Soc1A: FINALS (Alvarado, SJDC)

Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis? A. "A penny saved is a penny earned." B. "More than 300 million people live in the United States." C. "Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men." D. "All men are created equal."

"Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men." ?

What does it mean when sociologists say that age is "socially constructed"? A. Age is based on sociobiological concepts. B. Age is related to heredity and genes. C. Age is perceived in a similar manner all over the world. D. Age is based on cultural attitudes that are rooted in a society.

Age is based on cultural attitudes that are rooted in a society.

The social science discipline that concentrates on the study of artifacts, social structure, ideas, values, and forms of communication is ________. A. political science B. social physics C. anthropology D. psychology

Anthropology

The father of sociology, who developed the Philosophy of Positivism, is: A. Emile Durkheim B. Herbert Spencer C. Auguste Comte D. Max Weber

Auguste Comte

At the marketplace, Blossom brings pastries that she bakes to exchange for clothing. David brings chickens to trade for Blossom's pastries. What medium of exchange does this illustrate? A. deposit receipt B. barter C. stored value D. fiat money

Barter

The sociologist responsible for suggesting the connection between history and biography to explain the sociological imagination was ________. A. Talcott Parsons B. Herbert Spencer C. C. Wright Mills D. Emile Durkheim

C. Wright Mills

Which sociologist coined the term power elite? A. C. Wright Mills B. Emile Durkheim C. Talcott Parsons D. Herbert Spencer

C. Wright Mills

The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________. A. George Herbert Mead B. William I. Thomas C. Charles Horton Cooley D. Robert K. Merton

Charles Horton Cooley

Clarisse and Cindy are honor students who conduct themselves in a mature manner at the Christian college they attend in Philadelphia. This year for spring break, they decided to go to Cancun, where they auditioned for the "Girls Gone Wild" video. Which statement best describes the probable reason behind the behavior of Clarisse and Cindy? A. Clarisse and Cindy unintentionally broke a taboo due to the stress, authoritarianism, and strict regime involved in Christian education. B. Clarisse and Cindy considered themselves on a moral holiday, which permitted them to "let their hair down." C. Clarisse and Cindy were evil spirited at heart and their true behavior surfaced in Cancun. D. Clarisse pushed Cindy, or Cindy pushed Clarisse, into violating their Christian norms and deciding to "go wild."

Clarisse and Cindy considered themselves on a moral holiday, which permitted them to "let their hair down."

Which of the following perspectives on race and ethnicity tends to emphasize group tensions between the privileged and the exploited? A. microsociology B. macrosociology C. functionalist D. conflict

Conflict

Which theorist said that our sense of self develops through interaction with others? A. Cooley B. Mead C. Freud D. Piaget

Cooley

The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others is known as: A. ethnocentrism B. discrimination C. exploitation D. cultural relativism

Ethnocentrism

Norms that are strictly enforced are known as: A. sanctions B. folkways C. mores D. taboos

Folkways

What sport did anthropologist Douglas Foley and sociologist Donna Eder examine to illustrate the devaluation of females as a method of motivating men? A. basketball B. football C. military standards D. gang activity

Football

Which of the following statements best describes how most sociologists believe behavioral gender differences develop between men and women? A. Gender differences are based on social factors B. Gender differences are based on genetic dispositions. C. Gender differences are the result of biological differences. D. Gender differences are based on physiological differences

Gender differences are based on social factors

What did Ezekiel suggest as the reason why some people are attracted to racist hate groups? A. They have too much leisure time on their hands. B. They developed group polarization at an early age. C. Hate groups provide some people with a type of meaning in their lives. D. Some people are bored and are drawn to risk-taking behavior.

Hate groups provide some people with a type of meaning in their lives.

According to control theory, when are inner controls most effective in deterring deviant behavior? A. When we fear punishment from authorities such as parents or the court system. B. In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society. C. When they are applied to members of the middle or upper classes. D. In situations where there is a strong police presence.

In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society.

The concept of the relativity of deviance is best illustrated by which of the following statements? A. It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant. B. The nature of one's behavior is the most important aspect in determining deviance. C. Deviance is most related to functionalism because it creates a dysfunction for society. D. Deviance is analogous to mental illness.

It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.

What is the primary criticism leveled against capitalism? A. It produces more products than can be reasonably consumed. B. It leads to severe social inequalities. C. It violates the basic economic law of supply and demand. D. It promotes immorality through conspicuous consumption.

It leads to severe social inequalities.

What is the literal translation of the word charismatic based on its Greek origin? A. It means a nation of laws, not men. B. It means a gift freely and graciously given. C. It means government by the people. D. It means those who are divinely chosen

It means a gift freely and graciously given.

Who developed the theory of prejudice that addressed frustration levels and scapegoats? A. Theodor Adorno B. Talcott Parsons C. John Dollard D. Michael Burawoy

John Dollard

________________ is what we tend to think of as the "average" in statistical data. A. mean B. median C. average D. mode

Mean

Which of the following power styles is the best example of totalitarianism? A. the Bush administration since the passage of the Patriot Act B. Queen Elizabeth II's rule over England and Wales C. tribal rule in villages of the Amazon River Basin D. Nazi Germany and the Gestapo

Nazi Germany and the Gestapo

Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to determining social prestige in modern society? A. Social prestige is based primarily on the wealth one accumulates. B. One's occupational title is the greatest influence in determining social prestige. C. Together wealth and power are the determining factors of social prestige. D. Family lineage is the primary determinant of social prestige.

One's occupational title is the greatest influence in determining social prestige.

Which sociologist is credited with describing violence as "the ultimate foundation of any political order"? A. Herbert Spencer B. W. E. B. Du Bois C. Peter Berger D. Pitirim Sorokin

Peter Berger

The term ________ refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results. A. reliability B. validity C. replication D. duplication

Reliability

Systematic methods used to study the social and natural worlds and the knowledge obtained by those methods is known as: A. sociology B. science C. history D. human experience

Science

In The Scarlet Letter, why was Hester Prynne required to wear a scarlet "A" on her dress? A. Sociologically, this served as a negative sanction and an example of shaming. B. Psychologically, it provided her the opportunity to face what she had become. C. It indicated she was at the head of her class in what she had done. D. It was a "badge of honor" that many other women wished they could achieve.

Sociologically, this served as a negative sanction and an example of shaming.

Which statement regarding the nation's income is most accurate? A. Income earnings are just about evenly divided among all Americans. B. The top two-thirds of Americans earn about two-thirds of the income. C. The top 20 percent of Americans earn nearly half the income. D. The bottom 20 percent of Americans earn about 15 percent of the income.

The top 20 percent of Americans earn nearly half the income.

A statement about how some parts of the world fit together is known as a : A. theory B. prediction C. stereotype D. functionalism

Theory

John and Doug are both full professors in a state university, holding doctorate degrees from Ivy League schools. Both make about the same salary and enjoy a similar sense of prestige in the community and on campus. Based only on this information, what do John and Doug have in common? A. They share the same social location in all respects. B. They have identical social roles. C. They are members of the same social class. D. They share a great deal of social solidarity.

They are members of the same social class.

Jack just received $10,000 in e-cash. By doing so, how did he actually receive the funds? A. They were delivered by messenger in a certified check. B. His bank received a transfer of funds from another bank. C. They were sent to his computer. D. He received cash for his work in the underground economy.

They were sent to his computer.

In the statement, "Poverty causes crime," the words "poverty" and "crime" are best described as ________ because they are subject to change. A. variables B. correlations C. unobtrusive measures D. parametric measures

Variables

Dr. Zak is trying to determine what traits, if any, high-achieving students have that students who do poorly on his exams do not possess. To assess personal information from both groups of students, what research method should Dr. Zak probably use? A. an experimental method B. a survey C. a form of secondary data analysis D. an ethnographic study

a survey

People and groups that influence our self-concept, our emotions, our attitudes, and our behavior are known as: A. resocialization B. agents of socialization C. peer groups D. our family

agents of socialization

Conflict theory emphasizes: A. the exploitation of minorities by dominant groups B. social change C. the redistribution of resources D. all of these

all of these

How have television advertisements and other forms of cultural media typically portrayed the elderly? A. as wise and knowing B. as overprotective and nurturing C. as accomplished and affluent D. as unimportant and stereotyped

as unimportant and stereotyped

"Leading" in court is the same thing as ________________ in sociological research. A. discarding undesirable results B. choosing a biased sample C. asking biased questions D. listing biased choices

asking biased questions

"Leading" in court is the same thing as ________________ in sociological research. A. discarding undesirable results B. choosing a biased sample C. asking biased questions D. listing biased choices

asking biased questions ?

Of the following, which discipline is most appropriately classified as a natural science? A. biology B. economics C. political science D. cultural anthropology

biology

Leaders sometimes have a combination of the ideal types of authority. What two types of authority did the Ayatollah Khomeini most represent? A. charismatic and traditional authority B. charismatic and rational-legal authority C. traditional and rational-legal authority D. rational-legal and coercive authority

charismatic and traditional authority

The eagerness to show wealth by the purchase and visible ownership of goods is called ________. A. open economy B. pure capitalism C. conspicuous consumption D. manifest marketing

conspicuous consumption

Someone who says, "I'm not hurting anybody," is using a technique of neutralization known as: A. condemnation of the condemners B. denial of responsibility C. denial of victim D. denial of injury

denial of injury

Someone who says, "He made me do it," is using a technique of neutralization known as: A. denial of responsibility B. denial of victim C. condemnation of the condemners D. appeal to higher loyalties

denial of responsibility ?

Someone who says, "They deserved what they got," is using a technique of neutralization known as: A. denial of responsibility B. denial of injury C. condemnation of the condemners D. denial of victim

denial of victim

If a researcher is reading diaries to collect information about the attitudes of rape victims, he or she is using ________ to collect the data. A. unstructured interviews B. documents C. dramaturgical analysis D. ethnography

documents

The first goal of each scientific discipline is to ________. A. explain why something happens B. make generalizations about why things happen C. look for patterns when things happen D. predict what will happen in the future

explain why something happens

Which of the following theoretical perspectives tends to emphasize how the multiple parts of society are structured to maintain its stability? A. functionalist theory B. macrosociological theory C. labeling theory D. conflict theory

functionalist theory

A statement that applies to a broader group or situation is known as a: A. theory B. prejudice C. generalization D. stereotype

generalization

An ethnocentric person is one who: A. judges other groups and cultures by the standards of his or her own group B. believes that each culture is equally valid C. believes that prejudice is wrong D. views other cultures as superior

judges other groups and cultures by the standards of his or her own group ?

Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ________. A. objects and events force themselves onto our consciousness B. language creates ways of thinking and perceiving C. symbols are the basis of human relationships D. learning a new language creates cultural diversity

language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

The sociological significance of early development of surplus and trade is that they ________. A. fostered social inequality B. established a new world order C. lowered prices D. eliminated primitive tribes

lowered prices

In a set of statistical data, a(n) ____________ is the number that occurs the most frequently. A. median B. mean C. mode D. average

mode

There are 2 general types of surveys: A. structured and unstructured B. experiments and observations C. questionnaires and polls D. questionnaires and interviews

questionnaires and interviews ?

Which of the following is NOT a theoretical perspective in sociology? A. conflict B. relativist C. functionalist D. symbolic interactionist

relativist ?

Something that is ________________ may not be _____________________. A. valid, reliable B. reliable, reliable C. valid, valid D. reliable, valid

reliable, valid ?

Researchers repeating a study in order to compare their results with the original findings is known as A. validity B. replicability C. reliability D. testing

replicability ?

Systematic methods used to study the social and natural worlds and the knowledge obtained by those methods is known as: A. sociology B. science C. history D. human experience

science

The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________. A. social Darwinism B. positivism C. post-modernism D. social welfare

social Darwinism

Durkheim referred to patterns of behavior that characterize a social group as ________. A. a social profile B. stereotyping C. social integration D. social facts

social facts

Your job, income, gender, education, and age all describe your: A. social location B. social groups C. social perspective D. characteristics

social groups ?

Which of the following theories of deviance is LEAST associated with sociobiology? A. intelligence theory: low intelligence leads to deviant and criminal behavior B. social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers C. XYY" theory: the extra Y chromosome in males causes criminal behavior D. body type theory: people with muscular bodies are prone to be criminals

social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers

When sociologists group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job, and income, they are trying to determine ________. A. social network B. social location C. social personality D. social skills

social location

All of the following statements are accurate in describing gestures, EXCEPT for which one? A. Gestures rely on the use of one's body to communicate with others. B. People in every part of the world use gestures. C. A gesture's meaning may change completely from one culture to another. D. Social scientists have identified many common gestures and agree that gestures are universal.

social scientists have identified many common gestures and agree that gestures are universal.

Explanations for deviance that focus on genetic predispositions to explain why individuals commit deviant acts are most aligned with which discipline? A. sociobiology B. sociology C. psychology D. anthropology

sociobiology

________________________ stresses the social contexts in which people live. A. sociology B. social location C. culture D. sociological perspective

sociological perspective

The relativity of deviance is most aligned with which sociological perspective? A. structural functionalism B. symbolic interactionism C. the conflict perspective D. the neo-conflict perspective

symbolic interactionism

The means by which people value and exchange goods and services is referred to as ________. A. the medium of exchange B. industrialization C. stored value D. the division of labor

the medium of exchange

What did the research by Kohn suggest as being the primary influence upon parents that emphasized how they reared their children? A. the net worth of the family B. the race or ethnicity of the family C. the location in which the family lived D. the parents' occupations

the parents' occupations

What was the term C. Wright Mills used to refer to those who make the big decisions in American society? A. the upper class B. the national security administration C. the power elite D. the capitalists

the power elite

What is the use of objective and systematic observation to test theories, one that is often employed by sociologists? A. the commutation process B. common sense C. the scientific method D. research analysis

the scientific method

Max Weber used the term Verstehen to mean ________. A. to be value free B. to grasp by insight C. to embrace the principles of society D. to need for human companionship

to grasp by insight

_____________ is the same thing as accuracy or correctness; ______________ is the same thing as consistency. A. validity, reliability B. reliability, reliability C. reliability, validity D. validity, validity

validity, reliability ?