SOCI 101 Chapters 4-6

innovators

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them

ritualists

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them

revolutionaries

individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own goals using new means

retreatists

individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether

secondary groups

members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary

differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

deviance

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

in-group

a group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward

reference group

a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves

out-group

a group toward which an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility

dyad

a two-person social group

positive deviance

actions considered deviant within a given context but later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic

incapacitation

an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

stigma

any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction

traditional authority

authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right

legal-rational authority

authority based in laws, rules, and procedures

charismatic authority

authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader

id

basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy

aggregates

people who happen to find themselves together in a particular physical location

category

people who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging

stereotype promise

positive stereotypes lead to positive performance outcomes

coercive power

power that is backed by the threat of force

influential power

power that is supported by persuasion

passing

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong

deviance avowal

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates their own labeling process

superego

represents the internalized demands of society

impression management

the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation

stereotype threat

the fear of performing poorly—and confirming stereotypes about their social groups—causes students to perform poorly

self

the individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from others

primary deviance

the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

generalized other

the perspectives and expectations of a network of others that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior

particular/significant other

the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes

social loafing

the phenomenon in which each individual contributes a little less as more individuals are added to a task

ego

the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and the superego

group cohesion

the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong

social control theory

the stronger one's social bonds, the less likely they are to commit crime

secondary deviance

the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

groupthink

the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members

social network

the web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual

in-group orientation

among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity

retribution

an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

primary groups

groups composed of the people who are most important to our sense of self; deeper feelings of belonging

expressive leadership

leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group

instrumental leadership

leadership that is task or goal oriented

tertiary deviance

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon

looking-glass self

the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us