Social Psych: Chapter 12 (Prosocial Behavior), Social Psych Final Chap 11, Social Psych Exam #2 Ch.11, Social Psychology Exam 4, Social Psych Exam 4 SCCC

Robbing a bank because you need money is an example of a. proactive aggression. b. emotional aggression. c. institutional aggression. d. reactive aggression.

A

GENERAL AGGRESSION MODEL

Input variables aversive experiences (frustration,, provocation,heat) situation cues (guns, tv violence) individual differences (hostility,empathy,attitudes) LEAD TO: affect arousal cognitions which leads to higher order thinking (interpretation of situation, other's motives own affect) which leads to AGGRESSION

What kind of aggression is most characteristic of schoolyard bullies?

Instrumental

Self-defense classes for children teach children that are approached by strangers to shout, "I don't know you! You're not my dad!" if the stranger attempts to grab them. According to the material in the text, why is this response preferable to shouting only, "Help! Let me go!"

It changes the cost of helping and the cost of not helping.

In what sense can aggression be considered an adaptive response to the environment?

It led to social dominance for males, which increased sexual access.

What function does the Just World Belief serve?

It protects people from realizing that they might experience misfortune.

Which of the following is not a feature of societies where reciprocal helping is likely to develop?

Low costs and benefits of helping

Regarding self-esteem and aggression, which of the following is false?

Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression.

Parents who use physical punishment serve as..

aggressive models for kids and increase kids aggression

A reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression is called a. catharsis. b. displacement. c. rumination. d. cultivation.

A

According to your text, the fact that groping schoolgirls on the train in Japan is not uncommon illustrates that a. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children differs across cultures. b. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children is consistent across cultures. c. collectivist cultures are hypersexualized. d. collectivist cultures are repressed sexually.

A

Aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end is known as a. proactive aggression. b. reactive aggression. c. emotional aggression. d. relational aggression.

A

Alcohol narrows people's focus of attention. This phenomenon is called a. alcohol myopia. b. alcohol hostility. c. alcohol aggression. d. alcohol blindness.

A

Aleta gets extremely drunk. Given the research on alcohol and aggression, which of the following is unlikely to happen? a. She will be more aggressive if she tends to be high in aggressiveness than if she tends to be generally non-aggressive. b. She will be more aggressive under the influence of alcohol than she is sober. c. She will fail to be as attentive to mitigating information when she is drunk. d. She will feel less anxious and thus will feel less inhibited about behaving aggressively.

A

An attorney has a copy of a videotape that shows her client being beaten very violently by two men. Her client is suing these men. The jury has already seen this video several times during the trial, and the attorney is considering showing it many more times. However, an expert social psychologist should warn the attorney that replaying the videotaped beating many more times may reduce the likelihood of winning a large amount of money because the jurors might a. become desensitized to the beatings and thus grant less significance to the video in their final judgment. b. engage in higher-order cognitive processing and thus feel less sympathy for the client. c. become cultivated by the beatings and thus try to avoid thinking about them when making their final judgment. d. be vulnerable to the weapons effect and thus be less likely to award a high settlement.

A

As described by Dollard, the original notion of catharsis included two steps. What are those steps? a. Reduction of physiological arousal; decrease in anger and aggression b. Freeing up of intrapsychic energy; greater ability to distract oneself from a frustrating stimulus c. Increase of physiological arousal; displacement of aggression onto weaker targets d. None of these

A

Bandura's (1961) study of aggressive behavior in children a. demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated. b. identified the specific antisocial personality characteristics associated with highly aggressive children. c. demonstrated that violent TV has little effect on children's own aggressive tendencies. d. illustrated the ability of punishment to curtail the aggressive tendencies of children.

A

Being Type A or having a high level of dispositional hostility are examples of _____ factors in I3 theory. a. impellance b. inhibition c. instigation d. ignorance

A

Charice, a teenaged girl, is angry with her friend, so she tells all her other friends that this girl is a slut. Carmen's behavior illustrates a. indirect aggression. b. hostile aggression. c. physical aggression. d. overt aggression.

A

Chris is a playground bully. He finds that he can win the admiration of his peers by acting aggressively. Chris's aggressive behavior is encouraged by a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

A

Compared to straight men, gay men are a. less likely to physically aggress, but equally likely to engage in indirect aggression. b. less likely to both physically and indirectly aggress. c. more likely to physically aggress, but less likely to engage in direct aggression. d. more likely to both physically and indirectly aggress.

A

Drugs that_____ the level of serotonin tend to _____ aggression levels. a. boost; lower b. boost; increase c. boost; not affect d. decrease; raise

A

Each of the following people behaved aggressively, and each was punished for his or her aggression. For which of these people should the indicated punishment have the best chance of successfully reducing aggression? a. Jake, who was punished immediately following his act of aggression b. Keifer, who was extremely angry when punished after committing an act of emotional aggression c. Lakeesha, who was punished in a very angry, hostile manner by her parents after committing an act of instrumental aggression d. Danielle, who was punished for some of her aggressive acts but not for others, and cannot discern a pattern in the incidence of punishment

A

Ethan has been released from jail in the United States and is applying for jobs in the South and the Northeast. Ethan is probably more likely to land interviews in the South than in the Northeast if he was in jail for a. murdering a person who taunted him in public about an affair with his wife. b. committing fraud on a million-dollar insurance claim. c. illegally importing cocaine across the border. d. robbing a jewelry store owned by a member of a racial minority group.

A

Forbes and others (2009) examined how levels of aggression differed in individualist versus collectivist cultures. They found that a. aggression levels were highest in the U.S., a highly individualist culture. b. aggression levels were highest in China, a highly collectivist culture. c. aggression levels were lowest in the U.S., a highly collectivist culture. d. both the U.S. and China had equally high levels of aggression.

A

In which state is there most likely to exist a culture of honor? a. Texas b. Illinois c. South Dakota d. Rhode Island

A

Ira believes that aggression is an acquired tendency picked up by observing others and by experience with rewards and punishments. Ira's beliefs are most consistent with a. social learning theory. b. the evolutionary perspective. c. instinct theory. d. negative affect escape model.

A

Mario and Luigi are trying to decide whether to spank their child when she does something undesirable. Research suggests that this type of punishment a. will be most effective if she perceives her parents to be warm and supportive. b. is very unlikely to lead their daughter to engage in serious aggression later in life. c. is not used by many of their friends, if they are representative of U.S. citizens. d. All of these

A

Marty watches his older brother act non-aggressively after being provoked. According to social learning theory, Marty is subsequently likely to a. act less aggressively and experience stronger restraints against aggression. b. refrain from acting aggressively because he believes that he will be punished for aggressing. c. experience catharsis and displace his aggression onto safer, more acceptable targets. d. find more socially acceptable outlets for his impulses, such as rough sports.

A

Of the following, the frustration-aggression hypothesis would probably be least effective as an explanation for a. instrumental aggression. b. emotional aggression. c. a strong correlation between economic conditions and prejudice toward minority groups. d. examples of "road rage."

A

One of the most successful treatments for violent juvenile delinquents is called a. multisystemic therapy. b. aggression replacement training. c. bullying prevention. d. sensitization therapy.

A

Proactive is the same as _____ aggression, while reactive is the same as _____ aggression. a. instrumental; emotional b. emotional; instrumental c. relational; impersonal d. impersonal; relational

A

Reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus is called a. desensitization. b. cultivation. c. rumination. d. catharsis.

A

Research concerning the role of testosterone in aggression has demonstrated that a. acts of aggression may increase levels of testosterone. b. testosterone levels drop after successful aggressive episodes. c. the relationship between testosterone and aggression is stronger among fraternity members than college males who do not belong to fraternities. d. individuals with low testosterone levels tend to smile less.

A

Research investigating the relationship between alcohol and aggression has shown that a. intoxicated people are likely to base their aggressive responses on initial, salient information about a situation and fail to recognize later, subtle cues. b. small and large amounts of alcohol tend to increase aggression, whereas moderate amounts tend to decrease it. c. alcohol makes men more likely to aggress, but it makes women less likely to aggress. d. intoxicated people are more likely to be influenced by the weapons effect, whereas sober people are more likely to be affected by factors relevant to the cognitive neoassociation analysis.

A

Research suggests that we're most likely to displace aggression a. toward others who are members of an outgroup. b. toward those who are biologically related to us. c. in the absence of provocation. d. when opportunities for catharsis are unavailable to us.

A

Rudolph is viewing some nonviolent pornography. In which of the following conditions is Rudolph most likely to show greater subsequent levels of aggression? a. When he is angry b. When the pornography portrays nude women c. When Rudolph is sexually aroused by the pornography d. When Rudolph has not viewed pornography before

A

Several studies have found that finger length ratio is associated with higher levels of _______ aggression in ______ and ________ aggression in _______. a. direct, men; indirect, women b. indirect, men; direct women c. positive men; negative, women d. negative, women; positive, men

A

The defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor a. intends to injure another living being. b. actually causes physical or psychological harm. c. is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act. d. derives enjoyment from the aggressive act.

A

The difference between aggression and violence is best described as one of a. extremity. b. intent. c. affect. d. hostility.

A

The fact that the American population has been aging in recent years has been offered as an explanation for the a. decrease in violent crimes. b. increase in gun-related violence. c. greater availability of violent pornography. d. current overcrowded conditions in prisons.

A

The idea that (1) frustration always elicits the motive to aggress and (2) all aggression is caused by frustration is known as a. the frustration-aggression hypothesis. b. the negative affect model. c. excitation transfer theory. d. catharsis.

A

The strong positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggressive behavior could reflect all of the following except a. testosterone and aggression are unrelated. b. testosterone increases aggression. c. aggression increases testosterone. d. stress may increase both aggression and testosterone.

A

Ttofi and Farrington (2011) found that in general, school-based bullying programs have a. decreased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent. b. increased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent. c. decreased bullying by an average of more than 50 percent. d. increased bullying by an average of more than 10 percent.

A

Twin research indicates that ______ is more heritable than _____. a. physical aggression; relational aggression b. instrumental aggression; emotional aggression c. verbal aggression; physical aggression d. None of these

A

Two people are placed in a room and provoked to behave aggressively toward one another. Which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a weapon in the room? a. There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon. b. There is a greater likelihood that they will engage in higher-order cognition and subsequently behave less aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon. c. The weapon will increase the likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another, but only if the two people are male. d. The weapon will have no effect on whether or not they behave aggressively toward one another.

A

What is the nature of the relationship between self-control and aggression? a. Clear and consistent negative correlation b. Ambiguous and inconsistent c. Clear and consistent positive correlation d. The relationship is mediated by self-esteem

A

When Paulie accidentally bumps into Christopher, causing Christopher to spill his coffee, Christopher assumes that Paulie's behavior was deliberately intended to make him spill his coffee. He responds by yelling obscenities at Paulie. Christopher could be described as a. having a hostile attribution bias. b. suffering from catharsis. c. displaying instrumental aggression. d. displaying relational aggression.

A

Which personality factor is most strongly associated with aggression? a. Being low in agreeableness b. Being low in conscientiousness c. Being high in neuroticism d. Being high in openness to experiences

A

Just-world belief

A belief that the world is a fair and equitable place, where people get what they deserve in life.

Darley and Latané attempted to recreate the psychological conditions that were present during the Kitty Genovese case. What was the setting for this famous study?

A discussion taking place over an intercom

Empathy

A feeling of compassion and tenderness upon viewing a victim's plight

Altruistic Helping

A form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase another's welfare without expecting anything in return

Egoistic Helping

A form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase his or her own welfare

Norm of Social Justice

A social norm stating that we should help only when we believe that others deserve our assistance

Norm of Social Responsbility

A social norm stating that we should help when others are in need and are dependent on us

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

A theory proposing that experiencing empathy for someone in need produces an altruistic motive for helping

Threat-to-self-esteem Model

A theory stating that if receiving help contains negative self-messages, recipients are likely to feel threatened and respond negatively

Negative State Relief Model

A theory suggesting that, for those in a bad mood, helping others may be a way to lift their own spirits if they perceived benefits for helping are high and the costs are low

Arousal:cost-reward model

A theory that helping or not helping is a function of emotional arousal and analysis of the costs and rewards of helping

Kin Selection

A theory that people will exhibit preferences for helping blood relatives because this will increase the odds that their genes will be transmitted to subsequent generations

Bystander Intervention Model

A theory that whether bystanders intervene in an emergency is a function of a five-step decision-making process

Under what experimental circumstances did pornography lead to increased violence by men toward women?

After viewing pornography and being angered by a woman

The text offers a potential explanation for why stepchildren are more likely to be abused or killed than biological offspring. What is the explanation?

Aggression against relatives reduces chances of genetic survival.

What is one reason that we do not see quick "extinction" of aggressive behaviors?

Aggression is intermittently reinforced.

When, according to social learning theory, is aggression more likely in the future?

Aggression is rewarded.

Which of the following was NOT an original proposition of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Aggressive cues increase the tendency to aggress.

What has listening to music with aggressive lyrics been shown to increase?

Aggressive feelings and behavior

Which of the following is NOT a way that alcohol promotes aggressive behavior?

Alcohol lowers serotonin levels.

In countries who have recently engaged in major wars, which of the following things are likely to occur?

All of these

Whether we respond to negative feelings by "fight" or "flight" depends on what?

All of these

In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, what changes in the children were observed?

All of these.

Reciprocal Helping

An evolutionary principle stating that people expect that anyone helping another will have that favor returned at some future time; also known as reciprocal sltruism

Personal Distress

An unpleasant state of arousal in which people are preoccupied with their own emotions of anxiety, fear, or helplessness upon viewing a victim's plight

Latané and Rodin staged an accident, wherein participants thought they heard a lab assistant fall and injure herself. What phenomenon were they investigating?

Audience inhibition

In which situation would you expect to see the greatest gender differences in helping behavior?

Audience, danger, female victim

A negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group is called a. emotional aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. instrumental aggression.

B

A socialization explanation for gender differences in aggressive tendencies a. would focus on differences between men and women in levels of hormones and neurotransmitters. b. might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls. c. would suggest that such differences should be identical across different cultures. d. None of these

B

Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access is called a. catharsis. b. displacement. c. rumination. d. desensitization.

B

Angelina is interested in whether the teenager she is preparing to adopt is likely to be aggressive as an adult. Research suggests that she would be wise to consider whether he a. is a twin. b. was aggressive as an eight-year-old. c. has long fingers. d. was born in a nation with a warm climate.

B

Based on Bonta's (1997) research on nonviolent societies, a powerful way to reduce violence within a society would be to a. emphasize a strict division of labor by gender. b. promote cooperation. c. harshly punish all acts of aggression. d. separate subcultures within the society.

B

Brown and others (2009) found the school violence is especially associated with a. the presence of weapons in the school. b. the culture of honor in the area. c. the level of economic frustration in the geographic region. d. the temperature of the day.

B

Craig and colleagues (2000) set up hidden cameras and microphones in a Canadian schoolyard and found that bullying in midsized schools occurred at a rate of _____ episodes per hour. a. 1 b. 4.5 c. 7.25 d. 10

B

Daniel fits a rapist's profile. This means that he probably exhibits _______ in response to violent pornography and tends to have _______ attitudes toward violence against women. a. increased arousal; negative b. increased arousal; positive c. decreased arousal; negative d. decreased arousal; positive

B

Deion is least likely to imitate the aggressive behaviors of Darcy if Darcy a. is a cartoon character. b. is punished for behaving aggressively. c. is rewarded for behaving aggressively. d. experiences catharsis following the aggressive behavior.

B

Finnegan notices his wife talking to another man and flies into a jealous rage. According to the evolutionary perspective, Finnegan's behavior is designed to a. assert his social intelligence. b. increase his confidence in the paternity of his offspring. c. deflect the death instinct outward instead of inward. d. increase the level of serotonin in his brain.

B

The theory that emphasizes genetic (rather than individual) survival is referred to as a. catharsis. b. evolutionary social psychology. c. reproductive success. d. instrumental aggression.

B

Many researchers maintain that there is a positive relationship between exposure to violent media and real-life aggressive behavior. The claim that exposure to violence actually increases aggression would be best supported by which of the following? a. A study in which the variable "number of hours of violent television watched per week" is used to predict the likelihood that participants will be convicted of a violent crime in the future b. A study in which participants who are randomly assigned to play violent video games later administer greater levels of electric shock to a confederate than participants who are assigned to play neutral games c. Real-world examples where young people have committed crimes intended to mimic behaviors they have seen in violent movies d. A study in which men who have been accused of sexually aggressive behavior in the past report high levels of exposure to violent media

B

On his way back from work, Orin nearly collided head-on with another car. After swerving out of the way at the last minute, Orin could feel his heart racing and his hands shaking. A few minutes later, he arrived home and, just as he walked in, received a phone call from a salesperson. Orin then became verbally abusive toward the salesperson. This outcome is most consistent with the concept of a. instrumental aggression. b. excitation transfer. c. the death instinct. d. incompatible responses.

B

Pinker (2011) argues that a. aggression has increased over time. b. aggression has decreased over time. c. aggression has remained stable over time. d. aggression is a result of rumination over time.

B

Regarding self-esteem and aggression, which of the following is false? a. Narcissism is a good predictor of aggression. b. Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression. c. Narcissism is correlated with aggression in response to provocation. d. High self-esteem is predictive of aggression when combined with narcissism and provocation.

B

Research on testosterone and aggression indicates that a. it is surprising that women ever aggress given that they have no testosterone. b. their relationship is stronger among non-human animals than it is among humans. c. very little regarding aggressive behavior is actually heritable. d. their relationship disappears when you examine samples of elderly adults.

B

The finding that male-to-male violence occurs primarily in response to status challenges, but male-to-female violence occurs primarily in response to sexual jealousy, supports the a. instinct view of aggression. b. evolutionary perspective on aggression. c. learning theory account of aggression. d. sociocultural perspective on aggression.

B

The only way that Britney can get her husband to stop leaving his dirty socks on the kitchen table is to pinch him every time he does it. Britney's aggressive behavior is maintained through a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

B

The relatively greater violence rates in the southern United States has been attributed to a. greater variability of temperature in the South than in the North. b. the manner in which residents of the South respond to status threats. c. the ratio of males to females living in the South. d. the age demographics of the South.

B

Though women are more likely than men to aggress in an intimate relationship, men's aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically a. emerges in the face of provocation. b. has more severe consequences. c. results from alcohol abuse. d. is sexual in nature.

B

When aggression stops an undesired outcome or prevents it altogether, the aggressive behavior will increase in the future through the process of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

B

Which of the following concerning gender differences in aggression is true? a. Men use more relational aggression than verbal aggression. b. Women use relational aggression more than men. c. When there is a clear provocation, men use much more overt aggression than women. d. Women use more verbal aggression than indirect aggression.

B

Which of the following conclusions is least consistent with the original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis? a. The need to aggress in response to frustration can be reduced if the frustrated individual behaves in an aggressive but relatively harmless way toward an object that is not related to the source of the frustration. b. The need to aggress in response to frustration is taught directly by reinforcement, important models, and the media, and can be "unlearned" if the reinforcements and models change. c. The need to aggress in response to frustration is a psychological drive that resembles the physiological drive of seeking food in response to hunger. d. The need to aggress in response to frustration can lead to nonviolent acts of aggression such as spreading rumors about someone or telling hostile jokes.

B

Which of the following is most consistent with evolutionary explanations of aggression? a. Children are more likely to be abused by their biological parents than by stepparents. b. Male-to-female violence is predominantly triggered by sexual jealousy. c. Male-to-male violence is triggered by a rise in testosterone. d. Different cultures demonstrate different levels of aggressiveness.

B

Which of the following most closely represents the weapons effect? a. The presence of weapons deters individuals from performing aggressive acts, but not from learning the positive reinforcements that are associated with violence. b. The presence of weapons can act as an aggression cue that suggests a way to release anger. c. Although the presence of weapons does not make aggression more likely, it does tend to increase the severity of aggression. d. Exposure to weapons in the media desensitizes individuals to violence, thus reducing their inhibitions against aggression.

B

Which of the following theories explains the deliberate, thoughtful consideration that we give to stimuli before reacting to it? a. Arousal-affect model b. Higher-order cognitive processing c. Frustration-aggression hypothesis (original version) d. Relational association theory

B

Who should be least likely to aggress? a. Someone who has just watched a slasher movie b. Someone who has just watched a funny cartoon c. Someone who has just watched a science documentary d. Someone who has just watched the news

B

What effect does a bad mood have on prosocial behavior?

Bad moods can increase or decrease prosocial behavior.

When will receiving aid be a threat to self-esteem?

Both A and B

How does the behavior of empathic and personally distressed people differ, when viewing someone in need of help?

Both groups help at the same rate unless there is the opportunity for escape.

Freud and the "hydraulic" model aggression

Builds up unless expressed is an inevitable negative facet of life needs to be channeled (sublimated) in socially desirable ways.

Upon hearing news that a person has died of cancer, the first question many people will ask is, "did he smoke?" Why do we ask this question?

By assuming the person chose unhealthy behavior, we reduce our fear of getting cancer.

Helping others can be dangerous. How can evolutionary psychologists and ethologists still consider prosocial behavior to be adaptive?

By thinking about the survival of genes, rather than survival of individuals

According to Berkowitz's (1989) revision of frustration-aggression theory, aggression is a response to a. only moderate, not extreme or mild, frustrations. b. previously displaced aggression. c. negative emotions. d. catharsis.

C

According to I3 theory, what "I" decreases the chance of aggression? a. Impellance b. Instigation c. Inhibition d. Impetuousness

C

According to Smith's (2007) book about the evolutionary origins of human warfare, a. pacifists have a greater chance for reproductive success. b. pacifism is likely to become part of human nature. c. warriors have a greater chance for reproductive success. d. warriors are least likely to be accepted as part of the group

C

According to research on the role of the brain and executive function in predicting aggressive tendencies, when very aggressive teenagers witnessed a situation in which someone intentionally inflicted pain on another person, they exhibited brain activity associated with a. being part of a group. b. empathy. c. experiencing rewards. d. None of these

C

Based on the principles of social learning theory, which of the following measures is most likely to be successful in teaching a child to act nonviolently? a. Punishing the child physically for acting aggressively b. Exposing the child to older models who are punished harshly for acting aggressively c. Exposing the child to older models who act non-aggressively in response to provoking situations d. Teaching the child how to displace frustrations and anger in safe, socially acceptable ways, such as by hitting a punching bag or role-playing a desired outcome

C

Bettina is extremely Type A. Research suggests that she will tend to a. be more aggressive than most people across situations. b. rely more on verbal versus physical aggression. c. be more aggressive than other people when provoked. d. exhibit more relational than overt forms of aggression.

C

Exposure to all of the following likely increases aggression except a. testosterone. b. cigarette smoke. c. novel but pleasant odors. d. uncomfortably cold temperatures.

C

Jim thinks it would be funny to replace Dwight's regular after-work pitcher of beer with non-alcoholic brew without telling him. Research suggests that after drinking this pitcher, Dwight would a. be much less aggressive than he usually is after drinking alcoholic beer. b. exhibit a severe form of alcohol myopia. c. potentially be just as aggressive as usual given his expectation that he has consumed alcohol. d. be less likely than usual to engage in displacement.

C

Men who engaged in vigorous exercise were ______ attracted to an attractive female. a. less b. equally c. more d. None of these

C

Nonie gets a new Barbie doll for her sixth birthday, and she immediately begins to punch, kick, and throw the doll around the house. Which of the following is likely to have contributed to this behavior? a. Nonie saw Uncle Floyd yell at Auntie Mame when she threw her Barbie doll. b. Nonie saw her cousin Brucie hug and kiss his Barbie doll. c. Nonie just finished watching the new Barney beat up Barbie in a cartoon on television. d. Nonie has been socialized in a stereotypical female role.

C

Reifman et al. (1991) found that as temperatures rise, major league baseball pitchers are more likely to hit batters with a pitch. This finding is consistent with a. social learning theory. b. the cognitive neoassociation model. c. the role of negative affect in aggression. d. scapegoating.

C

Research on aggression with transsexual participants a. indicates that gender differences in aggressive tendencies have been greatly exaggerated by previous researchers. b. conclusively identifies a link between biology and aggression. c. provides a rare means of ethically studying the causal effects of testosterone on human aggression. d. All of these

C

Research on violent media suggests that depictions of indirect, relational forms of aggression on TV targeted toward adolescents are a. not particularly common. b. more likely to be demonstrated by male than female characters. c. often portrayed as eliciting a clear reward. d. do not influence the immediate behavior of adolescent viewers.

C

The idea that arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individual's emotional response to another stimulus is called a. social learning theory. b. the negative affect escape model. c. excitation transfer. d. aggression cultivation.

C

The theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments is called _____ theory a. modeling b. frustration-aggression c. social learning d. cultivation

C

United States citizens tend to be more likely than those of other nations to disapprove of a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. a husband slapping his wife. d. bullying.

C

Vandello, Cohen, and Ransom (2008) found that Caucasian men from the southern part of the U.S. were more likely than Caucasian northern men to a. respond to frustration with aggression. b. show negative attitudes toward aggression. c. overestimate the aggressiveness of their peers. d. underestimate the aggressiveness of their peers.

C

When Mina first started playing the new Blood Bath Beach Party video game, the extremely violent images made her cringe. Now she has played the game so many times that she barely even notices such images. This illustrates a. displacement. b. cultivation. c. desensitization. d. catharsis.

C

When his wife tells him that he cannot go out bowling with the guys, Homer gets mad and throttles his son, Bart. Homer's behavior is an example of a. instrumental aggression. b. catharsis. c. displacement. d. vicarious aggression.

C

Which of the following concerning a culture of honor is true? a. It is more prevalent among women than men. b. It is more prevalent in the northern United States than in the southern United States. c. It is a product of socialization that can influence the tendency to aggress. d. It is produced by differences in testosterone and serotonin levels.

C

Which of the following is most likely to increase a person's aggressive response? a. Embarrassment b. Anger c. Social rejection d. Kindness

C

Which of the following situations best illustrates instrumental aggression? a. When Buster finds out that his favorite television show has been preempted by the presidential debates, he kicks Gob, who just happens to be standing nearby. b. After getting fired from his job at the nuclear power plant, Homer pulls out his semi-automatic machine gun and shoots at the squirrels. c. Karen pinches Grace until Grace finally moves out of the way so that Karen can get to the liquor cabinet. d. Edith stabs Archie with a fork when she finds out that he forgot her birthday.

C

Which of the following terms provides an example of the concept of displacement? a. Catharsis b. Habituation c. Scapegoating d. Diffusion of blame

C

Whitley feels intensely displeased that Lena deliberately left the tuna fish sandwich sitting out in the sun so that Whitley would get food poisoning after she ate it. Whitley's emotional response would best be described as a. instrumental aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. displacement.

C

Women are more likely than men to use relational aggression because women a. lack direct access to wealth. b. have lower levels of testosterone. c. place more of a value on their own lives and therefore avoid risky behaviors. d. do not want to risk physically harming the father of their offspring.

C

How would Rowell Huesmann explain Bandura's Bobo doll findings?

Children have formed aggressive scripts.

When assessing the needs of poor people for assistance, who tend to make dispositional attributions that affect willingness to help?

Conservatives

Which groups of people are most likely to endorse the norm of social justice?

Conservatives and individualists

Race appears to affect the willingness of people to help by altering the

Costs of helping.

A murder has been committed. Given the research on homicide, which of the following is most likely? a. The murderer was of a different race than the victim. b. The murder occurred in the eastern United States. c. The murderer was 35 years old. d. The murderer and victim were both African American.

D

According to an evolutionary perspective, males are competitive with each other because a. males are predisposed to sexual jealousy. b. females select high-status males for mating. c. aggression enhances the male's confidence in the paternity of his offspring. d. All of these

D

Aggression replacement training has all of the following components except a. improved moral reasoning. b. social competence training. c. aggression control. d. desensitization training.

D

Aggressive models teach aggressive behavior by all of the following except a. teaching observers how to perform the aggressive act. b. fostering positive attitudes toward aggression. c. allowing observers to construct aggressive scripts. d. increasing the frustration experienced by observers.

D

Consider a mother who slaps her son whenever he engages in aggression. If negative reinforcement is responsible for her behavior, what likely happens after she slaps him? a. He ignores her b. He slaps her back c. He behaves more aggressively d. He behaves less aggressively

D

Denson, Capper, and others (2011) found that training in _____ resulted in less aggressiveness following provocation than if no training were provided. a. social learning b. self-esteem c. catharsis d. self-control

D

Evolutionary accounts of aggression emphasize the a. role of aggression in securing food and land. b. contribution of genetics and hormones to aggressive behavior. c. importance of intrapsychic conflict in aggressive behavior. d. role of aggression in securing a mate.

D

Gee and Leith (2007) analyzed aggressive behavior in the National Hockey League (NHL). They concluded that players born in North America were more likely to resort to fighting to deal with their frustration because a. hockey players generally have aggressive personalities. b. they were always punished severely when they acted aggressively. c. the sport of hockey makes people act aggressively. d. they had been exposed to models of aggression in hockey from a young age.

D

Gershoff's (2002) analysis of studies with over 36,000 participants indicates a positive correlation between corporal punishment and a. aggression as a child. b. aggression as an adult. c. adult criminal behavior. d. All of these

D

Group attacks against other groups are least likely to occur in a. the Middle East. b. Eastern Europe. c. Africa. d. the United States.

D

In a study about status (to successfully compete for mates), Vladas Griskevicius and others (2009) found that a. women do not use aggression of any type to boost their status. b. men are more likely to boost their status through indirect aggression. c. women are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression. d. men are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression

D

Jay has just been exposed to highly arousing violent pornography, whereas Dave has just been exposed to equally arousing but nonviolent pornography. The research on pornography and aggression suggests that, compared to Dave, Jay should subsequently be a. less aggressive toward both women and men. b. more aggressive toward both women and men. c. less aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men. d. more aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men.

D

Nikki, who watches a lot of violent television shows as well as horror movies, thinks that the world is much more violent than it really is. Her overestimate is likely to be due to a. habituation. b. displacement. c. dehumanization. d. cultivation.

D

One form of violence that seems to be fairly consistent across cultures is a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. domestic violence. d. bullying.

D

Ophelia has seen so many violent movies that she has become desensitized to them. This means that she a. believes the world is a much more violent place than it is in reality. b. believes the world is a much less violent place than it is in reality. c. experiences more physiological arousal in response to new images of violence. d. experiences less physiological arousal in response to new images of violence.

D

Research on the link between media violence and aggression has demonstrated that a. exposure to violent films increases aggressive behavior in the lab, but decreases aggressive behavior in the field. b. violent films increase aggressiveness, but violent music videos and song lyrics do not increase aggressiveness. c. all media violence ultimately reduces aggression by providing a cathartic outlet. d. all forms of media violence appear to increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

D

United States citizens tend to be more likely than those of other nations to engage in a. politically motivated violence directed toward groups. b. mob violence at sporting events. c. violence against young girls. d. gun-related violence against individuals.

D

Research suggests that men's attitudes toward violence against women as well as their beliefs about rape myths a. are primarily influenced by nonviolent pornography rather than violent pornography. b. are stable personality traits that are not influenced by exposure to violent pornography unless the exposure is very frequent and the material is extremely violent. c. tend to be affected by the men's own arousal-based aggressive behaviors, but are not likely to be affected by observation of the aggressive behavior depicted in a movie. d. can influence the extent of their aggressive behavior in response to violent pornographic material.

D

Ryan was abused as a child. He is now married to a woman who abuses him, and he is physically abusive toward his child. This pattern of behavior is consistent with a. the negative affect escape model. b. the arousal affect model. c. cultivation. d. the cycle of violence.

D

Sexually coercive behavior is least likely to be exhibited by someone who a. is highly sexually aroused by violent pornography. b. indicates greater acceptance of interpersonal violence against women. c. thinks he or she has consumed alcohol. d. indicates strong rejection of rape myths.

D

Shawna has just gone through a break-up with her arrogant and selfish boyfriend. While hitting the punching bag in her kickboxing class, she imagines that she is punching her boyfriend's head. Shawna believes that engaging in the relatively harmless pursuit of hitting the punching bag will drain the energy from her more violent tendencies (like her temptation to slit the tires of his car or to break his legs). Research on the idea of catharsis suggests that a. hitting the punching bag will reduce Shawna's "hot-blooded" aggressive intent. b. the good feelings Shawna derives from hitting the punching bag will be replaced by feelings of guilt and shame, which will make her less likely to engage in aggression in the future. c. hitting the punching bag will be a more successful technique for Shawna's attempt to reduce future aggression than would distracting herself by going out and having fun with other friends. d. hitting the punching bag will make Shawna feel more aggressive toward her ex-boyfriend.

D

The concept of catharsis has been undermined by findings suggesting that engaging in or witnessing aggression often a. reduces the likelihood of cultivation. b. produces displacement. c. causes habituation. d. increases aggression.

D

The scope of excitation transfer is not limited to physical arousal. Which of the following other stimuli have also been shown to increase aggression? a. Noise b. Violent movies c. Music d. All of these

D

The tendency to perceive hostile intent in the actions of others is called a. aggression cultivation. b. emotional aggression. c. excitation transfer. d. the hostile attribution bias.

D

The transmission of domestic violence across generations is called the a. cultivation. b. rumination. c. perpetual desensitization. d. cycle of violence.

D

When Katie found out that her brother Matt had pulled the heads off all of her Barbie dolls, she threw her Easy Bake oven at him. Katie's behavior illustrates a. instrumental aggression. b. proactive aggression. c. incompatible responses. d. reactive aggression.

D

When exposed to situational cues, such as the presence of a gun, people tend to a. demonstrate decreases in aggression. b. feel socially rejected. c. experience a decrease in testosterone. d. have automatic cognitions regarding aggression.

D

Which of the following best illustrates aggression? a. Felix and Oscar engage in a heated debate concerning the merits of the Big Mac versus the Whopper. b. Maude trips over the scooter her son absentmindedly left in the driveway. c. In his attempt to save Samantha from drowning, Darin breaks three of her ribs. d. Ginger kicks MaryAnn in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie.

D

Which of the following concerning violence in intimate relationships is false? a. Women are more likely than men to use violence in self-defense. b. Men are more likely than women to use violence to intimidate. c. Women are more likely than men to be killed in instances of domestic violence. d. Husband-to-wife violence is more common than wife-to-husband violence.

D

Which of the following research results would provide evidence that aggression is a heritable trait? a. Identical twins reared together are more similar in their levels of aggressiveness than identical twins reared apart. b. Adopted children are more similar in levels of aggressiveness to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents. c. Fraternal twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than non-twin siblings. d. Identical twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than fraternal twins.

D

Which of the following statements regarding human gender differences and aggression is false? a. In virtually every culture, males are more violent than females. b. Studies of 16-year-olds suggest that boys are more likely to show higher rates of aggression than girls. c. Males are more likely to engage in risky, self-destructive behavior than females. d. Boys demonstrate more overt and relational forms of aggression than do girls.

D

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood that Chris would behave aggressively? a. If Chris is a teenager b. If Chris is male c. If Chris is drunk d. None of these

D

What kind of attributions do people who believe strongly in the Just World make?

Defensive

Read the following quotation from Sir Terry Pratchett's Jingo: "It was so much easier to blame it on Them. It was bleakly depressing to think that They were Us. If it was Them, then nothing was anyone's fault. If it was Us, what did that make Me? After all, I'm one of Us. I must be. I've certainly never thought of myself as one of Them. No one ever thinks of themselves as one of Them. We're always one of Us. It's Them that do the bad things." What phenomenon related to aggression is described by this quotation?

Delegitimization

Catharsis refers to the idea that we can "vent" or "let off steam" when we have aggressive impulses. What does research indicate about catharsis?

Despite popular opinion, catharsis does not work.

Instinct

Freud proposed a "death instinct" or thanatos tuned inward: self-punishment or masochism tuned outward: murder and destruction

Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation for the "good mood effect"?

Good moods lead us to ignore the costs and benefits of helping.

What traditional practice has been associated with the "culture of honor"?

Herding animals

Which personality trait is associated with increased provoked AND unprovoked aggression?

High irritability

What factor seems to be an important influence on the degree to which viewing violent television results in later aggressive behavior?

Identification with aggressive characters

When dealing with ingroup members, how does culture influence helping behavior?

Members of collectivist societies are more likely to help strangers than are members of individualist societies.

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of the findings related to gender and aggression?

Men and women are similar in many aspects of aggression, with a few specific differences.

After watching sexually aggressive films in one study, what happened to the attitudes of men and women about sexual violence?

Men showed increased acceptance of the rape myth, and women showed decreased acceptance of it.

Which of the following is an example of prosocial behavior?

None of these are prosocial behavior.

Audience inhibition effect

People are inhibited from helping for fear that other bystanders will evaluate them negatively if they intervene and the situation is not an emergency

Aggression often results in negative consequences for the aggressor. Why, then, does aggression still occur?

People prone to aggression focus on short term, not long term, consequences.

Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation for the frequency of indirect aggression observed in women and girls?

Personality and temperament

Aggression has a long history

Perspecitive: evolutionary psychology ---aggression as part of our genetic makeup

Information dependence and outcome dependence work together to produce which state that interferes with prosocial behavior?

Pluralistic ignorance

In studies, what was the best reinforcer for teaching a child prosocial behavior?

Praise

In which model of helping behavior is it most important to be able to track "cheaters"?

Reciprocal altruism

Stress from receiving help is associated with a violation of what norm?

Reciprocity

Some charitable organizations provide donors with a profile of an individual child that the donor "sponsors," even if the entire donation does not go to that individual child. The idea that an impoverished child depends on your continued donation is an attempt to motivate helping through what principle?

Social responsibility

On the television singing competition "American Idol," contestants who do not sing well are told that they do not sing well by the judges. Some of these contestants react by insulting the judges. What function does the insult serve?

Restore lost self-esteem

How can we prevent aggression?

Reward non=aggressive behavior adult attention is a powerful reward for children ignore minor aggression

Judy was talking to her sister earlier in the day. Her sister made a comment about Judy's job choice that bothered Judy at the time. Now, even though she has been off the phone for hours, Judy finds herself mentally rehearsing what she would have liked to have said to her sister, as though she is arguing with her. If Judy finds herself doing this kind of thing often, what personality trait might she be said to possess?

Rumination

According to research on school shooters, which of the following is most likely to increase a person's aggressive response?

Social rejection

The concept of egalitarianism is most closely tied to which norm?

Social responsibility

Which norm proposes that we should help those who are dependent on us?

Social responsibility

Who should be least likely to aggress?

Someone who has just watched a funny cartoon

What is the "rape myth?"

The false belief that women enjoy being raped

Which of the following occurs during egoistic helping?

The helper's goal is to increase his or her own welfare.

To understand whether an act is aggressive, which factor is most important to consider?

The intention of the actor

What aspect of video gaming is particularly important to consider when looking at the link between violent media and aggressive behavior?

The interactive nature of the game

In the "seizure study," what did the researchers learn about bystanders in an emergency?

The more people who witness a problem, the less likely that any of them will help.

As Hurricane Katrina approached New Orleans in 2005, the city issued orders to evacuate. Not everyone evacuated. After the storm hit, there were many efforts to lend aid. However, some people objected to the aid, saying that those who stayed behind had chosen their own fate. The people who voiced objections to the aid demonstrated which of the following?

The norm of social justice

Leonard Berkowitz famously said, "The trigger might also be pulling the finger." What did he mean by that statement?

The presence of a firearm makes people more aggressive than they would otherwise be.

What explanation is given for the finding that seeing an adult act in a hypocritical way—preaching prosocial behavior while being selfish—can still cause children to become more prosocial over time?

The sleeper effect

Why do people experience guilt and shame when they receive help that they cannot repay?

They are violating the norm of reciprocity.

Why would societies develop a code of behavior described as a "culture of honor"?

They cannot rely on authorities to protect them.

social reward, reduction of personal distress, empathic concern

Three motives for helping

In one study, some people were asked to exercise vigorously, while others were not. They were then told they had the opportunity to deliver a shock to another person. What was the point of this study?

To determine whether excitation transfer intensifies aggression

Why did Albert Bandura have an adult hit an inflatable "Bobo doll?"

To see what children would learn by observing adult aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Voluntary behavior that is carried out to benefit another person

What phenomenon could the principle of kin selection help to explain in humans?

We are more likely to help blood relatives than relatives by marriage.

What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and prosocial behavior in the United States?

Wealthy people care less about others and give smaller proportions of their income to charity than do poor people.

When teaching children prosocial behavior, what matters?

What you say and what you do

Rudolph is viewing some nonviolent pornography. In which of the following conditions is Rudolph most likely to show greater subsequent levels of aggression?

When he is angry

When is frustration most likely to produce aggression?

When it is caused by economic deprivation

In Darley and Latané's "smoke study," participants were placed in a room and then smoke began pouring into the room through a vent. What were the researchers trying to discover in this study?

Whether having other people in the room would influence participants' decision whether to report the smoke

What is the main difference between assertiveness and aggression?

Whether others' rights are violated

In a collectivist society, which of these factors has the greatest influence on whether help will be provided to a victim of an accident?

Whether the victim is identifiably part of an outgroup

Sex differences

Women inflict emotion or relational aggression (or slap) mens aggression does physical damage ex: ray rice

The way aggression is viewed as a signal about self control may imply which of the following?

Women's aggression is more likely to be hostile than instrumental.

How long do the effects of modeling prosocial behavior for children last?

Years, into adulthood

If someone helps you, and you offer thanks, what effect is that likely to have?

You will increase the person's self-efficacy.

56. Each of the following individuals behaved aggressively, and each was punished for his or her aggression. For which person will the indicated punishment have the best chance of successfully reducing aggression? a. Jake, who was punished immediately following his act of aggression b. Keizer, who was extremely angry when punished for emotional aggression c. Lakes, who was punished in a very angry, hostile manner by her parents d. Danielle, who was punished for some of her aggressive acts but not for others

a. Jake, who was punished immediately following his act of aggression

102. Arleta gets extremely drunk. Given the research on alcohol and aggression, which of the following is unlikely to happen? a. She will be more aggressive only if she tends to be non-aggressive when sober. b. She will be more aggressive under the influence of alcohol than she is sober. c. She will fail to be as attentive to mitigating information when she is drunk. d. She will feel less anxious and thus will feel less inhibited about behaving aggressively.

a. She will be more aggressive only if she tends to be non-aggressive when sober.

23. In which state is there most likely to exist a culture of honor? a. Texas b. Illinois c. South Dakota d. Rhode Island

a. Texas

94. Two people are placed in a room and provoked to behave aggressively toward one another. Which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a weapon in the room? a. There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon. b. There is a greater likelihood that they will engage in higher-order cognition and subsequently behave less aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon. c. The weapon will increase the likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another, but only if the two people are male. d. The weapon will have no effect on whether or not they behave aggressively toward one another.

a. There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon.

48. What is the "2D;4D ratio?" a. a measure of the length of one's index finger compared to the length of their ring finger b. an assessment of the overall ambient temperature on the 2nd and 4th floors of an office building c. a statistic that compares the second division to the fourth division of scores produced by participants in a research study d. a volume rating of one's second cerebral lobe (parietal) the fourth cerebral lobe (temporal)

a. a measure of the length of one's index finger compared to the length of their ring finger

66. Marty watches his older brother act non-aggressively after being provoked. According to social learning theory, Marty is subsequently likely to a. act less aggressively and experience stronger restraints against aggression. b. refrain from acting aggressively because he believes that he will be punished for aggressing. c. experience catharsis and displace his aggression onto safer, more acceptable targets. d. find more socially acceptable outlets for his impulses, such as rough sports.

a. act less aggressively and experience stronger restraints against aggression

11. Forbes and others (2009; 2011) examined how levels of aggression differed in individualist versus collectivist cultures. They found that a. aggression levels were highest in the U.S., a highly individualist culture. b. aggression levels were highest in China, a highly collectivist culture. c. aggression levels were lowest in the U.S., a highly collectivist culture. d. both the U.S. and China had equally high levels of aggression.

a. aggression levels were highest in the U.S., a highly individualist culture.

74. Ethan has been released from jail in the United States and is applying for jobs in the South and the Northeast. Ethan is probably more likely to land interviews in the South than in the Northeast if he was in jail for a. assaulting a person who taunted him in public about an affair with his wife. b. committing fraud on a million-dollar insurance claim. c. illegally importing cocaine across the border. d. robbing a jewelry store owned by a member of a racial minority group.

a. assaulting a person who taunted him in public about an affair with his wife.

113. An attorney has a copy of a videotape that shows her client being beaten very violently by two men. Her client is suing these men. The jury has already seen this video several times during the trial, and the attorney is considering showing it many more times. However, an expert social psychologist should warn the attorney that replaying the videotaped beating many more times may reduce the likelihood of winning a large amount of money because the jurors might a. become desensitized to the beatings and thus grant less significance to the video in their final judgment. b. engage in higher-order cognitive processing and thus feel less sympathy for the client. c. become cultivated by the beatings and thus try to avoid thinking about them when making their final judgment. d. be vulnerable to the weapons effect and thus be less likely to award a high settlement.

a. become desensitized to the beatings and thus grant less significance to the video in their final judgment.

31. Which personality factor is most strongly associated with aggression? a. being low in agreeableness b. being low in conscientiousness c. being high in neuroticism d. being high in openness to experiences

a. being low in agreeableness

50. Drugs that ____ the level of serotonin tend to ____ aggression levels. a. boost; lower b. boost; increase c. boost; not affect d. decrease; raise

a. boost; lower

82. A reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression is called a. catharsis. b. displacement. c. rumination. d. cultivation.

a. catharsis.

34. What is the nature of the relationship between self-control and aggression? ambiguous and inconsistent a. clear and consistent negative correlation b. ambiguous and inconsistent c. clear and consistent positive correlation d. one that is mediated by self-esteem

a. clear and consistent negative correlation

21. The fact that the American population has been aging in recent years has been offered as an explanation for the a. decrease in violent crimes. b. increase in gun-related violence. c. greater availability of violent pornography. d. current overcrowded conditions in prisons.

a. decrease in violent crimes.

126. Tofi and Farrington (2011) found that in general, school-based bullying programs have a. decreased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent. b. increased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent. c. decreased bullying by an average of more than 50 percent. d. increased bullying by an average of more than 10 percent.

a. decreased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent.

61. Bandera and colleagues' (1961) study of aggressive behavior in children a. demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated. b. identified the specific antisocial personality characteristics associated with highly aggressive children. c. demonstrated that violent TV has little effect on the children's own aggressive tendencies. d. illustrated the ability of punishment to curtail the aggressive tendencies of children.

a. demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated.

111. Reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus is called a. desensitization. b. cultivation c. rumination. d. catharsis.

a. desensitization.

5. The difference between aggression and violence is best described as one of a. extremity. b. intent. c. affect. d. hostility. ANSWER:

a. extremity.

99. When Pauline accidentally bumps into Christopher, causing Christopher to spill his coffee, Christopher assumes that Pauline's behavior was deliberately intended to make him spill his coffee. He responds by yelling obscenities at Pauline. Christopher could be described as a. having a hostile attribution bias. b. suffering from catharsis. c. displaying instrumental aggression. d. displaying relational aggression.

a. having a hostile attribution bias.

104. According to I3 theory, what "I" decreases the chance of aggression? a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. impetuousness

a. impellance

106. Being Type A or having a high level of dispositional hostility are examples of ____ factors in I3 theory. a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. ignorance

a. impellance

27. Char ice, a teenaged girl, is angry with her friend, so she tells all her other friends that this girl has had sex with most of the football team. Carmen's behavior illustrates ____ aggression. a. indirect b. hostile c. physical d. overt

a. indirect

79. Of the following, the frustration-aggression hypothesis would probably be least effective as an explanation for a. instrumental aggression. b. emotional aggression. c. a strong correlation between economic conditions and prejudice toward minority groups. d. examples of "road rage."

a. instrumental aggression.

7. Proactive is the same as ____ aggression, while reactive is the same as ____ aggression. a. instrumental; emotional b. emotional; instrumental c. relational; impersonal d. impersonal; relational

a. instrumental; emotional

1. The defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor a. intends to harm another living being. b. actually causes physical or psychological harm. c. is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act. d. derives enjoyment from the aggressive act.

a. intends to harm another living being.

100. Research investigating the relationship between alcohol and aggression has shown that a. intoxicated people are likely to base their aggressive responses on initial, salient information about a situation and fail to recognize later, subtle cues. b. small and large amounts of alcohol tend to increase aggression, whereas moderate amounts tend to decrease it. c. alcohol makes men more likely to aggress, but it makes women less likely to aggress. d. intoxicated people are more likely to be influenced by the weapons effect, whereas sober people are more likely to be affected by factors relevant to the cognitive neoassociation analysis.

a. intoxicated people are likely to base their aggressive responses on initial, salient information about a situation and fail to recognize later, subtle cues.

29. Compared to straight men, gay men are a. less likely to physically aggress, but equally likely to engage in indirect aggression. b. less likely to both physically and indirectly aggress. c. more likely to physically aggress, but less likely to engage in direct aggression. d. more likely to both physically and indirectly aggress.

a. less likely to physically aggress, but equally likely to engage in indirect aggression.

103. Alcohol narrows people's focus of attention. This phenomenon is called alcohol a. myopia. b. hostility. c. aggression. d. blindness.

a. myopia.

49. Several studies have found that finger length ratio is associated with higher levels of ____ aggression in ____. a. physical; men b. relational; men c. physical; children d. relational; children

a. physical; men

53. Chris is a playground bully. He finds that he can win the admiration of his peers by acting aggressively. Chris's aggressive behavior is encouraged by a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

a. positive reinforcement.

10. Robbing a bank because you need money is an example of ____ aggression. a. proactive b. emotional c. institutional d. reactive

a. proactive

6. Aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end is known as ____ aggression. a. proactive b. reactive c. emotional d. relational

a. proactive

84. As described by Dollard, the original notion of catharsis included two steps. What are those steps? a. reduction of physiological arousal; decrease in anger and aggression b. freeing up of intrapsychic energy; greater ability to distract oneself from a frustrating stimulus c. increase of physiological arousal; displacement of aggression onto weaker targets d. behaving in a way that is the opposite of an unacceptable, deeply rooted unconscious impulse

a. reduction of physiological arousal; decrease in anger and aggression

60. Ira believes that aggression is an acquired tendency picked up by observing others and by experience with rewards and punishments. Ira's beliefs are most consistent with a. social learning theory. b. the evolutionary perspective. c. instinct theory. d. negative affect escape model.

a. social learning theory.

75. The idea that (1) frustration always elicits the motive to aggress and (2) all aggression is caused by frustration is known as a. the frustration-aggression hypothesis. b. the negative affect model. c. excitation transfer theory. d. catharsis.

a. the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

39. In Ainsworth and Mariner's (2014) study, male participants playing a reaction-time computer game were most likely to blast their opponent with an aversive noise in their headphones if a. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being socially dominant. b. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being of average social dominance. c. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of less attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being socially dominant. d. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of less attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being of average social dominance.

a. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as

81. Research suggests that we're most likely to displace aggression a. toward others who are members of an out group. b. toward those who are biologically related to us. c. in the absence of provocation. d. when opportunities for catharsis are unavailable to us.

a. toward others who are members of an out group.

15. According to your text, the fact that groping schoolgirls on the train in Japan is not uncommon illustrates that a. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children differs across cultures. b. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children is consistent across cultures. c. collectivist cultures are hyper sexualized. d. collectivist cultures are repressed sexually.

a. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children differs across cultures.

58. Mario and Luigi are trying to decide whether to spank their child when she does something undesirable. Research suggests that this type of punishment a. will be most effective if she perceives her parents to be warm and supportive. b. is very unlikely to lead their daughter to engage in serious aggression later in life. c. is not used by many of their friends, if they are representative of U.S. citizens. d. will cause their child to learn the rules of their family very quickly.

a. will be most effective if she perceives her parents to be warm and supportive.

Research concerning the role of testosterone in aggression has demonstrated that

acts of aggression may increase levels of testosterone.

Gershoff's (2002) analysis of studies with over 36,000 participants indicates a positive correlation between corporal punishment and

aggression as a child. aggression as an adult. adult criminal behavior. All of these

Pinker (2011) studied the prevalence of aggression across centuries. He found that

aggression has decreased over time.

Alcohol and aggression

alcohol: lowers inhibitions impairs executive function--> alcohol myopia (narrow focus of attention)...we then ignore mitigating info intentions

Research on the link between media violence and aggression has demonstrated that

all forms of media violence appear to increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

instrumental and emotional aggression

are both learned in a social environment -southern cultures of honor:emphasizes honor and status for mate, and aggression to protect that honor

18. Craig and colleagues (2000) set up hidden cameras and microphones in a Canadian schoolyard and found that bullying in midsized schools occurred at a rate of ____ episodes per hour. a. 1 b. 4.5 c. 7.25 d. 10

b. 4.5

109. Many researchers maintain that there is a positive relationship between exposure to violent media and real-life aggressive behavior. The claim that exposure to violence actually increases aggression would be best supported by which of the following? a. A study in which the variable "number of hours of violent television watched per week" is used to predict the likelihood that participants will be convicted of a violent crime in the future b. A study in which participants who are randomly assigned to play violent video games later administer greater levels of electric shock to a confederate than participants who are assigned to play neutral games c. Real-world examples where young people have committed crimes intended to mimic behaviors they have seen in violent movies d. A study in which men who have been accused of sexually aggressive behavior in the past report high levels of exposure to violent media

b. A study in which participants who are randomly assigned to play violent video games later administer greater levels of electric shock to a confederate than participants who are assigned to play neutral games

32. Regarding self-esteem and aggression, which statement is false? a. Narcissism is a good predictor of aggression. b. Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression. c. Narcissism is correlated with aggression in response to provocation. d. High self-esteem is predictive of aggression when combined with narcissism and provocation.

b. Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression

37. Which statement is most consistent with evolutionary explanations of aggression? a. Children are more likely to be abused by their biological parents than by stepparents. b. Male-to-female violence is predominantly triggered by sexual jealousy. c. Male-to-male violence is triggered by a rise in testosterone. d. Different cultures demonstrate different levels of aggressiveness.

b. Male-to-female violence is predominantly triggered by sexual jealousy.

127. The Owlets Bullying Prevention program recommends interventions at several levels to reduce the incidence of bullying in schools. Which intervention would be described as a classroom-level component? a. Form a bullying-prevention coordinating committee. b. Post and enforce school-wide rules against bullying. c. Ensure that all staff intervene on the spot when they observe bullying behaviors. d. Involve community members in the discussion of how to reduce bullying.

b. Post and enforce school-wide rules against bullying.

76. Which conclusion is least consistent with the original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis? a. The need to aggress in response to frustration can be reduced if the frustrated individual behaves in an aggressive but relatively harmless way toward an object that is not related to the source of the frustration. b. The need to aggress in response to frustration is taught directly by reinforcement, important models, and the media, and can be "unlearned" if the reinforcements and models change. c. The need to aggress in response to frustration is a psychological drive that resembles the physiological drive of seeking food in response to hunger. d. The need to aggress in response to frustration can lead to nonviolent acts of aggression such as spreading rumors about someone or telling hostile jokes.

b. The need to aggress in response to frustration is taught directly by reinforcement, important models, and the media, and can be "unlearned" if the reinforcements and models change.

95. Which of the following most closely represents the weapons effect? a. The presence of weapons deters individuals from performing aggressive acts, but not from learning the positive reinforcements that are associated with violence. b. The presence of weapons can act as an aggression cue that increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviors. c. Although the presence of weapons does not make aggression more likely, it does tend to increase the severity of aggression. d. Exposure to weapons in the media desensitizes individuals to violence, thus reducing their inhibitions against aggression.

b. The presence of weapons can act as an aggression cue that increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviors.

28. Which statement about gender differences in aggression is true? a. Men use more relational aggression than verbal aggression. b. Women use relational aggression more than men. c. When there is a clear provocation, men use much more overt aggression than women. d. Women use more verbal aggression than indirect aggression.

b. Women use relational aggression more than men.

3. A negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group is called a. emotional aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. instrumental aggression.

b. hostility.

77. Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access is called a. catharsis. b. displacement. c. rumination. d. desensitization.

b. displacement.

41. The finding that male-to-male violence occurs primarily in response to status challenges, but male-to-female violence occurs primarily in response to sexual jealousy, supports the ____ perspective of aggression. a. instinct b. evolutionary c. learning d. sociocultural

b. evolutionary

91. On his way back from work, Orin nearly collided head-on with another car. After swerving out of the way at the last minute, Orin could feel his heart racing and his hands shaking. A few minutes later, he arrived home and, just as he walked in, received a phone call from a salesperson. Orin then became verbally abusive toward the salesperson. This outcome is most consistent with the concept of a. instrumental aggression. b. excitation transfer. c. the death instinct. d. incompatible responses.

b. excitation transfer.

46. Angelina is interested in whether the teenager she is preparing to adopt is likely to be aggressive as an adult. Research suggests that she would be wise to consider whether he a. is a twin. b. had aggressive biological parents. c. has long fingers. d. was born in a nation with a warm climate.

b. had aggressive biological parents.

30. Though women are at least as likely as men to aggress in an intimate relationship, men's aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically a. emerges in the face of provocation. b. has more severe consequences. c. results from alcohol abuse. d. is sexual in nature.

b. has more severe consequences.

121. Pinker (2011) argues that aggression and violence a. have increased over time. b. have decreased over time. c. have remained stable over time. d. are a result of rumination over time.

b. have decreased over time.

97. Which theory explains the deliberate, thoughtful consideration that we give to stimuli before reacting to it? a. arousal-affect model b. higher-order cognitive processing c. frustration-aggression hypothesis (original version) d. relational association theory

b. higher-order cognitive processing

Conclusion (media violence)

media violence is strongly related to aggression research is relatively consistent

42. Finnegan notices his wife talking to another man and flies into a jealous rage. According to the evolutionary perspective, Finnegan's behavior is designed to a. assert his social intelligence. b. increase his confidence in the paternity of his offspring. c. deflect the death instinct outward instead of inward. d. increase the level of serotonin in his brain.

b. increase his confidence in the paternity of his offspring.

119. Daniel fits the profile of a person who might engage in a sexually aggressive manner. This means that he probably exhibits ____ in response to violent pornography and tends to have ____ attitudes toward violence against women. a. increased arousal; negative b. increased arousal; posit c. decreased arousal; negative d. decreased arousal; positive

b. increased arousal; posit

105. According to I3 theory, what "I" increases Martin's likelihood of acting in an aggressive manner when Trisha declines his offer to go on a date? a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. impetuousness

b. instigation

62. Deion is least likely to imitate the aggressive behaviors of Darcy if Darcy a. is a cartoon character. b. is punished for behaving aggressively. c. is rewarded for behaving aggressively. d. experiences catharsis following the aggressive behavior.

b. is punished for behaving aggressively.

70. A socialization explanation for gender differences in aggressive tendencies a. would focus on differences between men and women in levels of hormones and neurotransmitters. b. might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls. c. would suggest that such differences should be identical across different cultures. d. should examine the genetic similarity between relatives who show high levels of aggression.

b. might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls.

52. When aggression stops an undesired outcome or prevents it altogether, the aggressive behavior will increase in the future through the process of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

b. negative reinforcement.

54. The only way that Britney can get her husband to stop leaving his dirty socks on the kitchen table is to pinch him every time he does it. Britney's aggressive behavior is perpetuated through the idea of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

b. negative reinforcement.

122. A long history of research in social psychology has consistently found that a powerful way to reduce violence within a society would be to a. emphasize a strict division of labor by gender. b. promote cooperation. c. harshly punish all acts of aggression. d. separate subcultures within the society.

b. promote cooperation

90. Who should be least likely to aggress? a. someone who has just watched a slashes movie b. someone who has just watched a funny cartoon c. someone who has just been rejected for a date d. someone who has just watched the evening news

b. someone who has just watched a funny cartoon

73. Brown and others (2009) found the school violence is especially associated with a. the presence of weapons in the school. b. the culture of honor in the area. c. the level of economic frustration in the geographic region. d. the temperature of the day.

b. the culture of honor in the area.

25. The relatively greater violence rates in the southern United States has been attributed to a. greater variability of temperature in the South than in the North. b. the manner in which residents of the South respond to status threats. c. the ratio of males to females living in the South. d. the age demographics of the South.

b. the manner in which residents of the South respond to status threats.

47. Research on testosterone and aggression indicates that a. it is surprising that women ever aggress given that they have no testosterone. b. their relationship in human males is weaker and less reliable than expected. c. very little regarding aggressive behavior is actually heritable. d. their relationship disappears when you examine samples of elderly adults.

b. their relationship in human males is weaker and less reliable than expected.

Aggression defined

behavior intended to harm another a harmful outcome doesn't always indicate aggression ex: and accident (dropping something on a friends foot) a harmful intention--alone--is considered aggressive

long term field research

boys on a diet of violent movies are aggressive

One form of violence that seems to be fairly consistent across cultures is

bullying.

71. Which statement concerning a culture of honor is true? a. It is more prevalent among women than men. b. It is more prevalent in the northern United States than in the southern United States. c. It is a product of socialization that can influence the tendency to aggress. d. It is produced by differences in testosterone and serotonin levels.

c. It is a product of socialization that can influence the tendency to aggress.

8. Which situation best illustrates instrumental aggression? a. When Buster finds out that his favorite television show has been preempted by the presidential debates, he kicks Gob, who just happens to be standing nearby. b. After getting fired from his job at the nuclear power plant, Homer pulls out his semi-automatic machine gun and shoots at the squirrels in his backyard. c. Karen pinches Grace until Grace finally moves out of the way so that Karen can get to the liquor cabinet. d. Edith stabs her husband Archie with a fork when she finds out that he totally forgot her birthday.

c. Karen pinches Grace until Grace finally moves out of the way so that Karen can get to the liquor cabinet.

65. Nonie gets a new Barbie doll for her sixth birthday, and she immediately begins to punch, kick, and throw the doll around the house. Which of the following is likely to have contributed to this behavior? a. Nonie saw Uncle Floyd yell at Auntie Mime when she threw her Barbie doll. b. Nonie saw her cousin Bruce hug and kiss his Barbie doll. c. Nonie just finished watching the new Barney beat up Barbie in a cartoon on television. d. Nonie has been socialized in a stereotypical female role.

c. Nonie just finished watching the new Barney beat up Barbie in a cartoon on television.

19. The Amish, the Hutte rites, and the Mennonites are all examples of societies that live in the violent United States without, for the most part, having become violent themselves. What is a similar type of nonviolent culture that resides in Southern Mexico? a. Pailyan b. Batik c. Zapata d. Glib

c. Zapata

14. United States university students tend to be more likely than those of other nations to disapprove of a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. a husband slapping his wife. d. bullying.

c. a husband slapping his wife

38. According to an evolutionary perspective, males are competitive with each other because a. females are predisposed to sexual jealousy. b. males select high-status females for mating. c. aggression enhances the male's confidence in the paternity of his offspring. d. males use physical aggression to eliminate women who are unlikely to provide offspring.

c. aggression enhances the male's confidence in the paternity of his offspring.

4. Whitley feels intensely displeased that Lena deliberately left the tuna fish sandwich sitting out in the sun so that Whitley would get food poisoning after she ate it. Whitley's emotional response would best be described as a. instrumental aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. displacement.

c. anger.

33. Bettina is extremely Type A. Research suggests that she will tend to a. be more aggressive than most people across situations. b. rely more on verbal versus physical aggression. c. be more aggressive than other people when provoked. d. exhibit more relational than overt forms of aggression.

c. be more aggressive than other people when provoked.

45. Twin studies suggest that heritability explains ____ of the variation in aggression in children a. less than one quarter b. between about a quarter and a third c. between about a third and a half d. between about a half and two thirds

c. between about a third and a half

78. When his wife tells him that he cannot go out bowling with the guys, Homer gets mad and yells at his son, Bart. Homer's behavior is an example of a. instrumental aggression. b. catharsis. c. displacement. d. vicarious aggression.

c. displacement.

93. The idea that arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individual's emotional response to another stimulus is called a. social learning theory. b. the negative affect escape model. c. excitation transfer. d. aggression cultivation.

c. excitation transfer.

51. According to research on the role of the brain and executive function in predicting aggressive tendencies, when very aggressive teenagers witnessed a situation in which someone intentionally inflicted pain on another person, they exhibited brain activity associated with a. being part of a group. b. empathy. c. experiencing rewards. d. filtering sensory input.

c. experiencing rewards.

67. Based on the principles of social learning theory, which measure is most likely to be successful in teaching a child to act nonviolently? a. punishing the child physically for acting aggressively b. exposing the child to older models who are punished harshly for acting aggressively c. exposing the child to older models who act non-aggressively in response to provoking situations d. teaching the child how to displace frustrations and anger in safe, socially acceptable ways, such as by hitting a punching bag or role-playing a desired outcome

c. exposing the child to older models who act non-aggressively in response to provoking situations

92. Men who engaged in vigorous exercise were ____ attracted to an attractive female to whom they were introduced right after their workout. a. less b. inconsistently c. more d. not

c. more

87. According to Berkowitz's (1989) revision of frustration-aggression theory, exposure to all of the following likely increases aggression except a. very congested traffic. b. cigarette smoke. c. novel but pleasant odors. d. uncomfortably cold temperatures.

c. novel but pleasant odors.

110. Research on violent media suggests that depictions of indirect, relational forms of aggression on TV targeted toward adolescents are a. not particularly common. b. more likely to be demonstrated by male than female characters. c. often portrayed as eliciting a clear reward. d. do not influence the immediate behavior of adolescent viewers.

c. often portrayed as eliciting a clear reward.

40. Campbell proposed that women are more likely than men to use relational aggression because women a. lack direct access to wealth. b. have lower levels of testosterone. c. place more of a value on their own lives and therefore avoid risky behaviors. d. do not want to risk physically harming the father of their offspring.

c. place more of a value on their own lives and therefore avoid risky behaviors.

101. Jim thinks it would be funny to replace Dwight's regular after-work pitcher of beer with non-alcoholic brew without telling him. Research suggests that after drinking this pitcher, Dwight would a. be much less aggressive than he usually is after drinking alcoholic beer. b. exhibit a severe form of alcohol myopia. c. potentially be just as aggressive as usual given his expectation that he has consumed alcohol. d. be less likely than usual to engage in displacement because of the lack of alcohol-associated excitation.

c. potentially be just as aggressive as usual given his expectation that he has consumed alcohol.

Two approaches that are ineffective for punishment

phsical and catharis

112. When Mina first started playing the new Blood Bath Beach Party video game, the extremely violent images made her cringe. Now she has played the game so many times that she barely even notices such images. This illustrates a. desensitization. b. cultivation c. rumination. d. catharsis.

c. rumination.

80. Which term provides an example of the concept of displacement? a. catharsis b. habituation c. scapegoating d. diffusion of blame

c. scapegoating

59. The theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments is called ____ theory. a. psychodynamic b. frustration-aggression c. social learning d. cultivation

c. social learning

89. Which is most likely to increase a person's aggressive response? a. embarrassment b. guilt c. social rejection d. kindness

c. social rejection

24. ​ In which region of the United States is the murder rate consistently the highest? a. the Midwest b. the Northeast c. the South d. the West Coast

c. the South

88. Riesman et al. (1991) found that as temperatures rise to uncomfortable levels, major league baseball pitchers are more likely to hit batters with a pitch. This finding is consistent with a. social learning theory. b. the cognitive neoassociation model. c. the role of negative affect in aggression. d. scapegoating.

c. the role of negative affect in aggression.

35. According to Smith's (2007) book about the evolutionary origins of human warfare, a. pacifists have a greater chance for reproductive success. b. pacifism is likely to become part of human nature. c. warriors have a greater chance for reproductive success. d. warriors are least likely to be accepted as part of the group

c. warriors have a greater chance for reproductive success.

nonphysical punishment (revoking privilages and time out

can be effective if comes immediately after undesirable behavior parents explain why

should angry people blow off steam?

catharsis hypothesis and its hydraulic model predicts that blowing off steam by imagined,observed, or actual aggression will reduce future aggression BUT research shows cathartic actions do NOT reduce aggression although they may increase positive effect

A reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression is called

catharsis.

16. A practice called chicken that occurs in Japan has recently come under criticism and steps are being taken to curtail it. What is this practice? a. People who sell drugs on the street are disciplined through public "vigilante" punishment rather than facing legal actions. b. Teachers in school are allowed to using caning as a disciplinary method on children as young as 4 years of age. c. Mothers take their daughters away from the home to raise them in solitude until they reach the age of 3 years. d. Adult businessmen grope schoolgirls who ride public transportation.

d. Adult businessmen grope schoolgirls who ride public transportation.

26. Which statement regarding the relationship between gender and aggression is false? a. In virtually every culture, males are more violent than females. b. Men are more likely to commit a homicide and are more likely to be the victim of a murder than women. c. Males are more likely to engage in risky, self-destructive behavior than females. d. Boys demonstrate more overt and relational forms of aggression than do girls.

d. Boys demonstrate more overt and relational forms of aggression than do girls.

2. Which scenario best illustrates aggression? a. Felix and Oscar engage in a heated debate concerning the merits of the Big Mac versus the Whopper. b. Maude trips over the scooter her son absentmindedly left in the driveway. c. In his attempt to save Samantha from dying, Darin breaks three of her ribs while performing CPR. d. Ginger kicks MaryAnn in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie.

d. Ginger kicks MaryAnn in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie.

Though women are more likely than men to aggress in an intimate relationship, men's aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically

has more severe consequences

55. Consider a mother who slaps her son whenever he engages in aggression. If negative reinforcement is responsible for her behavior, what likely happens after she slaps him? a. He ignores her. b. He slaps her back. c. He behaves more aggressively. d. He behaves less aggressively.

d. He behaves less aggressively.

44. Which research result would provide evidence that aggression is a heritable trait? a. Identical twins reared together are more similar in their levels of aggressiveness than identical twins reared apart. b. Adopted children are more similar in levels of aggressiveness to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents. c. Fraternal twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than non-twin siblings. d. Identical twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than fraternal twins.

d. Identical twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than fraternal twins.

22. A murder has been committed. Given the research on homicide, which of the following is most likely? a. The victim was black and the murdered was white. b. The murder occurred in the eastern United States. c. The murderer was over 55 years old. d. The murderer and victim were of the same race.

d. The murderer and victim were of the same race.

108. Research on the link between media violence and aggression has demonstrated that a. exposure to violent films increases aggressive behavior in the lab, but decreases aggressive behavior in the field. b. violent films increase aggressiveness, but violent music videos and song lyrics do not increase aggressiveness. c. all media violence ultimately reduces aggression by providing a cathartic outlet. d. all forms of media violence appear to increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

d. all forms of media violence appear to increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

17. One form of violence that is prevalent across virtually all cultures is a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. domestic violence. d. bullying.

d. bullying.

118. Research suggests that men's attitudes toward violence against women as well as their beliefs about rape myths a. are primarily influenced by nonviolent pornography rather than violent pornography. b. are stable personality traits that are not influenced by exposure to violent pornography unless the exposure is very frequent and the material is extremely violent. c. tend to be affected by the men's own arousal-based aggressive behaviors, but are not likely to be affected by observation of the aggressive behavior depicted in a movie. d. can influence the extent of their aggressive behavior in response to violent pornographic material.

d. can influence the extent of their aggressive behavior in response to violent pornographic material.

86. According to Berkowitz's (1989) revision of frustration-aggression theory, aggression is a response to a. only moderate, not extreme or mild, frustrations. b. previously displaced aggression. c. negative feelings. d. catharsis.

d. catharsis.

114. Nikki, who watches a lot of violent television shows as well as documentaries about violent crime, thinks that the world is much more violent than it really is. Her overestimate is likely to be due to a. habituation. b. displacement. c. dehumanization. d. cultivation.

d. cultivation.

68. The transmission of domestic violence across generations is called the a. cultivation of honor. b. rumination/frustration hypothesis. c. domestic desensitization effect. d. cycle of violence.

d. cycle of violence.

115. Ophelia has seen so many violent movies that she has become desensitized to them. This means that she a. believes the world is a much more violent place than it is in reality. b. believes the world is a much less violent place than it is in reality. c. experiences more physiological arousal in response to new images of violence. d. experiences less physiological arousal in response to new images of violence.

d. experiences less physiological arousal in response to new images of violence.

13. United States citizens tend to be more likely than those of other nations to engage in a. politically motivated violence directed toward groups. b. mob violence at sporting events. c. violence against young girls. d. gun-related violence against individuals.

d. gun-related violence against individuals.

96. When exposed to situational cues, such as the presence of a gun, many people tend to a. demonstrate decreases in aggression. b. feel socially rejected. c. experience a decrease in testosterone. d. have automatic cognitions regarding aggression.

d. have automatic cognitions regarding aggression.

85. Shawna has just gone through a break-up with her arrogant and selfish boyfriend. While hitting the punching bag in her kickboxing class, she imagines that she is punching her boyfriend's head. Shawna believes that engaging in the relatively harmless pursuit of hitting the punching bag will drain the energy from her more violent tendencies (like her temptation to slit the tires of his car or to break his legs). Research on the idea of catharsis suggests that a. hitting the punching bag will reduce Shawna's "hot-blooded" aggressive intent. b. the good feelings Shawna derives from hitting the punching bag will be replaced by feelings of guilt and shame, which will make her less likely to engage in aggression in the future. c. hitting the punching bag will be a more successful technique for Shawna's attempt to reduce future aggression than would distracting herself by going out and having fun with other friends. d. hitting the punching bag will make Shawna feel more aggressive toward her ex-boyfriend.

d. hitting the punching bag will make Shawna feel more aggressive toward her ex-boyfriend.

20. Which of the following would decrease the likelihood that Chris would behave in a physically aggressive manner? a. if Chris is a teenager b. if Chris is male c. if Chris is drunk d. if Chris is gay

d. if Chris is gay

57. Gershoff's (2002) meta-analysis of over 36,000 participants indicates a positive correlation between corporal punishment and other factors. Which factor was not shown to have a positive correlation? a. aggression as a child b. aggression as an adult c. adult criminal behavior d. improved academic performance

d. improved academic performance

83. The concept of catharsis has been undermined by findings suggesting that engaging in or witnessing aggression often a. reduces the likelihood of cultivation. b. produces displacement. c. causes habituation. d. increases aggression at a later time.

d. increases aggression at a later time.

63. Aggressive models teach aggressive behavior by all of the following except a. teaching observers how to perform the aggressive act. b. fostering positive attitudes toward aggression. c. allowing observers to construct aggressive scripts. d. increasing the frustration experienced by observers.

d. increasing the frustration experienced by observers.

120. Sexually coercive behavior is least likely to be exhibited by someone who a. is highly sexually aroused by violent pornography. b. indicates greater acceptance of interpersonal violence against women. c. thinks he or she has consumed alcohol. d. indicates strong rejection of rape myths.

d. indicates strong rejection of rape myths.

107. Which factor is not a component of the I3 theory of aggression? a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. intelligence

d. intelligence

43. In a study about status (to successfully compete for mates), Vlades Griskevicius and others (2009) and Vaillancourt (2005) found that a. women do not use aggression of any type to boost their status. b. men are more likely to boost their status through indirect aggression. c. women are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression. d. men are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression

d. men are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression

117. Jay has just been exposed to highly arousing violent pornography, whereas Dave has just been exposed to equally arousing but nonviolent pornography. The research on pornography and aggression suggests that, compared to Dave, Jay should subsequently be a. less aggressive toward both women and men. b. more aggressive toward both women and men. c. less aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men. d. more aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men.

d. more aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men.

9. When Katie found out that her brother Matt had pulled the heads off all of her Barbie dolls, she threw her Easy Bake oven at him. Katie's behavior illustrates ____ aggression. a. instrumental b. proactive c. incompatible d. reactive

d. reactive

36. Evolutionary accounts of aggression emphasize the a. role of aggression in securing food and land. b. contribution of genetics and hormones to aggressive behavior. c. importance of intrapsychic conflict in aggressive behavior. d. role of aggression in securing a mate.

d. role of aggression in securing a mate.

124. Denson, Capper, and others (2011) found that training in ____ resulted in less aggressiveness following provocation than if no training were provided. a. social learning b. self-esteem c. catharsis d. self-control

d. self-control

123. Aggression replacement training has all of the following components except a. improved moral reasoning. b. social competence training. c. aggression control. d. systematic desensitization.

d. systematic desensitization.

12. Group attacks against other groups are least likely to occur in a. the Middle East. b. Eastern Europe. c. Africa. d. the United States.

d. the United States.

69. Ryan was abused as a child. He is now married to a woman who abuses him, and he is physically abusive toward his child. This pattern of behavior is consistent with a. the negative affect escape model. b. the arousal affect model. c. cultivation. d. the cycle of violence.

d. the cycle of violence.

98. The tendency to perceive hostile intent in the actions of others is called a. aggression cultivation. b. emotional aggression. c. excitation transfer. d. the hostile attribution bias.

d. the hostile attribution bias.

64. Gee and Leigh (2007) analyzed aggressive behavior in the National Hockey League (NHL). They concluded that players born in North America were more likely to resort to fighting to deal with their frustration because a. hockey players generally have aggressive personalities. b. they were always punished severely when they acted aggressively. c. the sport of hockey makes people act aggressively. d. they had been exposed to models of aggression in hockey from a young age.

d. they had been exposed to models of aggression in hockey from a young age.

72. Nesbit & Cohen (1996) found that among ____ in the American South, there was a greater acceptance of the notion that a man has a right to kill in defense of his family and his house. a. black women b. white women c. black men d. white men

d. white men

When Mina first started playing the new Blood Bath Beach Party video game, the extremely violent images made her cringe. Now she has played the game so many times that she barely even notices such images. This illustrates

desensitization.

When his wife tells him that he cannot go out bowling with the guys, Homer gets mad and throttles his son, Bart. Homer's behavior is an example of

displacement.

broader approaches to reducing violence

economic opportunities--> lower crime rates and violence changing societal attitudes --sexual assault education technology changes --dna testing--> increased convictions more cell phones, cameras, and surveillance increased internet access associated with less sexual assault

The person who sees someone in pain and seeks to comfort them is showing _____, while the person who sees someone in pain and makes a big scene about how awful it is to see someone in pain is showing _____.

empathy, personal distress

The finding that male-to-male violence occurs primarily in response to status challenges, but male-to-female violence occurs primarily in response to sexual jealousy, supports the

evolutionary perspective on aggression.

The idea that arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individual's emotional response to another stimulus is called

excitation transfer.

According to research on the role of the brain and executive function in predicting aggressive tendencies, when very aggressive teenagers witnessed a situation in which someone intentionally inflicted pain on another person, they exhibited brain activity associated with

experiencing rewards.

When exposed to situational cues, such as the presence of a gun, people tend to

have automatic cognitions regarding aggression.

When Paulie accidentally bumps into Christopher, causing Christopher to spill his coffee, Christopher assumes that Paulie's behavior was deliberately intended to make him spill his coffee. He responds by yelling obscenities at Paulie. Christopher could be described as

having a hostile attribution bias.

The biochemical profile most associated with aggression would be _____ testosterone and _____ serotonin.

high; low

The concept of catharsis has been undermined by findings suggesting that engaging in or witnessing aggression often

increases aggression.

Aggressive models teach aggressive behavior by all of the following except

increasing the frustration experienced by observers.

Situational cues create automatic association

individual differences related to aggression ex: school shooters

Proactive is the same as _____ aggression, while reactive is the same as _____ aggression.

instrumental; emotional

The defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor

intends to injure another living being.

Research investigating the relationship between alcohol and aggression has shown that

intoxicated people are likely to base their aggressive responses on initial, salient information about a situation and fail to recognize later, subtle cues.

why media violence is harmful

introduces new forms of aggression primes violent ideas desnsitization: it reduces emotional sensitivity

violent pornography

main problem is violence, not sex film outcome matters violent pornography promotes rape myths RAPISTS profile:turned on by violent porno and accepting rape myths

Cultivation

mass media construct reality for us heavy tv viewers are biased--seeing a dangerous "mean world"

Parents discourage aggression by:

modeling non aggressive behavior offering non-violent tv watching tv with children, criticizing violence and stressing harmful consequences

role models

modeling: we imitate others bobo dolls experiment they slug the doll just like the adult did

One of the most successful treatments for violent juvenile delinquents is called

multisystemic therapy.

Ethan has been released from jail in the United States and is applying for jobs in the South and the Northeast. Ethan is probably more likely to land interviews in the South than in the Northeast if he was in jail for

murdering a person who taunted him in public about an affair with his wife.

According to Berkowitz's (1989) revision of frustration-aggression theory, aggression is a response to

negative emotions.

should we bottle up anger?

no we can express it contructively

subculture violence

our environment influences our aggression zimbardos stanford prison experiment -normal people in a subculture of violence(prison)become aggressive

Crowding and deindividuation

people in a crowd or mob can become aggressive due to arousal anonymity and losing a sense of individual identity reduced feelings of responsibility zimbardos abandoned care experiment --people in crowded cities may be deinidividuated

Based on Bonta's (1997) research on nonviolent societies, a powerful way to reduce violence within a society would be to

promote cooperation.

When Katie found out that her brother Matt had pulled the heads off all of her Barbie dolls, she threw her Easy Bake oven at him. Katie's behavior illustrates

reactive aggression

Ethology

says aggression has positive survival value Allows protection of young ensures strong survive

Ira believes that aggression is an acquired tendency picked up by observing others and by experience with rewards and punishments. Ira's beliefs are most consistent with

social learning theory.

Controlling aggression

social skills training teach people to be courteous and to resolve conflict incompatible some behaviors are incompatible with feeling angry ex: laughing

Ethologists

study animals in the wild also adopt hydraulic view

In the United States, culture-of-honor behavior has been observed in White men from _____ and Black men from _____.

the South; urban areas

The relatively greater violence rates in the southern United States has been attributed to

the manner in which residents of the South respond to status threats

The weapon effect:

the mere presence of a guy makes violence more likely

situational cues create automatic associations

the weapon effect

High levels of testosterone appear to affect aggression by increasing _____ and decreasing _______.

threat detection; fear

3 types of aggressors identified

traumatized (or bullied) psychotic-can't differ reality from fiction psychopathetic--have no empathy for others.

George gerbner

tv presents an aggressive view of the world

125. One of the most successful treatments for violent juvenile delinquents is called a. multisystem therapy. b. aggression replacement training. c. bullying prevention. d. sensitization therapy.

uvenile delinquents is called a. multisystem therapy.

Lab studies

violent programs lead children to hurt each other

Deserved vs not deserved

we aggress if not deserve the frustration

Learning by reinforcement

when aggression is rewarded it becomes more frequent

Frustration

when blocked from a goal we experience frustration increases the probability of aggression "frustrated" rats attack social rejection (being ignored) increases aggression we aggress if we view frustration as intentional

Deindividuation and aggression

zimbardos lab experiment --deindividuated participants deliver longer electric shocks --deinivuations make it more likely for people to commit aggressive acts