it emphasizes natural differences that exist between men and women. • it structures social relations between people. • it is the basis of sex role theory. • there are roles for which men are better suited and other roles for which women are better suited.

it structures social relations between people.

Chad is the captain of the high-school golf team and son of a prominent business owner in town. Orhan is a refugee from Syria who attends the same school and lives with his single mother on the poor side of town. Both Chad and Orhan were caught cheating on a recent biology exam, but only Orhan was punished, which led him to drop out of school due to the shame he felt and to become involved in the illicit economy of street crime. Chad, on the other hand, went on to become a successful corporate executive after attending a prestigious college. This is an example of which theory of deviance? • reflection theory • strain theory • labeling theory • role theory

labeling theory

Montrice attends an orientation session on her first day of college. There are 45 students and two orientation leaders in her session. This type of group is known as a • medium group. • primary group. • small group. • large group.

large group.

In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." Although controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the • maintenance of a gender order. • role of language in society. • sharp divisions between biological males and females. • need to police female sexuality.

maintenance of a gender order.

Through network analysis a hidden rule was discovered that governs romantic relationships among teenagers. It prohibits dating the ex of your ex's current boyfriend or girlfriend. This rule is known as "______." • tertius gaudens • no cycles of four • divide et impera • let sleeping dogs lie

no cycles of four

Winona is picking up her children from day care. Her nine-hour minimum-wage shift as a temp leaves her exhausted. As she piles her two kids into the car, she loses her temper after one of them refuses to sit still for her to fasten the seatbelt. Winona's solution is to yell at the child until he does what she asks. A sociologist might say that Winona's situation is an example of the • absolute definition of poverty. • parenting stress hypothesis. • worst form of child abuse. • way wealth creates poverty.

parenting stress hypothesis.

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in • pluralism. • ethnocentrism. • racism. • segregation.

pluralism.

In the text, we read about Marlin, who was fed by food stamps, housed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and moved through the education system into prison. Marlin's life is a case study of the puzzle of whether • income is the primary cause of poverty. • poverty is the cause or the result of social problems. • individuals provided for by so many institutions can be considered truly poor. • the poverty line is accurately measured.

poverty is the cause or the result of social problems.

Certain ideals about women's appearance are highly valued in the United States, such as thinness, muscular definition, and blemish-free skin. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession in our culture with the "perfect female body" emerges from our social structures and shapes the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be around people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not a result of how women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it - presumes that women's bodies are essential to a functioning society. - sets up a conflict between men and women. - ignores differences found in other cultures. - presumes culture is a one-way process.

presumes culture is a one-way process.

The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and not having to educate children to be aware of systematic racism for their own protection. Which of the following could also be considered white privilege? • shopping in a store without fear that security guards will scrutinize your behavior • receiving scholarships based on affirmative action • not having to worry about how to repay student loans • socializing sons about how to interact with police to avoid fatal confrontations

shopping in a store without fear that security guards will scrutinize your behavior

Suppose you attend a dinner party, to which you were invited by a close friend who is trying to help you land a job in your chosen field of human resources. Your friend was unable to attend, and you knew nobody at the dinner, even though the dozen guests were all employed in human resource departments in the area. During the dinner, you were quiet and reserved, just listening to conversations around you. Afterward, you worry you missed the chance to gain new • social capital. • embeddedness. • organizational culture. • triads.

social capital.

The importance of the Whitehall Study was to show that • a. social networks predict health outcomes in both parents and their children. • b. equal access to health care equalizes health outcomes for people of different socioeconomic backgrounds. • c. social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health. • d. universal health care is a better predictor of positive health outcomes than socioeconomic status.

social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health.

One of your closest friends works as a repair technician for an elevator company, and she earns a six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these remarks are rudely evaluating your friend based on what? • income • caste • status hierarchy • meritocracy

status hierarchy

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her field work in Milwaukee and New York, in which she sent out job applications, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. Pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. In addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. This racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's • class solidarity. • secondary deviance. • stigma. • organic solidarity.

stigma

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Annette Lareau discusses the work found in her book, Unequal Childhoods, and gives numerous examples of the ways in which different parenting strategies play out in the home, and the results of those different strategies. Socioeconomic class differences (middle-class, working-class, and poor) figure prominently into the results, and she notes that the success of the child often hinges upon knowledge and acceptance that what matters is - that parents must manage their child's experience with all institutions. - the intrinsic logic of the parents' strategy. - that parents must ensure that their child understands plagiarism. - that children enter institutions, and institutions have rules.

that children enter institutions, and institutions have rules

When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. However, when a baby is born with atypical or ambiguous genitalia, most doctors recommend sex-reassignment surgery during infancy to make them conform to typical male or female genitalia. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from • a sense of medical necessity. • a social emergency. • a belief that sex is socially constructed. • the belief in a binary sex system.

the belief in a binary sex system.

During World War II, the US economy suffered. With imposed price and wage controls, employers were often not able to offer raises to employees who worked long hours at hard, sometimes hazardous, jobs. Instead, many companies began to offer free health care as a benefit. This is often cited as the origin of • the employer-based health care system. • safety monitoring in the workplace. • laws preventing the government from imposing price controls. • tax laws allowing individuals to deduct benefits from their taxes.

the employer-based health care system.

Average household net worth is much higher for white families than for black and Latino families. This "equity inequality" is BEST explained as a result of • lower incomes among nonwhites. • the historical disadvantage of minority groups. • the disproportionate use of government benefits by blacks. • color-blind racism.

the historical disadvantage of minority groups.

The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from • the concept of racialization. • the notion of social Darwinism. • the science of phrenology. • concerns about racial passing.

the notion of social Darwinism.

According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what can you use to predict the behavior of members of a social group? • whether the group is personal or impersonal • the number of people in the group • whether the group serves a social or professional function • whether the group has a hierarchical or flat structure

the number of people in the group

Jamal is a medical doctor doing volunteer work in rural India. He comes across a man suffering from leprosy (an infectious disease) and offers to provide him with antibiotics that will cure his sickness. However, the man refuses the treatment saying that it won't help, that he has been cursed by the gods for his bad behavior and must suffer his punishment. Jamal finds that this belief is widespread in the region, which is making his work very difficult. This is an example of • fundamental causes. • the social construction of illness. • the social determinants of health. • the decline in doctors' authority.

the social construction of illness.

Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state senator. She has shared this interest with her family and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts who can help her. One day, she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for that senator in a recent election. The classmate then offers to introduce Martha to his cousin. This is an example of what concept? • leveraging social capital • embeddedness • the strength of weak ties • a structural hole

the strength of weak ties

The first naturalization law in the United States in 1790 limited citizenship to "free white persons," which set up a relatively broad and inclusive definition of "whiteness." However, the definition of whiteness narrowed such that it applied only to Anglos by the early twentieth century. What social change led to this increasingly exclusive definition of whiteness? • the surge in immigration of non-Anglo Europeans to the United States • the migration of African Americans from the South to the North • the establishment of the one-drop rule • the Supreme Court's 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision

the surge in immigration of non-Anglo Europeans to the United States

In August 2014, police in Ferguson, Missouri, shot Michael Brown, a young black man. The incident sparked a wave of protest and elicited a dialogue about police and race relations nationwide. The town of Ferguson predominantly African American, having become increasingly so as white residents moved to the suburbs. Some people have argued that part of the problem in Ferguson originated from the disparity between the residents and police department, where the city was compromised of one population (black) and the police department of another (white). This underlies a more fundamental problem faced by many communities, in that the decline of communal ties has lessened the amount of • fear. • civic engagement. • trust. • social capital.

trust.

In the United States, poverty is usually thought of as severe economic deprivation that prevents people from living with dignity. Despite decades of effort and billions of dollars, poverty in the United States continues unabated. Recent research suggests that poverty is a kind of proxy, or stand-in, for the • failure of a capitalist market to provide food supply points in poor areas. • inability of the government to develop successful programs to halt poverty. • failure of the tax code to fairly levy taxes on income. • underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation.

underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation.

What is an example of medicalization? • decreased rates of elective cesarean sections in the United States • an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of diseases from overprescribing antibiotics • increasing requirements for medical degrees • viewing drug addiction as a disease that can be treated

viewing drug addiction as a disease that can be treated

If you were to tell someone that you were conducting breaching experiments, you would be telling them that you were intentionally - trying to convey a good impression and seeing what happens. - challenging total institutions to see what happens. - violating social norms to see what happens. - resocializing others in order to see what happens.

violating social norms to see what happens.

In recent years it has become harder to fully participate socially and economically in American society without having a smartphone. Some might even consider them a requirement for being able to live with dignity in our society. This would be an example of how • absolute poverty no longer exists because the range of necessities has expanded. • what is considered a necessity is socially defined and can change over time. • the culture of poverty affects certain practices. • relative poverty is more easily solved than absolute poverty.

what is considered a necessity is socially defined and can change over time.