SOC: Unit 3 Exam

Please define representative democracy: Question options: 1) A government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests. 2) A form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group. 3) A form of government in which a small percentage of the population is represented by popular election, and the rest of the population is represented by those whose office is dependent upon noble birth. 4) A government of a nation that recognizes monarchs but requires these figures to abide by the laws of a greater constitution.

1) A government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests.

Which of the following best defines the term commodity? Question options: 1) A physical object we find, grow, or make to meet our needs and those of others. 2) A benefit given to those who participate in the capitalist market. 3) An economic system which adheres to the principles of socialism. 4) An activity that benefits people, such as health care, education, and entertainment.

1) A physical object we find, grow, or make to meet our needs and those of others.

Which of the following is not an example of underemployment? Question options: 1) After his wife gave birth to twins, Jerry quit his job to help raise them. 2) Following the recession, Ellen lost her fulltime job as a PR assistant and found part-time work as a cosmetic sales associate. 3) When John's sales job is outsourced he's forced to take work as a janitor to pay off his student loans. 4) After college graduation, Marcus could only find work part-time as a bartender.

1) After his wife gave birth to twins, Jerry quit his job to help raise them.

The term xenophobia can best be defined as: Question options: 1) An illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods. 2) A hatred of corporate America and the lobbying push. 3) A pronounced fear of globalization destroying one's job. 4) A marketing campaign aimed at foreign countries selling American goods.

1) An illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods.

To make students more competitive in the work force and for graduate school, college professors are beginning to lower the standard for student grades (i.e. what was once considered a B, is now considered an A). This is known as: Question options: 1) Grade inflation 2) Academic bribing 3) Systematic grading 4) GPA debt

1) Grade inflation

What was the significance of NAFTA? Question options: 1) It allowed freer trade opportunities for the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 2) It restricted trade within North American countries by imposing a heavy tax and tariffs. 3) It encouraged trade with North Korea, which had previously been embargoed. 4) It forbade trade with any country that didn't use a capitalist government.

1) It allowed freer trade opportunities for the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Keshawn used to work for an IT company in Baltimore, but lost his job when his company decided to use workers in New Delhi instead. This is an example of: Question options: 1) Outsourcing 2) Automation 3) The technology gap 4) Polarization

1) Outsourcing

Over the past decades, the turnout of minority voters has: Question options: 1) Steadily increased 2) Remained unchanged 3) Slowly decreased 4) Steadily decreased

1) Steadily increased

Kara has behavioral problems as a young child. As she goes through school, she is labeled "troubled," and told she will never amount to anything. Kara, though intelligent, decides to "live down" to this expectation. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying Kara's experience? Question options: 1) Symbolic interactionist 2) Functionalism 3) Feminist theory 4) Conflict theory

1) Symbolic interactionist

Jackson lives in rural Chile, and is the son of a poor farmer. The nearest school is 50 miles away, and he has no means to get there. What does the educational system in Jackson's country lack? Question options: 1) Universal access 2) Latent functions 3) Informal education 4) Formal education

1) Universal access

Some believe that religion is important because it adds meaning to people's lives and provides answers to difficult questions. A sociologist following which theory would agree with this statement? Question options: 1) A conflict theorist 2) A structural functionalist 3) A feminist 4) A symbolic interactionist

2) A structural functionalist

The concept hidden curriculum can be defined as: Question options: 1) The course objectives teachers incorporate into their syllabi after the semester has started. 2) A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission. 3) The unexpected subjects students take an interest in after being exposed to experts in the field. 4) The emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications.

2) A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission.

Davis is low on cash, but really wants an electric guitar. He offers to trade his acoustic guitar, for his friend Bill's electric guitar. Davis is engaging in: Question options: 1) Mercantilism 2) Bartering 3) Supply and demand 4) Capitalism

2) Bartering

Malik grew up in an affluent household which embraced activities such as attending the opera, visiting museums, and traveling to foreign countries at least once a year. When Malik goes to college, he finds he has much to talk about with professors, and fellow students from similar backgrounds. Malik is enjoying the benefits of: Question options: 1) Tracking 2) Cultural capital 3) Grade inflation 4) The education gap

2) Cultural capital

Which of the following does NOT account for the differences in the educational system from country to country? Question options: 1) Value placed on education 2) Geographic distribution of male and female students 3) Financial resources from the government and population 4) Amount of time devoted to education

2) Geographic distribution of male and female students

From the functionalist perspective, which of the following is NOT a purpose of government? Question options: 1) Managing international relations 2) Lobbying for domestic corporate interests 3) Meeting social needs 4) Planning and directing society

2) Lobbying for domestic corporate interests

What did Marx and Freud see as the downfall of religion that would lead to the secularization of society? Question options: 1) Class stratification of society 2) Modernization of society 3) Social strains of society 4) Apathy of society

2) Modernization of society

Sanchita worships three different and separate gods. Her religion falls into which category? Question options: 1) Monotheism 2) Polytheism 3) Atheism 4) Totemism

2) Polytheism

Which position describes Karl Marx's view of religion and society? Question options: 1) Religion was something only the Bourgeoisie had time to contemplate. 2) Religion simply kept the Proletariat in their low social class. 3) Religion inspired the Proletariat to work harder while under the rule of the Bourgeoisie. 4) Religion was the key to uniting the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat.

2) Religion simply kept the Proletariat in their low social class.

In recent decades, lobbying has become a powerful force in the political world. Lobbyists frequently meet behind closed doors with senators, lawmakers, and congressmen and women to push influential legislation through the congressional process. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in examining micro level interactions involved with the lobbying movement? Question options: 1) Feminist 2) Symbolic interactionism 3) Exchange theory 4) Functionalism

2) Symbolic interactionism

Which of the following best defines the term globalization? Question options: 1) The process of removing manufacturing and industrial sites from foreign countries and returning them to the United States. 2) The process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market. 3) Long periods of recession followed by sharp economic upturn worldwide. 4) When products are assembled over the course of several international transactions.

2) The process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market.

What is one reason unemployment statistics are unreliable? Question options: 1) Different states define unemployment in different ways. 2) The statistics include only those who are currently looking for work. 3) The government only surveys those who have been out of work for a year or more. 4) Those surveyed frequently lie about their employment status.

2) The statistics include only those who are currently looking for work.

When Ahmed is in 5th grade, he does poorly in math and science. His teachers recommend him for lower-level classes throughout middle school in all subjects, and he's not given the chance to excel elsewhere. This process is known as: Question options: 1) Grade inflation 2) Tracking 3) Manifest function 4) Feminism

2) Tracking

Émile Durkheim described mechanical solidarity as: Question options: 1) A practice where jobs are contracted to an outside source, often in another country 2) A form of social cohesion that arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work 3) A form of social cohesion that comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion, as might be found in simpler societies 4) A form of socialism under which individuals and cooperative groups exchange products with one another on the basis of mutually satisfactory contracts

3) A form of social cohesion that comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion, as might be found in simpler societies

Which of the following sociological perspectives argues that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities arising from differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity? Question options: 1) Symbolic interactionism 2) None of the above. 3) Conflict theory 4) Functionalism

3) Conflict theory

Which sociologist saw political conflict as a means of promoting positive change for the underprivileged? Question options: 1) G. William Domhoff 2) C. Wright Mills 3) Karl Marx 4) Émile Durkheim

3) Karl Marx

By 2009, America had suffered several consecutive quarters of economic decline. America was in the midst of a: Question options: 1) Capital rebuttal 2) Economic sling-shot recovery 3) Recession 4) Depression

3) Recession

On any given day, there is often a story about prayer in schools in the news. For decades people have disagreeing over the constitutionality of prayer in schools. This controversy is a great example of the tension between: Question options: 1) State law and Federal law 2) Different religions 3) Social classes 4) Church and State

4) Church and State

When Rosa and Sergei realized that the poor were being neglected in their city, they mobilized the members of their synagogue to send letters to the government asking them to fix the growing rate of poverty, or at least, fund the citizens so they might help their neighbors. This is an example of: Question options: 1) Social Theology 2) Protest Theology 3) Zero-Tolerance Theology 4) Liberation Theology

4) Liberation Theology

Which of the following contributes lower percentage of voter turnout from those who come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds? Question options: 1) Many citizens from lower socioeconomic backgrounds cannot afford to vote. 2) Voting sites frequently discourage participation from those of lower socioeconomic backgrounds. 3) Members of lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to overestimate the voting practices of their peers. 4) Lower-paying jobs frequently have less flexible hours, making time to vote difficult.

4) Lower-paying jobs frequently have less flexible hours, making time to vote difficult.

Roberto has just moved to a new city. He does not know anyone but he wants to find a mosque where he can practice Islam. Which theory will Roberto use, either consciously or subconsciously, to make a decision? Question options: 1) Enlightenment Theory 2) Logical Approach to Decision-making Theory 3) Pro vs. Con list 4) Rational Choice Theory

4) Rational Choice Theory

Which of the following is NOT true of the sociological perspective on religion? Question options: 1) Religion is a cultural universal. 2) Religion is a system of beliefs. 3) Religion is a social institution. 4) Religion is a symbol of high culture.

4) Religion is a symbol of high culture.

What correlation between religion and society did Max Weber see and study? Question options: 1) Religion was important to lower class people, but not very important to those in higher classes. 2) Religion was pushed out of society as countries began to industrialize. 3) Religion was just a way for governments to justify and control their people. 4) Religion was very influential over the economy and the habits of workers.

4) Religion was very influential over the economy and the habits of workers.

Which two words did Émile Durkheim use to distinguish between religious objects and non-religious objects? Question options: 1) Secular; religious 2) Ordinary; sanctified 3) Unclean; holy 4) Sacred; profane

4) Sacred; profane

Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education? Question options: 1) Socialization 2) Social placement 3) Social control 4) Social networks

4) Social networks

How did Max Weber define power? Question options: 1) Politically elected influence used to control the masses. 2) The legal resources to prosecute and punish. 3) The authority to imprison citizens without cause. 4) The ability to exercise one's will over others

4) The ability to exercise one's will over others

The term formal education is defined by the text as: Question options: 1) Learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society. 2) The education one receives at a private school, parochial school, or private college. 3) An education that is accompanied by a tutor at all times. 4) The learning of academic facts and concepts

4) The learning of academic facts and concepts

Charismatic Authority

Power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities

Traditional Authority

Power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs

Rational-Legal Authority

Power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws