Social Psych Final

Based on the good samaritan experiment, the most likely person to help an elderly woman who has slipped on the ice is

August, who is killing time before an appointment

If you were a prosecutor, what would you be most likely to do to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty?

Have an eyewitness testify that she saw the defendant commit the crime

According to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis, Jane is most likely to help

Joe, who just told Jane that his mother passed away

What should police officers do to prevent false identifications during lineups?

Tell the witnesses that the lineup may not include the suspect

The "lost in the mall" effect is an example of

a reality-monitoring error

As the only african-american in a class, anxiety about being wrong and supporting that all african-americans are inferior is known as

a stereotype threat

Janet Swim collected data that suggests gender stereotypes

are generally quite accurate, but sometimes tend to underestimate true gender differences

Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they

are overgeneralized to members of a group

The activation of stereotypes is ___ while the refutation of stereotypes is ___

automatic; controlled

The over justification effect suggests that providing ___ for volunteering or community service can lead to ___

barely sufficient rewards; self-attributions as "kind" and "helpful"

After watching eyewitness identifications, student jurors

believed the eyewitnesses, even when their identifications were inaccurate

Stereotypes are the ___ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people

cognitive

If stereotyping is known as the "law of least effort", Allport believes people are often

cognitive misers

Conditions under which contact situations reduce prejudice include

common goals, mutual independence, and equal status

Unanimous verdict requirements encourage jurors to

consider the evidence more carefully

"Klee style" versus "Kandinsky style", blue- versus brown-eyed, and over/under-estimators are all trivial, arbitrary criteria by which to

create in-groups and out-groups in the minimal group paragigm

What does not promote helping?

diffusion of responsibility

Empirical research suggests that the most common cause of false convictions is

erroneous eyewitness identification

When the misinformation effect occurs, it is due to ___ that results in ___

erroneous post-event information; source monitoring error

Swift imposition of the death penalty is associated in an increase in murders; this is plausible when one considers

executions as acts of aggression that might lead to imitation

(Scapegoat theory for prejudice) frustrated Anglo-Americans delivered stronger shocks to African-Americans, frustrated anti-semites wrote more hostile stories about targets with Jewish surnames. These controlled studies suggest

frustration is a sufficient cause for scapegoating

Hostility between two groups cannot be reduced by

having the groups interact in a formal setting with each group occupying half of the room

If Herman is prejudiced towards group A, increasing his contact with group A is most likely to reduce his prejudice if

he volunteers to help build a house for habitat for humanity, and several of his coworkers are from group A. at the end of each day they all get dinner

Men are more likely to help in ___, whereas women are likely to help in___

heroic ways; ways that involve a long term commitment

The tendency to see relations between objects or events that are not actually related

illusory correlation

Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of ___ to inhibit helping

informational social influence

Bibb Litane and John Darley suggest a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene. According to this stage model, pluralistic ignorance is most likely to affect witnesses'

interpretation of the event as an emergency

In the jigsaw classroom technique

lessons are structured so students' only access to most of the information they will be tested on is from other students

One nearly inevitable consequence of being the target of relentless prejudice is

lower self-esteem among those in the stigmatized group

The process whereby information obtained after an event alters memories of the event is known as

misinformation effect

Modern racism is ___ that "traditional" prejudice

more indirect

In-group bias is

motivated by the desire to enhance self-esteem

According to evolutionary psych, the norm of reciprocity developed because

organisms that are too selfish threaten the survival of the group and organisms that are too selfless are likely to get exploited

When prejudiced people say "they all look alike to me", they are illustrating the

out-group homogeneity bias

When in-group members experience economic hardships,

out-group hostility increases

Considerable social psych research demonstrates that jurors tend to

overestimate the accuracy of eyewitnesses

Own-race bias refers to the finding that

people are better at recognizing faces from members of their own race

A shortcoming of relying on hypnosis to improve eyewitness testimony is

people who have been hypnotized become more confident, but not more accurate

The idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency look concern, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong

pluralistic ignorance

When completing questionnaires alone or with a group, people were more quick to report the smoke if they were alone because of

pluralistic ignorance

A negative attitude towards a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their group membership

prejudice

Informational (cognitive) attempts to re-educate prejudiced people are often ineffective, probably because

prejudice is an affectively-based attitude

Social psychologists would not recommend this when trying to avoid "best guess"

present pictures of the suspects all at once rather than one at a time so simultaneous comparisons can be made

In order to minimize false identification by an eye witness

present the suspect and foils sequentially

Suggests that increased prejudice and discrimination result from competition between groups for limited resources and social good, and the consequent group inequalities that ensue

realistic group conflict theory

A special type of source-monitoring error when an event someone only imagined comes to be remembered as an actual experience is

reality-monitoring error

According to to evolutionary psychologists, we help others because of these three factors that have become ingrained in our genes

reciprocity norm, kin selection, and the ability to learn to follow norms and customs

Cognitive interviews lead to errors because

repeatedly imagining an even can lead to source monitoring errors

in lineups, witnesses often chose who most resembles their stored image. This can yield inaccurate information, and suggests the ___ stage of memory is affected by the typical lineup procedure

retrieval

Stereotyping is a way of ___ the complex information around us, and thus is sometimes ___

simplifying; adaptive

Stereotypes can be resistant to change because when we encounter behaviors that contradict our stereotypes, we often make ___ for those behaviors

situational attributions

The negative-state relief hypothesis is most consistent with a ___ approach to understanding prosocial behavior

social exchange

Helping occurs only when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs, according to

social exchange theory

You remember that Topeka is the capital of Kansas, but can't remember if you learned this in 3rd or 4th grade. This is an issue with

source monitoring

The apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm existing cultural stereotypes

stereotype threat

In what way should lawyers present their case to a jury?

story order

From a social cognitive perspective, the first step toward prejudice is

the categorization of people into groups

Deciding not to call an ambulance because someone in the group has probably already done so is known as

the diffusion of responsibility

The part of prejudiced attitudes that make them relatively impervious to rational or logical arguments is

the emotional aspect

When given many different difficulties in identifying a perpetrator

the eyewitness accuracy increased as the viewing conditions improved

The bystander effect refers to the finding that

the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely each of them is to help

With the stop/yield sign experiment, participants were least accurate in their memories when

the questions contradicted what they had actually seen

If a single juror disagrees with the rest, most likely

the single juror will change their mind and vote with the majority

Desegregation efforts didn't have the desired positive effects because

the typical classroom is competitive and students to not participate on equal footing

In the seizure experiment, people were more likely and quick to help the victim if

they believed they were the only one listening

Thurgood Marshall's experience with prejudice in the south and the aftermath of OJ's trial are alike because

they reflect a racial divide that persists in the US

The tendency to make dispositional attributions for undesirable behaviors or negative outcomes about members of an outgroup

ultimate attribution error

Provocation is less likely to result in an aggressive response when

we learn of mitigating circumstances ahead of time

social psych research has revealed a ___ relation eyewitness confidence and accuracy

weak positive

Own-race bias may occur because

when people look at same-race faces, they focus on differences in individuals, and with different-races they focus on what distinguishes the races

According to the bystander effect, if you witness a mugging you'll be most likely to call for help if

you believe you are the sole witness

As a white participant, you are primed with pictures of African-American faces, then indicate "good" and "bad" words, and finally are debriefed by an African-American experimenter. If you were high in implicit prejudice

your response time to bad words would be faster, and you would treat the experimenter in a cold and disinterested way