SOCI 101 Chapters 4-6
innovators
individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them
ritualists
individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them
revolutionaries
individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own goals using new means
retreatists
individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether
secondary groups
members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary
differential association theory
Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers
deviance
a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction
in-group
a group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward
reference group
a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves
out-group
a group toward which an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility
dyad
a two-person social group
positive deviance
actions considered deviant within a given context but later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic
incapacitation
an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them
stigma
any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction
traditional authority
authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right
legal-rational authority
authority based in laws, rules, and procedures
charismatic authority
authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader
id
basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy
aggregates
people who happen to find themselves together in a particular physical location
category
people who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging
stereotype promise
positive stereotypes lead to positive performance outcomes
coercive power
power that is backed by the threat of force
influential power
power that is supported by persuasion
passing
presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong
deviance avowal
process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates their own labeling process
superego
represents the internalized demands of society
impression management
the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation
stereotype threat
the fear of performing poorly—and confirming stereotypes about their social groups—causes students to perform poorly
self
the individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from others
primary deviance
the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant
generalized other
the perspectives and expectations of a network of others that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior
particular/significant other
the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes
social loafing
the phenomenon in which each individual contributes a little less as more individuals are added to a task
ego
the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and the superego
group cohesion
the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong
social control theory
the stronger one's social bonds, the less likely they are to commit crime
secondary deviance
the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant
groupthink
the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members
social network
the web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual
in-group orientation
among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity
retribution
an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal
primary groups
groups composed of the people who are most important to our sense of self; deeper feelings of belonging
expressive leadership
leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group
instrumental leadership
leadership that is task or goal oriented
tertiary deviance
redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon
looking-glass self
the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us
