Social Change

Social movements

A large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change

collective gesticulation

Body parts forming symbols

Collective verbalization

Collective and simultaneous participation in a speech or a song

Occupy Wall Street

Name of the original protest that launched the populist, anti-Wall Street "Occupy" movement in late 2010 and early 2011. Youthful radicals pitched tents and occupied Zuccotti Park in New York's financial district beginning in September 2010 to protest inequality and corporate political power. This demonstration inspired similar occupations in many other cities.

Collective vocalization

Sounds or noises made collectively

value-added theory

a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur

Ecofeminism

a pluralistic, nonhierarchical, relationship-oriented philosophy that suggests how humans could reconceive themselves and their relationships to nature in nondominating ways as an alternative to patriarchal systems of domination

diagnostic framing

a the social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner

new social movement theory

a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories

Alternative movements

are focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior. These include trends like transcendental meditation or a macrobiotic diet

acting crowds

crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal

Expressive crowds

crowds who share opportunities to express emotions

Bridging

describes a "bridge" that connects uninvolved individuals and unorganized or ineffective groups with social movements that, though structurally unconnected, nonetheless share similar interests or goals.

Convergence clusters

family and friends who travel together

motivational framing

is the call to action: what should you do once you agree with the diagnostic frame and believe in the prognostic frame? These frames are action-oriented. In the gay marriage movement, a call to action might encourage you to vote "no" on Proposition 8 in California (a move to limit marriage to male-female couples), or conversely, to contact your local congressperson to express your viewpoint that marriage should be restricted to malefemale couples.

flash mobs (smart mobs)

large, geographically dispersed groups connected only by communications technology, quickly drawn together to perform collective action

resource mobilization theory

model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources

Reform Movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

Revolutionary movements

movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society

Religious/Redemptive movements

movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals

collective behavior

noninstitutionalized activity in which several or many people voluntarily engage. Other examples are a group of commuters traveling home from work and a population of teens adopting a favorite singer's hairstyle. In short, collective behavior is any group behavior that is not mandated or regulated by an institution. There are three primary forms of collective behavior: the crowd, the mass, and the public.

frame alignment process

occurs—an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to the movement.

existing social movement sector

the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals

social change

the transformation of culture and social institutions over time

Emergent norm theory

theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters in promoting new behavioral norms

crowd

A larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends.

amplification models

A little attention is paid to everything, but a small number of items undergo "amplification" i.e., more attention is paid to them.

Convergent orientation

Group all facing the same direction

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.

collective manipulation

Objects collectively moved around

Collective locomotion

The direction and rate of movement to the event

Modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.

assembling perspective

a theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action

public

on the other hand, is an unorganized, relatively diffused group of people who share ideas, such as the Libertarian political party.

Conventional crowds

people who come together for a scheduled event and share a common focus

Transformation

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Casual crowds

relatively large gathering of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time

mass

s is a relatively large number of people with a common interest, though they may not be in close proximity

Framing Analysis

selecting aspects of some perceived reality and making the more salient in a communications text, defining a problem

extension

social movements agree to mutually promote each other, even when the two social movement organization's goals don't necessarily relate to each other's immediate goals.

Prognostic framing

social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation

social movement industry

the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals

Resistance movements

those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure The Ku Klux Klan, the Minutemen, and pro-life movements fall into this category