Social Psych Final

All cultures show a strong propensity for thinness. True False

False

Being a member of a group has the potential to, and often does generate negative self-esteem and contributes to our social identity. False True

False

Communal relationships are relationships in which each of the partners keeps track of his or her contributions to the partnership. True False

False

Effective leadership in decision-making groups involves making sure that the leader states his or her opinions early during the process of decision making. False True

False

Goals that are very important to two different social groups, and yet require the cooperative efforts and resources of both groups are called cooperative goals. True False

False

In successful close relationships, cognitive representations of the self and the other tend to remain independent. False True

False

Increased arousal and sexual attraction are features of companionate love. True False

False

Mere exposure applies in all the stages of interpersonal attraction. True False

False

Negative affect decreases aggression. False True

False

People help more when they are in bad mood. True False

False

People who experience a lot of positive affect are likely to be aggressive. True False

False

People who live in large, crowded, urban cities are more likely to help than those who live in smaller and less dense rural towns. False True

False

The bogus pipeline procedure is a direct approach to assessing prejudice. False True

False

A factor that enhances the motivation to engage in intergroup contact is interdependence among the groups. False True

True

Aggression is particularly likely among people who feel that they are being rejected by others that they care about. True False

True

Empathy allows us to quickly and automatically perceive and understand the emotional states of others. True False

True

If we are rewarded by being aggressive, we'll likely aggress again, but if we are punished for our violence, we may subsequently curb our aggression. True False

True

People are more likely to help when they can pretend that they are acting in their own self-interest. False True

True

Stereotype threat refers to the performance decrement that is caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes. False True

True

We are less likely to harm those who are genetically related to us than we are to harm others who are different. False True

True

We are likely to help more often when we model the helpful behavior of others. False True

True

Which of the following is most likely to be an example of cognitive aggression? a. A bully hits and steals another child's toys. b. A jealous lover strikes out in rage. c. A driver accidentally hits a pedestrian. d. A salesperson attempts to make a sale through repeated phone calls. e. A football linebacker accidentally breaks the arm of another player.

a. A bully hits and steals another child's toys.

_____ help is partial and temporary and provides information to the other, for instance by giving instructions or guidance or providing ideas about how to help oneself. a. Autonomy-oriented b. Dependency-oriented c. Conformity-oriented d. Stimulus-oriented e. Impact-oriented

a. Autonomy-oriented

Which of the following statements regarding contact is true? a. Contact will only be effective if it provides information to the individuals demonstrating that their existing stereotypes are incorrect. b. Intergroup contact is a panacea for reducing discrimination across groups. c. Contact with members of another group helps to reinforce our stereotypes. d. Contacts reduce discrimination only if interactions span all areas of life and not merely school, or workplace, or neighborhood. e. Contact usually reduces intergroup discrimination because the conditions necessary for it to be

a. Contact will only be effective if it provides information to the individuals demonstrating that their existing stereotypes are incorrect.

Which of the following is true about groups? a. Groups exist simply because individuals perceive those groups as existing. b. Ingroup members describe outgroup ones in terms of broad negative traits. c. Ingroup favoritism is usually based on genuine, specific, and important features of the ingroup. d. Typically only adults and adolescents are likely to demonstrate ingroup favoritism.

a. Groups exist simply because individuals perceive those groups as existing.

Which of the following is a feature of stereotypes? a. Once established, stereotypes are difficult to change. b. Stereotypes are unjustifiable negative attitudes toward an outgroup or its members. c. Stereotypes are internal; they are not reinforced by the media, friends, or family. d. Stereotypes refer to affective states that lead to behavior such as anger and hatred. e. Though stereotypes maybe strong, they do not influence our behavior toward others.

a. Once established, stereotypes are difficult to change.

Which of the following terms refers to a strong motivational state that prevents conformity? a. Psychological reactance b. Emotional contagion c. Positive psychology d. Positivity offset e. Self-concordance

a. Psychological reactance

Which of the following terms refers to the idea that, if we help other people now, those others will return the favor should we need their help in the future? a. Reciprocal altruism b. Self-concordance c. Social impact d. Cognitive conformity e. Moral hypocrisy

a. Reciprocal altruism

Which of the following is one of the stages in Latané and Darley's model of helping? a. Taking responsibility b. Information gathering c. Influencing d. Planning e. Coercing

a. Taking responsibility

A survey was conducted to study early patterns of bonding in close relationships. When asked what they liked and remembered most about their first encounters with their current partners, many respondents said the first meeting left them in a "good mood" because of what their partners looked like, or gifted them and so forth. This finding highlights the role of _____ in attraction. a. affect b. physiological arousal c. proximity d. physical attractiveness stereotype e. cognition

a. affect

The love that is based on friendship, mutual attraction, common interests, mutual respect, and concern for each other's welfare is known as _____. a. companionate love b. consummate love c. romantic love d. passionate love e. fatuous love

a. companionate love

Emotional aggression is also known as _____ aggression. a. impulsive b. reciprocal c. cognitive d. instrumental e. situational

a. impulsive

According to the _____ norm, if someone helps us, then we should help them back in the future, and we should help people now with the expectation that they will help us later, if we need it. a. reciprocity b. stimulus generalization c. social empathy d. social responsibility e. cognitive conformity

a. reciprocity

The _____ norm tells us that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks. a. social responsibility b. reciprocity c. cognitive conformity d. stimulus generalization e. social empathy

a. social responsibility

Brown versus Board of Education is a landmark case in support of the _____. a. use of intergroup contact to influence prejudice b. extended contact hypothesis c. creation of a common group identity d. role of the judiciary in the country e. reduction of discrimination at the workplace

a. use of intergroup contact to influence prejudice

A popular feminist rights group has recently been in the news after one of its members revealed that she had left the group after being harassed by some of its members. Additionally, she claimed that the group did not really engage in real work and that its office had become just another meeting place. In response to these allegations, the group denounced the rebel member, criticized her harshly, and went on to launch a new set of programs to restore its positive image in public. Which of the following concepts is depicted by this scenario? a. Social desirability bias b. Black sheep effect c. Ingroup favoritism d. Outgroup homogeneity e. Ultimate attribution error

b. Black sheep effect

Which of the following is the last stage in the process of helping in Latané and Darley's model of helping? a. Organizing b. Implementing action c. Planning d. Taking responsibility e. Noticing

b. Implementing action

Which of the following is the first stage in the process of helping in Latané and Darley's model of helping? a. Evaluation b. Noticing c. Interpretation d. Taking responsibility e. Implementing action

b. Noticing

Which of the following statements regarding physical attractiveness is true? a. Women have a tendency to prioritize a man's attractiveness over his status. b. We tend to perceive attractive people as having positive characteristics like being popular. c. The preference for youth is found in our perceptions of both men and women, but is somewhat stronger for our perceptions of men. d. For men the social status of women is most important. e. Studies have usually shown that we demonstrate a preference for faces that are unusual or unique.

b. We tend to perceive attractive people as having positive characteristics like being popular.

According to Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ is the type of love that is most complete as it combines all the three basic components of passion, intimacy, and commitment. a. companionate love b. consummate love c. passionate love d. fatuous love e. romantic love

b. consummate love

In the triangular model of love, a combination of passion and commitment, but no intimacy, results in _____. a. consummate love b. fatuous love c. infatuation d. passionate love e. companionate love

b. fatuous love

Sarah yelling insults at her boyfriend during the heat of the moment is an example of _____ aggression. a. cognitive b. impulsive c. violent d. habitual e. instrumental

b. impulsive

A terrorist kills civilians to gain political exposure. This is an example of _____ aggression. a. conditioned b. instrumental c. emotional d. imperative e. reciprocal

b. instrumental

The tendency to perceive attractive people as having positive characteristics, such as sociability and competence, is known as the _____. a. status similarity b. physical attractiveness stereotype c. positive attachment style d. proximity principle e. social exchange

b. physical attractiveness stereotype

Your instructor has just explained a very difficult concept. He is not sure if the students have understood the concept, and asks, "Are there any questions?" All the students are completely confused, but when you look around at others you see that no one is raising a hand. So, you think that others in the class have understood the concept, which they have not, and you too do not raise your hand. This is an example of _____. a. diffusion of responsibility b. pluralistic ignorance c. reciprocity d. social distress e. whistle-blowing

b. pluralistic ignorance

The _____ is a part of our brain that allows us to successfully use language, acquire complex skills, create tools, and live in social groups. a. hypothalamus b. prefrontal cortex c. striatum d. cingulum e. amygdala

b. prefrontal cortex

The concept of mere exposure demonstrates that we have a tendency to prefer people who: a. possess youthful features. b. we have seen more frequently. c. like us as much as we like them. d. are physically attractive. e. have similar status as us.

b. we have seen more frequently.

Which of the following assesses the extent to which the individual values his or her memberships in groups in public and private ways, as well as the extent to which he or she gains social identity from those groups? a. Social Identity Scale b. Social Dominance Scale c. Collective Self-Esteem Scale d. Group Attitude Scale

c. Collective Self-Esteem Scale

_____ refers to the feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain the relationship. a. Acceptance b. Intimacy c. Commitment d. Interdependence e. Closeness

c. Commitment

_____ aggression occurs when negative emotions caused by one person trigger aggression toward a different person. a. Habitual b. Instrumental c. Displaced d. Cognitive e. Impulsive

c. Displaced

_____ aggression refers to aggression that occurs with only a small amount of forethought or intent. It is impulsive and carried out in the heat of the moment. a. Conditioned b. Reciprocal c. Emotional d. Instrumental e. Cognitive

c. Emotional

_____ aggression is aggression that is intentional and planned. a. Emotional b. Habitual c. Instrumental d. Displaced e. Impulsive

c. Instrumental

Which of the following refers to Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)? a. It refers to a complex social attempt to change the social categorization present in society because of the belief that such categorization is wrong. b. It is a personality variable that characterizes societies that prefer things to be simple, rather than complex. It refers to a social variable that characterizes societies that favor traditional and conventional values. c. It is a personality variable that refers to the tendency to see and to accept inequality among different groups. d. It refers to a personality trait among people who believe that there should be no status differences among social groups.

c. It is a personality variable that refers to the tendency to see and to accept inequality among different groups.

Which of the following terms best represents the belief that people get what they deserve in life? a. Liberal belief b. Subjective validation c. Just world belief d. Distinction bias e. Confirmation bias

c. Just world belief

_____ refers to the negative emotions that we may experience when we view another person's suffering. a. Cognitive conformity b. Stimulus discrimination c. Personal distress d. Adverse impact e. Private acceptance

c. Personal distress

Which of the following statements regarding social categorization is true? a. Social categorization leads people to view members of other groups as being more heterogenous than usual. b. Social categorization typically leads to development of negative attitudes about other people and social groups. c. Social categorization occurs because people are often not motivated to learn about the other group more thoroughly. d. Social categorization that occurs through stereotypes and prejudices is not based on true attributes of people. e. Social categorization only has a cognitive component and does not impact people's real-world behavior.

c. Social categorization occurs because people are often not motivated to learn about the other group more thoroughly.

Instrumental aggression is also known as _____ aggression. a. situational b. reciprocal c. cognitive d. impulsive e. emotional

c. cognitive

In the triangular model of love, a combination of intimacy and commitment, but no passion, results in _____. a. infatuation b. consummate love c. companionate love d. fatuous love e. romantic love

c. companionate love

The tendency to become used to, and thus less influenced by, a stimulus is known as _____. a. cognitive dissonance b. stimulus generalization c. desensitization d. emotional contagion e. stimulus discrimination

c. desensitization

Contact hypothesis implies that: a. reducing intergroup contact encourages ingroups to become more tolerant of outgroups. b. intergroup contact tends to increase prejudice because people become more aware of the differences among members of different groups. c. direct intergroup contact may produce more positive attitudes between members of different social groups. d. enhancing intergroup contact is the necessary precondition to reducing discrimination among groups. e. interdependence and a concern for others are sufficient to remove discrimination among different

c. direct intergroup contact may produce more positive attitudes between members of different social groups.

Partners in long-term successful relationships begin to experience a high degree of closeness marked by a tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner. This tendency is known as _____. a. physical attractiveness stereotype b. social support c. reciprocal self-disclosure d. mere exposure e. interdependence

c. reciprocal self-disclosure

People are more likely to help others when: a. the cost of helping is high. b. they are in a bad mood. c. they are the only ones in the situation. d. the others have no genetic connection with them. e. they do not expect any reward for the help.

c. they are the only ones in the situation.

Which of the following is most likely to be an example of violence? a. A salesperson attempts to make a sale through repeated phone calls. b. A football linebacker accidentally breaks the arm of another player. c. A person yells insults at someone. d. A person slaps someone really hard across the face. e. A driver accidentally hits a pedestrian.

d. A person slaps someone really hard across the face.

_____ is a personality dimension that characterizes people who prefer things to be simple, rather than complex, and who tend to hold traditional and conventional values. a. Autonomy b. Assertiveness c. Authoritativeness d. Authoritarianism e. Acceptance

d. Authoritarianism

_____ are close relationships in which partners suspend their need for equity and exchange, giving support to the partner in order to meet his or her needs, and without consideration of the costs to themselves. a. Ambivalent relationships b. Exchange relationships c. Intimate relationships d. Communal relationships e. Interdependent relationships

d. Communal relationships

Which of the following statements regarding the jigsaw classroom is true? a. It encourages the problem-solving ability of children from developing countries. b. It is an approach to learning in which students from different racial or ethnic groups work independently to master material. c. It highlights the importance of independent learning in small children. d. It is a cooperative learning technique that demonstrates the importance of interdependence. It is an old technique that increases stereotyping and prejudice, and is thus not used in schools.

d. It is a cooperative learning technique that demonstrates the importance of interdependence. It is an old technique that increases stereotyping and prejudice, and is thus not used in schools.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding helping? a. We are particularly helpful to people who share our genetic background. b. We are more likely to help attractive, rather than unattractive people of the other sex. c. People are more likely to help when they receive rewards for doing so. d. People who are less helpful are happier and even live longer in comparison to those who are more helpful. e. Viewing positive role models provides ideas about ways to be helpful to others, and gives us information about appropriate helping behaviors.

d. People who are less helpful are happier and even live longer in comparison to those who are more helpful.

_____ occurs when people think that others in their environment have information that they do not have, and when they base their judgments on what they think the others are thinking. a. Stimulus discrimination b. Personal acceptance c. Social distress d. Pluralistic ignorance e. Cognitive conformity

d. Pluralistic ignorance

Which of the following is most likely to increase aggression? a. Emotional labor b. Positive mood c. Getting scolded for aggression d. Viewing violence e. Presence of serotonin

d. Viewing violence

Which of the following terms refers to aggression that has extreme physical harm, such as injury or death, as its goal? a. Yelling b. Social aggression c. Relational aggression d. Violence e. Public insult

d. Violence

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender differences in helping? a. Men are more likely than women to help in situations that involve long-term nurturance and caring. b. On average, there are big person differences between men and women in terms of their helping. c. As compared to women, men are less likely to help in situations that involve physical strength. d. Women are as likely as men are to provide help in dangerous situations. e. Women are less likely than men to engage in community behaviors, such as volunteering in the community.

d. Women are as likely as men are to provide help in dangerous situations.

The _____ is a brain region responsible for regulating our perceptions of, and reactions to, aggression and fear. a. neocortex b. cerebral cortex c. striatum d. amygdala e. cingulum

d. amygdala

Children who are unable to relate to their parents and become distant, fearful, and cold are displaying the _____ attachment style. a. ambivalent b. anxious c. normative d. avoidant e. resistant

d. avoidant

People of the _____ personality type have trouble expressing and understanding emotions, experience more negative affect in their interactions, and show a relative lack of interest in learning about their romantic partner's thoughts and feelings. a. dependent b. resistant c. positive d. avoidant e. anxious

d. avoidant

The idea that engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way is known as _____. a. moonlighting b. habituation c. stimulus generalization d. catharsis e. cold canvassing

d. catharsis

A feature of members of a close relationship is that they rely to a great degree on each other to meet their goals. This feature of close relationships is called _____. a. commitment b. intimacy c. companionship d. interdependence e. security

d. interdependence

The tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups is called ______. a. ingroup favoritism b. external bias c. ultimate attribution error d. outgroup homogeneity e. social dominance orientation

d. outgroup homogeneity

In the triangular model of love, a combination of passion and intimacy, but no commitment, results in _____. a. companionate love b. consummate love c. fatuous love d. romantic love e. infatuation

d. romantic love

The positive self-esteem that people get from their group memberships is referred to as: a. authoritarianism b. humanism effect c. group-enhancement d. social identity e. ultimate attribution effect

d. social identity

The principles of social learning suggest that people will be more likely to help others: a. if someone has helped them recently. b. when they do not expect any help from them in the near future. c. when the cost of helping is high. d. when they receive rewards for doing so. e. if they are not genetically related to them.

d. when they receive rewards for doing so.

Which of the following is most likely to be an example of aggression? a. A salesperson attempts to make a sale through repeated phone calls. b. A dentist injects a painkiller to a patient. c. A football linebacker accidentally breaks the arm of another player. d. A driver accidentally hits a pedestrian. e. A person yells insults at someone.

e. A person yells insults at someone.

_____ occurs when we assume that others will take action, and therefore we do not take action ourselves. a. Private acceptance b. Cognitive dissonance c. Personal distress d. Adverse impact e. Diffusion of responsibility

e. Diffusion of responsibility

_____ refers to an affective response in which the person understands and even feels the other person's distress, and when he or she experiences events the way the other person does. a. Guilt b. Adverse impact c. Reciprocity d. Conformity e. Empathy

e. Empathy

_____ is a procedure designed to elicit more honest, implicit beliefs in which participants are asked to classify stimuli into one of two pre-arranged categories aiding the test by pressing one button with their left hand and another button with their right hand. a. Word association test b. Cohort association test c. Bogus pipeline test d. Controlled association test e. Implicit association test

e. Implicit association test

_____ is a female hormone most directly involved in interpersonal attraction, through its influence on social behaviors including the development of long-term romantic attachments. a. Progesterone b. Estradiol c. Prolactin d. Orexin e. Oxytocin

e. Oxytocin

_____ is a neurotransmitter that influences mood, appetite, and sleep, and which reduces aggression. a. Catecholamine b. Piperazine c. Acetylcholine d. Norepinephrine e. Serotonin

e. Serotonin

Which of the following is a subset of aggression? a. Stimulus discrimination b. Habituation c. Cognitive conformity d. Adverse impact e. Violence

e. Violence

Social psychologists define _____ as behavior that is intended to harm another individual who does not wish to be harmed. a. social cognition b. personal distress c. conformity d. retrogression e. aggression

e. aggression

We tend to help those people who: a. don't seem to be working very hard to solve their problems on their own. b. cannot give us any rewards in return. c. do not have any genetic connection with us. d. seem to have brought on their problems themselves. e. need help as a result of events that seem to be out of their own control.

e. need help as a result of events that seem to be out of their own control.

A study across the floors of a large office building found that employees who worked in cubicles that were at the corners of the aisle were considered more sociable and were able to make more friends than those who worked toward the middle of aisles. This finding that location of seating and friendship formation are linked at the workplace is an example of _____ as a determinant of interpersonal attraction. a. arousal b. interdependence c. similarity d. affect e. proximity

e. proximity

The most important determinant of ingroup favoritism is _____. a. involuntary group membership b. authoritarianism among members c. the need for social categorization d. the concern for group members e. simple self-enhancement

e. simple self-enhancement