Social Psych Final
Based on the good samaritan experiment, the most likely person to help an elderly woman who has slipped on the ice is
August, who is killing time before an appointment
If you were a prosecutor, what would you be most likely to do to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty?
Have an eyewitness testify that she saw the defendant commit the crime
According to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis, Jane is most likely to help
Joe, who just told Jane that his mother passed away
What should police officers do to prevent false identifications during lineups?
Tell the witnesses that the lineup may not include the suspect
The "lost in the mall" effect is an example of
a reality-monitoring error
As the only african-american in a class, anxiety about being wrong and supporting that all african-americans are inferior is known as
a stereotype threat
Janet Swim collected data that suggests gender stereotypes
are generally quite accurate, but sometimes tend to underestimate true gender differences
Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they
are overgeneralized to members of a group
The activation of stereotypes is ___ while the refutation of stereotypes is ___
automatic; controlled
The over justification effect suggests that providing ___ for volunteering or community service can lead to ___
barely sufficient rewards; self-attributions as "kind" and "helpful"
After watching eyewitness identifications, student jurors
believed the eyewitnesses, even when their identifications were inaccurate
Stereotypes are the ___ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people
cognitive
If stereotyping is known as the "law of least effort", Allport believes people are often
cognitive misers
Conditions under which contact situations reduce prejudice include
common goals, mutual independence, and equal status
Unanimous verdict requirements encourage jurors to
consider the evidence more carefully
"Klee style" versus "Kandinsky style", blue- versus brown-eyed, and over/under-estimators are all trivial, arbitrary criteria by which to
create in-groups and out-groups in the minimal group paragigm
What does not promote helping?
diffusion of responsibility
Empirical research suggests that the most common cause of false convictions is
erroneous eyewitness identification
When the misinformation effect occurs, it is due to ___ that results in ___
erroneous post-event information; source monitoring error
Swift imposition of the death penalty is associated in an increase in murders; this is plausible when one considers
executions as acts of aggression that might lead to imitation
(Scapegoat theory for prejudice) frustrated Anglo-Americans delivered stronger shocks to African-Americans, frustrated anti-semites wrote more hostile stories about targets with Jewish surnames. These controlled studies suggest
frustration is a sufficient cause for scapegoating
Hostility between two groups cannot be reduced by
having the groups interact in a formal setting with each group occupying half of the room
If Herman is prejudiced towards group A, increasing his contact with group A is most likely to reduce his prejudice if
he volunteers to help build a house for habitat for humanity, and several of his coworkers are from group A. at the end of each day they all get dinner
Men are more likely to help in ___, whereas women are likely to help in___
heroic ways; ways that involve a long term commitment
The tendency to see relations between objects or events that are not actually related
illusory correlation
Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of ___ to inhibit helping
informational social influence
Bibb Litane and John Darley suggest a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene. According to this stage model, pluralistic ignorance is most likely to affect witnesses'
interpretation of the event as an emergency
In the jigsaw classroom technique
lessons are structured so students' only access to most of the information they will be tested on is from other students
One nearly inevitable consequence of being the target of relentless prejudice is
lower self-esteem among those in the stigmatized group
The process whereby information obtained after an event alters memories of the event is known as
misinformation effect
Modern racism is ___ that "traditional" prejudice
more indirect
In-group bias is
motivated by the desire to enhance self-esteem
According to evolutionary psych, the norm of reciprocity developed because
organisms that are too selfish threaten the survival of the group and organisms that are too selfless are likely to get exploited
When prejudiced people say "they all look alike to me", they are illustrating the
out-group homogeneity bias
When in-group members experience economic hardships,
out-group hostility increases
Considerable social psych research demonstrates that jurors tend to
overestimate the accuracy of eyewitnesses
Own-race bias refers to the finding that
people are better at recognizing faces from members of their own race
A shortcoming of relying on hypnosis to improve eyewitness testimony is
people who have been hypnotized become more confident, but not more accurate
The idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency look concern, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong
pluralistic ignorance
When completing questionnaires alone or with a group, people were more quick to report the smoke if they were alone because of
pluralistic ignorance
A negative attitude towards a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their group membership
prejudice
Informational (cognitive) attempts to re-educate prejudiced people are often ineffective, probably because
prejudice is an affectively-based attitude
Social psychologists would not recommend this when trying to avoid "best guess"
present pictures of the suspects all at once rather than one at a time so simultaneous comparisons can be made
In order to minimize false identification by an eye witness
present the suspect and foils sequentially
Suggests that increased prejudice and discrimination result from competition between groups for limited resources and social good, and the consequent group inequalities that ensue
realistic group conflict theory
A special type of source-monitoring error when an event someone only imagined comes to be remembered as an actual experience is
reality-monitoring error
According to to evolutionary psychologists, we help others because of these three factors that have become ingrained in our genes
reciprocity norm, kin selection, and the ability to learn to follow norms and customs
Cognitive interviews lead to errors because
repeatedly imagining an even can lead to source monitoring errors
in lineups, witnesses often chose who most resembles their stored image. This can yield inaccurate information, and suggests the ___ stage of memory is affected by the typical lineup procedure
retrieval
Stereotyping is a way of ___ the complex information around us, and thus is sometimes ___
simplifying; adaptive
Stereotypes can be resistant to change because when we encounter behaviors that contradict our stereotypes, we often make ___ for those behaviors
situational attributions
The negative-state relief hypothesis is most consistent with a ___ approach to understanding prosocial behavior
social exchange
Helping occurs only when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs, according to
social exchange theory
You remember that Topeka is the capital of Kansas, but can't remember if you learned this in 3rd or 4th grade. This is an issue with
source monitoring
The apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm existing cultural stereotypes
stereotype threat
In what way should lawyers present their case to a jury?
story order
From a social cognitive perspective, the first step toward prejudice is
the categorization of people into groups
Deciding not to call an ambulance because someone in the group has probably already done so is known as
the diffusion of responsibility
The part of prejudiced attitudes that make them relatively impervious to rational or logical arguments is
the emotional aspect
When given many different difficulties in identifying a perpetrator
the eyewitness accuracy increased as the viewing conditions improved
The bystander effect refers to the finding that
the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely each of them is to help
With the stop/yield sign experiment, participants were least accurate in their memories when
the questions contradicted what they had actually seen
If a single juror disagrees with the rest, most likely
the single juror will change their mind and vote with the majority
Desegregation efforts didn't have the desired positive effects because
the typical classroom is competitive and students to not participate on equal footing
In the seizure experiment, people were more likely and quick to help the victim if
they believed they were the only one listening
Thurgood Marshall's experience with prejudice in the south and the aftermath of OJ's trial are alike because
they reflect a racial divide that persists in the US
The tendency to make dispositional attributions for undesirable behaviors or negative outcomes about members of an outgroup
ultimate attribution error
Provocation is less likely to result in an aggressive response when
we learn of mitigating circumstances ahead of time
social psych research has revealed a ___ relation eyewitness confidence and accuracy
weak positive
Own-race bias may occur because
when people look at same-race faces, they focus on differences in individuals, and with different-races they focus on what distinguishes the races
According to the bystander effect, if you witness a mugging you'll be most likely to call for help if
you believe you are the sole witness
As a white participant, you are primed with pictures of African-American faces, then indicate "good" and "bad" words, and finally are debriefed by an African-American experimenter. If you were high in implicit prejudice
your response time to bad words would be faster, and you would treat the experimenter in a cold and disinterested way