Social Movements Final Exam

cultural defense

"traditional Christian" morality and conservative social values; symbolically charged issues that mobilize large numbers of activists into right-wing movements are opposition to abortion and homosexuality, and support gun rights.

Stonewall Rebellion

(1969) Uprising in support of equal rights for gay people sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York. The rebellion led to rise in activism and militancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 1960s.

social movement organization (SMO)

1. an organization whose primary activities are designed to facilitate the attainment of the goals of a social movement. 2. a bounded entity of individuals who have come together because of a shared goal concerning one or more mobilizing grievances.

11 types of repression used by authorities against soc. movements

1. direct violence 2. harassment 3. public prosecutions 4. mass media manipulation 5. mass media deprecation 6. disinformation 7. employment deprivation 8. surveillance and break-ins 9. infiltration and use of agents provocateurs 10. extraordinary rules and laws 11. destruction or confiscation

What 2 key conditions must be present for backfire to occur?

1. it has to be communicated to the public 2. it has to be perceived as unjust by the public

4 main dimensions of political opportunities

1. political openness 2. shifting political alignments 3. presence of influential allies 4. declining repression

5 elements of Snow & Soule's definition of a social movement

1. social movements challenge or defend structures or systems of authority 2. collective actors 3. extra-institutional challenges 4. organized activities 5. some temporal continuity

systems of authority

1. structural SOA: government, corporations, universities, religious institutions 2. cultural SOA: hegemonic/ dominant beliefs. ex. American dream, nuclear

social movement organizational field (multi-organizational field)

1. the set of organizations that share overlapping constituencies and interests. 2. all other organizations to which SMO's are linked, whether in a facilitative or antagonistic manner.

ACT-UP

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) is an international, grassroots political group working to end the AIDS pandemic. The group works to improve the lives of people with AIDS through direct action, medical research, treatment and advocacy, and working to change legislation and public policies.

Earth First!

Earth First!, radical environmental group focused on the protection of wilderness and wildlife. Earth First! was formed in 1980 as an alternative to mainstream environmental organizations such as the Sierra Club and the Wilderness Society. Those groups were seen as too moderate and too willing to sacrifice the protection of some wild areas in order to make deals with politicians. In contrast, Earth First! adopted the slogan, "No compromise in defense of Mother Earth."

Greenpeace

Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity" and focuses its campaigning on worldwide issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic engineering, and anti-nuclear issues.

backfire

However in some cases, violent repression, rather than demobilizing a nonviolent challenge, results in more widespread mobilization and support for the challenge.

mobilizing structures

Informal or formal networks, groups, or organizational vehicles through which social movements recruit people and organize collective action

National Organization for Women

The National Organization for Women (NOW) was established by a group of feminists who were dedicated to actively challenging sex discrimination in society. Largest organization for feminists

free spaces

The small-scale settings of a community or movement settings beyond the surveillance and control of authorities that are frequented by activists. 1. Quasi-public places: coffeehouses, bars, parks, lounges 2. Private Places: one's home, apartment, office 3. Geographical areas outside the control of authorities, such as jungles or mountainous regions.

consciousness raising group

a form of activism, popularized by US feminists in the late 1960's. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus the attention of a wider group on some cause or condition.

counter movements

a movement that arises in response to an already mobilized movement

protest cycle (cycle of contention)

a period of heightened conflict when a number of social movements are mobilized and engage in collective action

"the personal is political" frame

a political argument used as a rallying slogan of student movement and second-wave feminism in the late 1960's. It underscored the connections between personal experience and larger social and political structures.

collective identity

a sense of shared experiences, statuses, or values that emotionally connects individuals to a cause and promoted political empowerment

repertoire of collective action

a set of protest tactics that are known to a population in a given time and place

People who believe in a cause and want to see a social movement attain its goals, but who do not actually participate or contribute to the social movement are: a. adherents b. conscience constituents c. revolutionaries d. constitients

a. adherents

A period of heightened conflict when a number of social movements are mobilized and engaged in collective action is a a. protest cycle b. collective action frame c. repertoires of collective action d. mobilizing structures

a. protest cycle

"rights" is a master frame used by social movements a. true b. false

a. true

political opportunities

aspects of the political environment that encourage people to press their claims and engage in collective action

Which theory assumes that social movements are the result of micro level psychological disturbances that have been brought about by macro level social change? a. political process b. mass society c. resource mobilization d. new social movement

b. mass society

Which theory focuses on social movements with post material values, such as peace and environmentalism? a. mass society b. new social movement c. political process d. relative deprivation

b. new social movement

What type of movement comes later in a protest cycle and is modeled on earlier movements? a. initiator movement b. spinoff movement c. revolutionary movement d. expressive movement

b. spinoff movement

a sense of shared experiences and values connecting individuals to a social movement and promoting political empowerment is a a. mobilizing grievances b. political opportunities c. collective identity d. mobilization

c. collective identity

Informal or formal networks, groups or organizations through which social movements mobilize resources, recruit people, and organize collective action are a. collective action frames b. repertoires of collective action c. mobilizing structures d. mobilizing grievances

c. mobilizing structures

aspects of the political environment that facilitates social movement emergence and success are: a. repertoires of collective action b. collective action frames c. political opportunities d. collective identities

c. political opportunities

Which theory prominent in the 1960s assumed that the root of protest and rebellion was the gap between what people think they deserve and what they actually get? a. mass society b. new social movement c. relative deprivation d. political process

c. relative deprivation

Limited sets of protest tactics that are known to a population in a given time and place are a. collective action frames b. collective identities c. repertoires of collective action d. mobilizing structures

c. repertoires of collective action

initiator movements

comes early in a cycle of contention & demonstrates to others that certain protest tactics can be used effectively

New Right

counter movement to the New Left mobilizing structure: christian churches significance: supported the election of Reagan -promoted deregulation of the economy -fairness doctrine was eliminated

Which of the following was the initiator movement of the 1960's protest cycle in the US? a. Women's movement b. Anti Vietnam War movement c. Right wing movement d. Civil Rights movement

d. Civil Rights movement

a social movement is: a. an organization that has a political agenda b. an organization that sells things to accumulate capital c. a form of conventional politics, along with voting and lobbying d. a collective, organized, and sustained effort to promote or resist social change occurring partially or entirely outside of institutional political channels

d. a collective, organized, and sustained effort to promote or resist social change occurring partially or entirely outside of institutional political channels

a social movement organization is: a. a formal organization whose main goal is to maximize profits b. an organization composed of many volunteers c. an organization composed of idealistic young people d. an organization whose primary activities are designed to facilitate the attainment of a social movement's goals

d. an organization whose primary activities are designed to facilitate the attainment of a social movement's goals

The process whereby a social movement organization acquires control over resources is called: a. political opportunities b. collective identities c. collective action frames d. mobilization

d. mobilization

Shared grievances among groups or categories of people that are felt to be sufficiently serious to warrant collective demands and action are: a. individual, everyday grievances b. resource mobilization c. mobilizing structures d. mobilizing grievances

d. mobilizing grievances

which theory emphasizes meso level factors, such as organization and resources, in its explanation of a social movement? a. mass society b. new social movement c. relative deprivation d. resource mobilization

d. resource mobilization

Tea Party Movement

emerged during Obama's first year in office. movement made up of local groups. imp. mobilizing structure: internet composed of a number of loosely connected organizations opposition to the health-care reform promotion of gun rights

social movement sector

encompasses all SMO's and SMI's

status politics

fear that one's social status is declining due to the extension of rights and opportunities to previously marginalized groups, such as African Americans, women, LGBTQ+ people, etc.

mobilizing grievances

grievances that are shared among groups or categories of people and that are felt to be sufficiently serious to warrant collective complaint and collective action are necessary but not sufficient condition for the emergence of a social movement.

feminism

has to do with a perspective for understanding and challenging patriarchal gender relations; the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.

collective action frame

interpretations of issues and events that legitimate and inspire collective action

spinoff movements

is molded on or based off of earlier movements

"climate change" frame

overall frame used by environmental movements emphasize economic costs or benefits, heighten partisan or ideological conflict, emphasize or downplay scientific uncertainty, etc.

conventional (or institutional) political action

political acts that occur within the existing laws of society; legal ex. voting, lobbying, signing petitions, etc.

mobilization

the process whereby a SMO acquires control over resources

social movement industry (SMI)

the set of SMO's that work toward change in the same basic issue area ex. feminism, human rights, right-wing causes

resources

things that social movements mobilize and deploy to advance their interests

violent political action

unconventional or extra-institutional; illegal violent action ex: riots, political assassinations, assault, bombing

nonviolent political action

unconventional/extra-institutional; do not involve violence; may be legal or illegal ex: civil disobedience, sit-in, walk-out, strike