social psy ch 9 pt 2
When it comes to helping others, how do humans compare other animals? A) Humans help both kin and non-kin, while other animals tend to help kin only. B) Humans help tend to help kin only, while other animals tend to help kin and non-kin. C) Both humans and other animals help kin and non-kin. D) Both humans and other animals tend to help kin but not non-kin.
Humans help both kin and non-kin, while other animals tend to help kin only.
Conformity is more likely in larger groups than in smaller groups. (True or False)
true
Someone who is high on the dimension of belief in a just world would be MOST likely to agree with which statement? A) "Without strict laws and regulations, society would be chaotic." B) "Unless our justice system begins to treat people more fairly, society as a whole is going to lose faith in it and begin to deteriorate." C) "People who are in jail right now deserve to be there." D) "It is important to treat others how you yourself would want to be treated by them."
"People who are in jail right now deserve to be there."
Suppose that Eli has a strong belief in a just world, and that he is just like other people who have a strong belief in a just world. How should we expect him to respond when he is asked what he thinks about a new social welfare program to benefit the elderly? A) "That sounds great; I support anything that helps others!" B) "That sounds great; when I am old I want to have those benefits." C) "That sounds like a farce and I do not support it; the elderly's plight is their own fault." D) "That sounds great; the more laws we can implement to help others, the better!"
"That sounds like a farce and I do not support it; the elderly's plight is their own fault."
________________ is going along with the crowd.
Conformity
________________ refers to instances in which each person in a group does his or her part, and together they work toward a common goal.
Cooperation
In terms of your willingness to offer help to others, audience inhibition can be an obstacle to which of the following? A) Deciding whether or not to help B) Interpreting an event as an emergency C) Seeing yourself as responsible for helping D) Noticing an event
Deciding whether or not to help
________________ helping occurs when a helper seeks to increase his or her own welfare by helping another.
Egoistic
Given the research on gender and helping, in which of the following situations would women be most likely to help more than men? A) Calling an ambulance after witnessing a dog attack a group of young boys B) Helping a child who is trapped in an elevator C) Helping to plan a family vacation D) Giving spare change to a homeless person
Helping to plan a family vacation
In general, when it comes to helping others, males tend to be more helpful than females in many situations. In which of the following situations are males probably NOT more helpful? A) Helping a stranger who rides his bike directly into a stop sign by calling for an ambulance B) Helping to evacuate a museum after an imminent bomb threat is announced by running through the museum halls and calling out to people C) Helping a group of strangers who are trying to unload large ski equipment from their car by volunteering to hold doors open for them D) Helping to teach an autistic child to read by volunteering on an ongoing, weekly basis at a local facility
Helping to teach an autistic child to read by volunteering on an ongoing, weekly basis at a local facility
In general, in which of the following situations are women more likely to offer help than men? A) In close relationships B) Toward strangers C) In emergency situations D) In public (when onlookers are present)
In close relationships
In one well-known study of helping behavior, researchers examined helping among a sample of theology students. Students were either (a) put under time pressure or not put under time pressure and (b) expecting to give a speech about the parable of the (very helpful) Good Samaritan or expecting to give a speech about something else. What did the researchers find? A) In this study, helping was not affected by time pressure. B) In this study, helping was not affected by the speech manipulation. C) In this study, helping was not affected by time pressure or by the speech manipulation. D) Helping was highest among the low-time-pressure, Good Samaritan group.
In this study, helping was not affected by the speech manipulation.
Suppose that you are walking to work, alone, and you notice a spooky man crawling on the ground alongside a building, holding a gun. He is clearly up to no good. In which of the following cases would you be MOST likely to do something about it (such as call 9-1-1)? A) No one else around and you are in a rush. B) No one else around and you are NOT in a rush. C) A lot of other people are around and you are in a rush. D) A lot of other people are around and you are NOT in a rush.
No one else around and you are NOT in a rush.
In one well-known study on empathy, participants were given the option of (a) leaving the study, or (b) switching places with a confederate who was receiving random electrical shocks but was very upset by them (because of a negative childhood experience she had with electricity). Participants were given this option after having been told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate or after having been told that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate. What were the results of this study? A) Virtually all participants agreed to switch places with the confederate-regardless of the similarity manipulation. B) Virtually all participants elected to leave the study-regardless of the similarity manipulation. C) Participants were more likely to switch places if they were told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate. D) Participants were more likely to switch places if they were told that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate.
Participants were more likely to switch places if they were told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate.
In general, how does mood affect helping? A) People in good moods tend to be more helpful. B) People in bad moods tend to be more helpful. C) People in good moods tend to be more helpful in non-emergencies, while people in bad moods tend to be more helpful in emergencies. D) People in good moods tend to be more helpful in emergencies, while people in bad moods tend to be more helpful in non-emergencies.
People in good moods tend to be more helpful.
As discussed in the text, when people encounter situations in which their help might be needed, there are five major steps they pass through before ultimately deciding to render help (or not render help). At which step(s) can the presence of others interfere (and reduce the likelihood of helping)? A) Steps 1, 2, and 3 (noticing the situation, interpreting the situation as an emergency, and taking responsibility) B) Step 3 (taking responsibility for providing help) C) Steps 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (noticing the situation, interpreting the situation as an emergency, and taking responsibility, deciding how to help, and helping) D) Steps 1, 3, and 4 (noticing the situation, taking responsibility, and deciding how to help)
Steps 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (noticing the situation, interpreting the situation as an emergency, and taking responsibility, deciding how to help, and helping)
Much of the time, people engage in altruistic behavior because doing so makes them feel good. Is it correct to conclude, then, that altruistic acts are fundamentally selfish? Or should such acts be considered altruistic despite their seemingly selfish motives? What do the textbook authors conclude about this? A) Such acts are best thought of as selfish (ego-driven). B) Such acts are best thought of as helpful (driven by social conscience). C) Such acts are best thought of as selfish AND helpful. Indeed, instead of pitting these drives against one another, the authors are positive about the evolution of these acts in general. D) Such acts are best thought of as selfish (ego-driven) UNLESS they involve clear self-sacrifices.
Such acts are best thought of as selfish AND helpful. Indeed, instead of pitting these drives against one another, the authors are positive about the evolution of these acts in general.
Research indicates that there are a number of ways to increase helping. Which of the following is NOT one of these? A) Telling people to "go with their gut" when deciding whether or not to help B) Educating people about some of the obstacles to helping C) Providing people with live models of helpful behavior D) Providing people with filmed models of helpful behavior
Telling people to "go with their gut" when deciding whether or not to help
In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate ("Elaine") receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate (similar group), or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate (dissimilar group). After the first two trials had been completed, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate-she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. Which group almost never agreed to switch places? A) The 10-trial high-similarity group B) The 10-trial low-similarity group C) The two-trial high-similarity group D) The two-trial low-similarity group
The two-trial low-similarity group
Much of the time, people engage in altruistic behaviors because doing so makes them feel good. Is it correct to conclude, then, that altruistic acts are fundamentally selfish at their core? What do social psychologists generally conclude? A) They are split on the issue. B) In general, they believe that genuine altruism DOES NOT exist. C) In general, they believe that genuine altruism DOES exist. D) In general, they believe that genuine altruism DOES exist-though a small minority (mainly those working within evolutionary psychology) believe that it DOES NOT exist.
They are split on the issue.
In one well-known study of helping behavior, researchers examined helping among a sample of theology students. The students were either (a) under time pressure or not put under time pressure and (b) expecting to give a speech about the parable of the (very helpful) Good Samaritan or expecting to give a speech about something else. Which students turned out to be the most helpful? A) Those who were not in a hurry-regardless of the speech manipulation B) Those who were expecting to give a speech about the parable of the Good Samaritan-regardless of the time pressure manipulation C) Those who were not in a hurry and were expecting to give a speech about the parable of the Good Samaritan D) Those who were in a hurry and were expecting to give a speech about the parable of the Good Samaritan
Those who were not in a hurry-regardless of the speech manipulation
Under what circumstances are attractive victims more likely to receive help than unattractive victims? A) Under all circumstances-regardless of the helper's gender and regardless of the victim's gender B) Only when the helper is male C) Only when the victim is female D) Only when the helper is male AND the victim is female
Under all circumstances-regardless of the helper's gender and regardless of the victim's gender
If a bus full of mixed-sex beautiful people crashed into a bus full of mixed-sex unattractive people, would the beautiful group be more likely to receive top-notch help? A) Yes-regardless of the circumstances B) Only if the helpers are mostly male C) Only if the crash is major (a real emergency) D) Only if the crash is minor (a non-emergency)
Yes-regardless of the circumstances
Research on the influence of physical attractiveness and helping indicates that people are more likely to help ________________ individuals than they are ________________ individuals.
attractive, ugly
The tendency for people to believe that the world is essentially a fair place-that people usually get what they deserve and deserve what they get-is known as ____. A) authoritarianism B) the reciprocity norm C) belief in a just world D) rule of law
belief in a just world
Blaming the victim is an unfortunate consequence of the ________________ assumption.
belief in just a world
Compared to people who do not have a strong belief in a just world, people who do have a strong belief in a just world are MORE likely to ____. A) show a tendency to help attractive victims more than unattractive victims B) blame victims for their plight C) help others in emergency situations D) help others in both emergency situations and non-emergency situations
blame victims for their plight
Research shows that playing violent video games tends to ____. A) decrease empathy B) increase empathy C) have no effect on empathy D) increase empathy only among individuals who are low in empathy to begin with
decrease empathy
People who live in New York City have a reputation for being rough and tough; there are stories of people who have fallen and hurt themselves on major city streets simply being stepped over by passerby. While it may well be the case that New Yorkers are less sensitive to others' needs than non-city dwellers, it could also be that they are more prone to engage in ________________ when someone has fallen down on the street. For example, passersby may well assume that their help is not needed, as someone else may well have already called for help or be calling for help very soon.
diffusion of responsibility
You are driving to school and notice that there is an injured dog lying on the side of the road-presumably the victim of a hit-and-run. You are in a very busy part of town, however, so you decide that your help probably isn't needed (someone else will attend to the dog and call for help, if they haven't already). Social psychologists would say that ____ prevented you from helping in this case. A) belief in a just world B) diffusion of responsibility C) the Good Samaritan effect D) the commons dilemma
diffusion of responsibility
Being able to feel another person's pain best describes which term? A) egoism B) reciprocity C) volunteerism D) empathy
empathy
The notion that "feeling another's pain" motivates us to help others is called the ____. A) negative state relief hypothesis B) empathy-altruism hypothesis C) reciprocity hypothesis D) upward helping hypothesis
empathy-altruism hypothesis
If a workgroup operates under the ________________ norm, then each person in the group will be rewarded in direct proportion to the amount that he or she contributed.
equity
Equity is another word for equality; the equity norm and the equality norm are the same thing. (True or False)
false
Forgiveness is beneficial to the person receiving it, but not to the person doing the forgiving. (True or False)
false
If a society has law, regardless of how well they are obeyed, it is said to be under the rule of law. (True or False)
false
In general, people make moral decisions based on principles. (True or False)
false
Richard is having a seizure in the back of the classroom. His classmates look around at each other, unsure of how to react. As they watch each other doing nothing, they shrug and go about packing up for the next class, assuming that nothing must be wrong because no one else reacted as if it were an emergency. Their reactions illustrate diffusion of responsibility. (True or False)
false
The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that people who routinely engage in altruistic behavior gradually become more and more empathetic to others. (True or False)
false
The first step to helping behavior is overcoming pluralistic ignorance. (True or False)
false
When Milgram surveyed psychiatrists prior to conducting his famous "obedience to authority" studies, the psychiatrists predicted that about 60% of participants would deliver the most severe shocks. (True or False)
false
You are more likely to receive help on a crowded street corner than a lightly populated corner. (True or False)
false
According to the text, altruism as a personality characteristic appears to ____. A) have a genetic component B) develop starting at around age six (but be completely absent before) C) be completely absent in non-human animals (i.e., all non-human animals show more or less equal levels of altruism) D) develop starting at around age 12 (but be completely absent before)
have a genetic component
Research on gender and helping indicates that male helpers tend to ____, and that female helpers tend to ____. A) help males more than females; help females more than males B) help males and females equally; help females more than males C) help females more than males; do the same D) help females more than males; help males more than females
help females more than males; do the same
Research indicates that male and female helping behavior in the "spring break" situation is ____. A) rare, but can happen B) unlikely to occur C) highly similar in purpose D) highly dissimilar in purpose
highly dissimilar in purpose
Suppose that you are in an emergency situation and need help. Social psychological research suggests that your best bet is to ____. A) try to move to a more crowded area where many people will see you B) identify a particular person, tell him or her that you need help, and tell him or her precisely what to do C) repeatedly say the words "help" or "I need help" so that there is no ambiguity about the nature of the situation D) simply scream at the top of your lungs until someone helps you
identify a particular person, tell him or her that you need help, and tell him or her precisely what to do
Research demonstrates that people are more likely to engage in kin selection ____. A) in life-or-death situations as opposed to everyday situations B) in everyday situations as opposed to life-or-death situations C) when they are in a good mood rather than a bad mood D) when they are in a bad mood rather than a good mood
in life-or-death situations as opposed to everyday situations
According to the text, when it comes to helping others, females tend to be more helpful than males A) in emergency situations B) in situations that require repeated contact over long periods of time C) when the victim is a stranger D) when the victim is a child
in situations that require repeated contact over long periods of time
In evolutionary theory, the tendency for people to help others who share their genes is known as ________________.
kin selection
In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate ("Elaine") receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate (similar group), or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate (dissimilar group). After the first two trials had been completed, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate-she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. The researchers found that, in the dissimilar group, ____ agreed to switch places. A) virtually no one B) many people in the 10-trial group but virtually no one in the two-trial group C) many people in both the 10-trial group and the two-trial group D) virtually everyone
many people in the 10-trial group but virtually no one in the two-trial group
The term ____ refers to the extent to which all people are treated as ingroup members. A) group incorporation B) principled conduct C) in-group inclusiveness D) moral inclusion
moral inclusion
Compared to young chimpanzees, human toddlers are ___. A) more likely to display empathy and more likely to try to help strangers B) more likely to display empathy but less likely to try to help strangers C) less likely to display empathy but more likely to try to help strangers D) less likely to display empathy and less likely to try to help strangers
more likely to display empathy and more likely to try to help strangers
Research on gender and helping indicates that female helpers are ____. A) more likely to help males than females B) more likely to help females than males C) equally likely to help males and females D) more likely to help females as children, but more likely to help males as adults
more likely to help females than males
Suppose that, one day, a fierce and crazy lion broke loose from the zoo. Instead of running around wildly, however, the lion calmed himself down rather quickly, walked through the crowds at the zoo, exited the facility, and made his way to a local park; here he stretched out to do some child-watching. People in the park were confused by the sudden presence of the lion. They thought to themselves: "Isn't that a lion?" "Um, is it really dangerous to have a lion right here?" However, none of them voiced their concerns, and as a result there was no communication about the lion; the park-goers ultimately assumed that there was a reason for the lion to be there ("otherwise," they thought, "someone would have said something"). And the lion ended up staying at the park for several hours. In this example, ____ was most at play. A) the bystander effect B) pluralistic ignorance C) diffusion of responsibility D) the commons dilemma
pluralistic ignorance
Two ways to increase helping behavior are to educate others and ________________.
provide helping models
When helping is altruistically motivated, people will try to ____. A) ignore the suffering of others B) escape having to see the suffering of others C) reduce the suffering of others D) make themselves feel better by doing something fun
reduce the suffering of others
Research on gender and helping indicates that ____ A) regardless of whether helpers are male or female, females are more likely to receive help than males B) when helpers are male, females are more likely to receive help than males; when helpers are female, females and males are equally likely to receive help C) when helpers are male, females are more likely to receive help than males; when helpers are female, males are more likely to receive help D) when helpers are male, females and males are equally likely to receive help; when helpers are female, females are more likely to receive help than males
regardless of whether helpers are male or female, females are more likely to receive help than males
People who are physically attractive tend to receive more help than people who aren't ____. A) if they are female (but not if they are male) B) if the helper is male (but not if the helper is female) C) if they are female and the helper is male OR if they are male and the helper is female (but not otherwise) D) regardless of whether they are male or female, and regardless of whether the helper is male or female
regardless of whether they are male or female, and regardless of whether the helper is male or female
If laws do not exist or are widely disobeyed, ________________ is said to be lacking.
rule of law
As discussed in the text, social psychologists who study altruism have found that people who are altruistic tend to ____ compared to people who are not altruistic. A) score almost exactly the same on basic personality measures B) show higher levels of empathy and be more likely to endorse tolerance and equity C) score slightly lower on self-esteem measures D) score slightly higher on self-esteem measures
show higher levels of empathy and be more likely to endorse tolerance and equity
Research on who helps whom indicates that ____. A) dissimilar people are motivated to help each other if the dissimilarity is an internal characteristic B) similar people are motivated to help each other regardless of the type of similarity C) similar people, especially when the similarities are outwardly obvious, are motivated to help each other D) similarity does not impact the motivation to help
similar people, especially when the similarities are outwardly obvious, are motivated to help each other
Both pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility contribute to ____. A) the bystander effect B) the tendency for people to fail to notice that situations are emergencies C) the commons dilemma D) belief in a just world
the bystander effect
In social psychology, the story of Kitty Genovese's murder has been closely linked with the study of ____. A) the bystander effect B) the prisoner's dilemma C) the commons dilemma D) conformity
the bystander effect
In social psychology, the tendency for people to be less likely to offer help when they are in the presence of others than when they aren't is known as ____. A) the Good Samaritan effect B) the bystander effect C) diffusion of responsibility D) pluralistic ignorance
the bystander effect
In one well-known study on empathy, participants were required to watch a confederate ("Elaine") receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch her receive 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to Elaine's (similarity group), or that their values and interests were different from Elaine's (non-similarity group). After the first two trials were completed, participants were told that Elaine was unusually upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience related to electricity. Participants were asked whether they would be willing to switch places with Elaine. In this study, the 10-trial versus two-trial instruction was designed as a manipulation of ____, and the similar versus dissimilar information was designed to be a manipulation of ____. A) shared experience; empathy B) shared experience; identification C) the ease of escaping the situation; empathy D) the ease of escaping the situation; identification
the ease of escaping the situation; empathy
According to evolutionary theory, people are more likely to help siblings (with whom they share roughly half of their genes) than cousins (with whom they share roughly one-eighth of their genes), and more likely to help cousins than strangers. Research demonstrates that, in reality, ____. A) people are more likely to help family members than non-family members, but no more likely to help siblings than cousins B) people are more likely to help siblings than cousins, but no more likely to help cousins than strangers C) people are no more likely to help family members than non-family members D) this pattern by and large holds true
this pattern by and large holds true
The political scientist Robert Axelrod once held a computer tournament designed to determine the most successful prisoner's dilemma strategy (the strategy that would win most often for the longest period of time). The winning strategy was called ________________.
tit-for-tat
According to evolutionary theory on kin selection, monozygotic (identical) twins should help one another more than dizygotic (fraternal) twins. (True or False)
true
Compared to people in good moods, people in bad moods do not tend to be especially helpful to others. This seems to be the case in particular when their bad mood is focused inward (i.e., when they are thinking about themselves). (True or False)
true
In Axelrod's computer tournament, tit-for-tat emerged as the strategy to earn players the most points. (True or False)
true
In general, people are more likely to help others who appear to be similar to them than others who appear to be different from them. (True or False)
true
Many people try to appear to be moral (like an actor playing a role) while quietly being selfish. (True or False)
true
Modeling helpful behavior can promote helping behavior equally well whether it is a live model or a televised model. (True or False)
true
Yesi is working on a group project. Because her project partners are somewhat greedy, she is concerned that she will not get the credit she deserves for her work. That is, she is concerned about being ________________.
underbenefited
In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate ("Elaine") receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate (similar group), or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate (dissimilar group). After the first two trials had been completed, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate-she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. The researchers found that, in the similar group, ____ agreed to switch places. A) virtually everyone B) virtually everyone in the 10-trial group but only some in the two-trial group C) virtually everyone in the 10-trial group but virtually no one in the two-trial group D) equal numbers of people (a little more than half) in both the two-trial group and the 10-trial group
virtually everyone
In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate receive 10 full trials of electric shocks. They were told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate, or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate. After the first two trials had been conducted, participants were then either given no escape (had to watch the full 10 trials) or easy escape (allowed to leave and not watch the full 10 trials). After the first two trials, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate, as she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. The researchers found that ____ agreed to switch places. A) virtually everyone in the similar group (regardless of escape level) and half of the people in the dissimilar/no escape group B) most of the people in the similar group (regardless of escape level) but almost none of the people in the dissimilar/no escape group C) virtually everyone in the similar/no escape group and virtually everyone in the dissimilar/easy escape group D) virtually no one in the similar group/no escape and virtually no one in the dissimilar/easy escape group
virtually everyone in the similar group (regardless of escape level) and half of the people in the dissimilar/no escape group
Pluralistic ignorance is MOST likely to occur ____. A) when you are alone B) when you are with a group of friends C) when you are with a close partner D) when you are with a group of strangers
when you are with a group of strangers
As discussed in the textbook, "spring break sex" (low-commitment sex) often represents a "good deal" for men and a "bad deal" for women. Interestingly, both men and women tend to travel in same-sex packs during spring break. Moreover, ____. A) while men do things to try to help each other succeed at engaging in sex, women do things to help each other avoid engaging in any (regrettable) sex B) while men do things to try to help each other succeed at engaging in sex, women DO NOT do things to help each other avoid engaging in any (regrettable) sex C) while men compete with each other and ultimately hurt one another's odds in terms of succeeding at engaging in sex, women help each other try to avoid engaging in any (regrettable) sex D) while men compete with each other and ultimately hurt one another's odds in terms of succeeding at engaging in sex, and women DO NOT do things to help each other avoid engaging in any (regrettable) sex
while men do things to try to help each other succeed at engaging in sex, women do things to help each other avoid engaging in any (regrettable) sex
