Social Psychology Ch 3 MC

Increasing self-awareness tends to make people ____. a. behave in ways that are more consistent with their attitudes b. engage in the over-justification effect c. decrease their normal level of self-regulation d. feel devalued

A

A classic article by sociologist Ralph Turner noted that different cultures, at different times, have defined the true self by placing emphasis on either of two main approaches. These approaches are ____. a. the self as inner feelings and the self in social roles b. public self-awareness and private self-awareness c. the looking-glass self and the generalized other d. the implicit self and the explicit self

A

According to social psychological research, which of the following would be the MOST promising technique to use to try to change the self-concept, beliefs, and values of an individual who engaged in terrorist activities? a. Separate the individual from his or her current peer group and place the individual in a new social context. b. Physically torture or threaten to kill the individual's family members. c. Use consistent, rational arguments to try to persuade the individual that other self-concepts, beliefs, and values are more valuable and desirable. d. Place the individual in solitary confinement with sensory deprivation (e.g., exposure to very little light or sound).

A

According to the text, ____ is/are the most important ingredient(s) for facilitating self-concept change. a. the interpersonal context and how other people see you b. introspection c. commitment to change d. physically changing your behavior

A

According to the text, without society, the self ____. a. would not exist in full. b. would still exist in full. c. would be purely independent. d. would be purely interdependent.

A

Compared to people with high self-esteem, people with low self-esteem ____. a. are more prone to mood swings b. set lower goals for themselves c. have very clear-cut, well-defined self-concepts d. often purposely fail at things

A

Compared to people with high self-esteem, people with low self-esteem have ____. a. similar life goals, but less confidence in themselves b. similar life goals and similar levels of confidence in themselves, but less actual success in achieving their goals c. higher, more difficult-to-attain life goals d. lower, less rewarding life goals

A

Consider the self-enhancement motive, the consistency motive, and the appraisal motive. According to research, which of these three motives appears to be the strongest when conflicts arise between motives? a. The self-enhancement motive b. The self-verification motive c. The appraisal motive d. The strongest motive depends on the conflict in question.

A

Doing an activity for its own sake involves ____. a. intrinsic motivation b. extrinsic motivation c. self-handicapping d. narcissism

A

Drug rehabilitation programs often require that their patients discontinue contact with old "using" friends, and maintain friendships with new "clean" friends only. One reason that this makes sense from a social psychological standpoint is that by changing their social networks in this way, ____. a. patients will have a better shot at creating new, more positive self-concepts b. patients will be forced to engage in more introspection c. patients will engage in more self-awareness d. patients will be less likely to experience the overjustification effect

A

In addition to gaining social acceptance, a second goal of self-presentation is to ____. a. claim an identity b. gain self-knowledge c. provide self-verification d. increase public self-consciousness

A

Most of the time, people tend to ____ when they are successful (e.g., when they win a tennis match) and ____ when they are unsuccessful (e.g., when they lose a tennis match). a. take credit; blame someone or something else b. take credit; say nothing (have no explanation) c. credit someone or something else; blame themselves d. credit someone or something else; say nothing (have no explanation)

A

Probably the best account of the origins of selfhood is that the self comes into being at the interface between ____ and ____. a. inner biological processes; a sociocultural network b. parents; peer groups c. infancy; childhood d. the individual; society

A

Research indicates that, at least in the U.S., the tendency toward self-presentation is more common ____ while the tendency toward modesty is stronger ____. a. in new relationships and acquaintanceships; in long-term relationships b. in long-term relationships; in new relationships and acquaintanceships c. among men; among women d. among women; among men

A

Research on self-esteem indicates that ____. a. if anything, self-esteem in the U.S. (for everyone) is unrealistically high b. African Americans, as a group, have significantly lower self-esteem than do white Americans, as a group c. adolescent girls have extremely low self-esteem levels, while adolescent boys have more or less average self-esteem levels d. women actually have higher self-esteem levels than men do

A

Research suggests that ____ may be more pronounced in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures. a. the self-enhancement motive b. the appraisal motive c. self-presentation d. public self-consciousness

A

Research suggests that the most effective way to change the self-concept is by ____. a. changing the social environment b. simply deciding to change how one thinks about oneself c. changing one's outward behavior toward others d. changing one's name

A

Since about the 1970s, it appears that self-esteem in the U.S. ____. a. has been increasing (for everyone) b. has been decreasing (for everyone) c. has been increasing for men but rapidly decreasing for women d. has been rapidly decreasing among adolescents and teens

A

Since self-handicapping allows people to easily engage in ____, it helps them to maintain and enhance positive self-concepts. a. the self-serving bias b. the fundamental attribution error c. the self-reference effect d. introspection

A

Suppose that Ted and Ed are both very high in public self-awareness. This means that they tend to ____. a. pay a lot of attention to how they are perceived by others, and what others might think of them b. see themselves in the same way that other people see them (i.e., their self-perceptions tend to be in line with the perceptions that other people have of them) c. think that they are generally better than other people d. become nervous and uncomfortable in social situations

A

Suppose that you are studying the concept of self-handicapping. Research shows that you will be able to remember this concept especially well if you link it to yourself in some way (e.g., by thinking of personal examples of times that you yourself engaged in self-handicapping). This demonstrates the power of ____. a. the self-reference effect b. automatic egotism c. the self-enhancement motive d. self-regulation

A

Suppose that you are trying to quit smoking, but that you are having trouble doing so. When you stop to think about why you might be having so much trouble (i.e., when you try to analyze what your resistance might be to quitting), you are relying on ____. a. self-knowledge b. the interpersonal self c. the agent self d. the self-concept

A

Suppose that you want your brother to remember the word "conniving." Would he remember the word better if you asked him if he was ever conniving? a. Yes, because of the self-reference effect; regardless of how he answered, your brother would probably remember the word better after associating it with himself. b. Yes, because of the self-reference effect—but ONLY IF he answered that he was conniving. His memory for the word would only be enhanced if he actually did think of himself as (at least sometimes) conniving. c. No, even if he did answer that he was conniving. The self-reference effect typically works only with positive words (and not with negative words) since most people are driven by the self-enhancement motive. d. No, even if he did answer that he was conniving. In fact, thinking about the self tends to be distracting, and would most likely make your brother LESS likely to remember the word.

A

The endowment effect refers to the tendency for people ____. a. to regard items that they own as more valuable and desirable than they really are b. to regard "natural talents" more positively than skills and traits that one has worked hard to acquire c. to regard skills and traits that one has worked hard to acquire more positively than "natural talents" d. to believe that most major skills and traits (e.g., intelligence, athleticism, humor) are fixed at birth and cannot be acquired through hard work

A

The sociometer theory of self-esteem suggests that personal self-esteem ____. a. functions as an indicator of how socially acceptable or unacceptable we are b. is a reflection of how happy or unhappy our social networks are c. is directly related to the self-esteem levels of the people around us d. is partially based on how much we value, or esteem, the various social groups that we are part of

A

The two main advantages of high self esteem are ____. a. initiative and feeling good b. better relationships and more confidence c. higher goal-setting and more confidence d. higher goal-setting and better relationships

A

Tina has been trying to sell some of her things on e-bay recently, but nothing seems to sell. She listed an old Ouija board for $20, a pair of used tights for $25, and an old (partially working) smoke detector for $60. A friend suggested that she lower her prices, but Tina maintains that these items are really worth a lot. Tina is showing a severe case of ____. a. the endowment effect b. self-handicapping c. automatic egotism d. the over-justification effect

A

When Wanda thinks about her childhood, she tends to remember herself as a sickly child. She recalls that she was at home with a cold at least six or seven times a year. However, if we were able to go back in time and see for ourselves, we would probably find that ____. a. Wanda was not actually sick that often. b. Wanda was probably sick even more often. c. Wanda was not actually sick that often, but when she WAS sick, she was far more ill (had worse symptoms) than she later recalled. d. Wanda was probably sick even more often, and was probably far more ill (had worse symptoms) than she later recalled.

A

When people engage in self-handicapping, their behavior is MOSTLY driven by the ____. a. self-enhancement motive b. self-verification motive c. appraisal motive d. masochistic motive

A

When they are not keeping track of how much they are eating (e.g., when they are intoxicated or emotionally absorbed in a television show), ____. a. both dieters and non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise. b. dieters eat more than they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat the same as they would otherwise. c. dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise. d. both dieters and non-dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise.

A

Ximena loves her job as a stockbroker. She also loves how well it pays. Social psychologists would say that Ximena's job is ____. a. both intrinsically rewarding and extrinsically rewarding b. underjustified c. intrinsically rewarding only (not extrinsically rewarding) d. poorly justified

A

Yolanda tends to think of herself as a unique person, with individual personality traits, interests, and opinions. She tends to make decisions on her own, to look after her own needs, and to think of herself as a "self-made woman." It would be safe to say that Yolanda has a(n) ____ self-construal. a. independent b. interdependent c. intrinsic d. extrinsic

A

According to the text, the three main parts of the self are ____. a. self-esteem, self-understanding, and self-action b. self-knowledge, the agent self, and the interpersonal self c. the real self, the ideal self, and the future self d. the conscious self, the preconscious self, and the unconscious self

B

As discussed in the text, one of the gymnasts who competed in the 1976 Olympics broke his leg midway through the competition but actually hid his injury from his teammates (because he did not want them to be distracted or concerned during the competition) and continued to compete (and help his team win the medal). This story is used to illustrate the notion of ____. a. intrinsic rewards b. an interdependent self-construal c. social comparison d. the looking-glass self

B

As discussed in the textbook, the idea of an inner "true" self (a self that may not be explicitly apparent or reflected in outward behavior) may have its origins in ____. a. World War II b. Buddhism c. existentialism d. class prejudices

B

Compared to other people, narcissists ____. a. are not interested in being admired by other people b. are not as loyal to their relationship partners c. are very concerned about getting other people to like them d. tend to have rather low self-esteem

B

Compared to people with low self-esteem, people with high self-esteem tend to a. think they are smarter, but have the same IQ scores and earn the same academic grades. b. think they are smarter and earn better academic grades, but have the same IQ scores. c. think they are smarter and have higher IQ scores, but earn the same academic grades. d. think that they are smarter, have better academic grades, and have better IQ scores.

B

Compared to the consistency motive and the appraisal motive, the self-enhancement motive has a more ____ appeal. a. physiological b. emotional c. cognitive d. rational

B

Consider the following passage from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: "There are wealthy gentlemen in England who drive four-horse passenger coaches twenty or thirty miles on a daily line, in the summer, because the privilege costs them considerable money; but if they were offered wages for the service that would turn it into work then they would resign." This passage illustrates the concept of ____. a. self-handicapping b. overjustification c. the looking-glass self d. self as institution

B

George loves to play football because of all the attention it gets him from his peers, parents, and teachers. He also likes that it might provide a way to pay for college. George is ____ motivated to play football. a. intrinsically b. extrinsically c. publicly d. privately

B

How does the self-concept relate to others' perceptions? Research suggests that the self-concept ____. a. is very much in line with both how people think others regard them and how others actually do regard them b. is very much in line with how people think others regard them, but is very different from how others actually do regard them c. is very different from how people think others regard them, but is very much in line with how others actually do regard them d. is different from both how people think others regard them and how others actually do regard them

B

In Nisbett and Wilson's (1977) studies, when people made choices about which stockings to buy, the people said that they made their choice based on ____. a. whether the stocking was presented first or last b. the color or softness of the stocking c. how much the stocking cost d. the stocking size

B

In terms of getting along with other people, compared to people with low self-esteem, people with high self-esteem _____. In fact _____. a. believe they are well-liked, people with high self-esteem are perceived more favorably than people with low self-esteem b. believe they are well-liked, people with high and low self-esteem are perceived about equally favorably c. do not necessarily believe they are well-liked, people with high and low self-esteem are perceived about equally favorably d. do not necessarily believe they are well-liked, people with low self-esteem are perceived more favorably than people with high self-esteem

B

In the three-part structure of the self, the interpersonal self involves ____. a. self-awareness and self-deception b. self-presentation, social roles, and self as relationship partner c. self-esteem and self-concept d. self as decision-maker and active respondent

B

Is intelligence or IQ related to self-esteem? Compared to people with low self-esteem, people with high self-esteem ____. a. think they are smarter, and score slightly more highly on IQ tests b. think they are smarter, but score no more highly on IQ tests c. do not necessarily think they are smarter, but do score more highly on IQ tests d. do not necessarily think they are smarter, and score no more highly on IQ tests

B

Is self-esteem related to academic grades? a. Yes, they are positively correlated; and it appears that high self-esteem leads to good grades. b. Yes, they are positively correlated; and it appears that good grades lead to high self-esteem. c. Yes, they are positively correlated; and it appears that high self-esteem leads to good grades AND that good grades lead to high self-esteem. d. No, self-esteem is not related to academic grades.

B

Jetta wonders how she is doing in her class. At first, she thinks she is doing well because she is getting a "B." Then she finds out that nearly every other person in the class is getting an "A" and she feels less happy. The theory of ____ explains why Jetta feels less happy once she finds out how others are doing in the class, too. a. social perception b. social comparison c. self-presentation d. impression management

B

Kevin is taking a course on Women's Literature, and is the only male student in the class (all of the other students are female). Research suggests that, as a result, he will be ____. a. especially aware of his maleness, and somewhat more likely to perform better in the class than he otherwise would b. especially aware of his maleness, and somewhat more likely to perform worse in the class than he otherwise would c. especially aware of his female qualities, and somewhat more likely to perform worse in the class than he otherwise would d. especially aware of his female qualities, and somewhat more likely to perform better in the class than he otherwise would

B

Nearly all children start talking about standards at age _____, which is the age at which _____. a. one; they first learn to speak b. two; self-awareness blossoms c. five to six; they begin to form a clear gender identity d. eleven to twelve; puberty usually sets in

B

Research has shown that men tend to like cars more when car ads feature sexy women than when they don't. Furthermore, men ____ aware that they like the cars more, ____ aware that the sexy women probably influenced their opinion. a. are; and b. are; but are not c. are not; but are d. are not; and are not

B

Research on bullies and bullying suggests that most of the perpetrators have ____ self-esteem, while most of the victims ____ self-esteem. a. high; also have high b. high; have low c. low; have high d. low; also have low

B

Research suggests that if you really want to change your self-concept, you should ____. a. be sure to stay in a stable social environment b. either change your social environment or enlist support for your self-concept change from those in your existing social network c. temporarily isolate yourself from social contexts as much as possible d. try out numerous different personalities one at a time, in order to see which "fits" best

B

Sally lives in a middle class neighborhood. It really isn't anything special, but most of Sally's friends live in smaller homes in lower class neighborhoods, so Sally thinks of herself as well-off. When Sally compares her home to the homes of her friends, she is making a(n) ____. a. upward social comparison b. downward social comparison c. internal attribution d. external attribution

B

Sarah is taking an African American history class, and she is the only white person in her class (everyone else is African American). Research suggests that, because she is the only white person, she will ____. a. be more aware than usual of her whiteness (because it will stand out), though her performance in the class should not be affected. b. be more aware than usual of her whiteness (because it will stand out), and may well perform worse in the class than she would otherwise. c. be less aware than usual of her whiteness (because she will identify more with the African American people in her class), though her performance in the class should not be affected. d. be less aware than usual of her whiteness (because she will identify more with the African American people in her class), and may well perform better in the class than she would otherwise.

B

Self-awareness is typically ____ because people tend to ____. a. pleasant; compare themselves against low standards b. unpleasant; compare themselves against high standards c. pleasant; not compare themselves against any standards d. unpleasant; not compare themselves against any standards

B

Suppose that you are a research participant in a study, and a researcher asks you to work on a puzzle while sitting in front of a mirror. He also mentions that your performance will be videotaped. Given these two pieces of information, you would be wise to suspect that the researcher is trying to increase ____. a. the self-reference effect b. self-awareness c. interdependent self-construal d. the consistency motive

B

Suppose that you are a terrible athlete, you were born with asthma, and you are a fantastic poker player. Research suggests that, if you have the same tendencies as most people, you would probably ____/ a. think that asthma is even rarer than it really is b. think that your gift for poker is rarer than it really is c. think that most people are even better athletes than they really are d. think that asthma is even rarer than it really is and that most people are even better athletes than they really are

B

The gender gap in self-esteem (the tendency for males to have higher self-esteem than females) is currently MOST pronounced among ____. a. young children (5-6 year-olds) b. adolescents (10-15 year-olds) c. middle-aged adults (30-50 year-olds) d. the elderly (70-90 year-olds)

B

The notion of private self-awareness is conceptually similar to the idea(s) of ____. a. the self-enhancement motivation b. self-knowledge and introspection c. implicit or nonconscious thoughts d. nervousness or self-consciousness

B

The phenomenal self, or the working self-concept, refers to ____. a. an idealized image of the self b. the image of the self that is currently active in a person's mind c. a person's sense of his or her contributions to personal relationships or to the broader culture d. the part of the self that people openly share, or disclose, with others

B

The process by which the self-monitors, controls, and modifies the self is known as ____. a. self-referencing b. self-regulation c. the working self-concept d. public self-consciousness

B

The self-reference effect refers to the tendency for people ____. a. to assume that their traits, skills, attitudes, habits, and so forth, are more common than they really are b. to process information about the self more thoroughly and deeply than other types of information c. to think that others notice them, and are paying attention to them, more than they really are d. to use themselves as a benchmark when assessing other people

B

The tendencies for people to overestimate their positive qualities, to see themselves as having more control over external events than they really do, and to have an unrealistically optimistic outlook on life are known as ____. a. delusions of grandeur b. positive illusions c. the narcissistic triad d. the self-deception triad

B

The tendency to be skeptical and critical of bad feedback about your performance, but accepting of good feedback is a ____. a. self-presentation strategy b. self-deception strategy c. self-regulation strategy d. social comparison process

B

The term "looking-glass self" was coined to refer to the idea that ____. a. we learn about ourselves from watching ourselves in the mirror b. we learn about ourselves from other people c. we tend to see parts of our own personalities in other people d. we tend to judge ourselves rather positively compared to how other people judge us.

B

Tony is debating between buying a Volvo S40, a Saab 9-3, and a Honda Accord. What part of his self is he relying upon? a. Self-knowledge, or self-concept b. The agent self, or executive function c. The interpersonal self, or public self d. Possible self, or future self

B

When people make self-enhancing claims about themselves, they will ____. a. always present themselves in the very best light b. present themselves in the best light that they think will reasonably be believed c. present themselves as accurately as they can d. present themselves as modestly as they can

B

When social psychologists use the term "narcissism", they are referring to ____. a. a tendency to overvalue superficial phenomena such as material wealth and physical attractiveness b. excessive self-love and a selfish orientation c. a total disregard for ethics and morality d. high but healthy levels of self-esteem

B

Whereas people with high self-esteem are likely to think "I am great," people with low self-esteem are likely to think ____. a. "I am pretty great, but I could be even more fabulous if I tried harder" b. "I am so-so" c. "I am horrible" d. "I am the very worst person in the entire world"

B

With regard to roles, human beings tend to ____. a. choose a few roles and stick with them over the course of their life b. adopt and drop roles as the situation calls for it c. be comfortable in one primary role only d. find it difficult to change roles

B

People who are clinically depressed tend to ____. a. blame themselves for their failures almost 100% of the time b. assume that they have much less control over their lives than they really do c. have an accurate view of who likes them and who doesn't d. have a completely distorted view of how their skills and abilities are perceived by others

C

People with low self-esteem are MORE likely to focus on ____ than ____. a. self-enhancement; self-protection b. self-enhancement; self-esteem c. self-protection self-enhancement d. self-protection; self-esteem

C

According to sociologist Ralph Turner, which of the following would be an example of the self in a public role? a. Melissa wonders whether she will fit in with the sales institution where she is interviewing. b. Melissa feels nervous and insecure about interviewing for a sales position since she classifies herself as an introvert. c. Melissa interviews for a job as a salesperson, and tells the interviewer that she is outgoing and ambitious. d. Melissa thinks about her sales interview and is concerned about whether she will perform well as a salesperson if she gets hired for the job.

C

According to the text, Mead's notion of the generalized other elaborated upon ____. a. Freud's notion of the superego b. the neo-Freudian notion of the object c. Cooley's notion of the looking-glass self d. Turner's notion of self as institution

C

According to your text's analysis of revising self-knowledge, changing the way you think about yourself is difficult because ____. a. people lack the discipline to implement changes they consider b. people don't want to make changes in self-knowledge c. people around us see us as having stable traits and that exerts pressure to not change d. people are constantly changing their social contexts

C

As described in the textbook, in the late 1500s a Hungarian nobleman named Count Zrinyi was attacked at his small castle by a force of almost 100,000 men. Zrini had no chance of survival in the face of this attack. In the moments before he was killed, however, instead of attempting to flee for his life or fight against the enemy, he put on his finest attire, hung a heavy gold chain around his neck, and stuffed his pockets full of gold coins. He then flung open the doors of the castle and charged into a suicide death. This story is used in the textbook to make the point that ____. a. many people believe in an afterlife b. people often become delusional when under high levels of stress c. many people care strongly about self-presentation d. most people have a hard time accepting their own mortality

C

As discussed in the text, Chinese officials successfully "brainwashed" American prisoners during the Korean War, such that the prisoners' self-concepts and identities were changed. The authors note that one of the main reasons the Chinese were successful was that they ____. a. told the Americans that they were actually Chinese b. put the American prisoners in complete solitary confinement c. separated the American prisoners from one another d. told the Americans that they would never return to the U.S.

C

Compared to other information, information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, and is hence remembered better. This pattern is known as ____. a. self as institution b. the overjustification effect c. the self-reference effect d. self-enhancement

C

Consider the self-enhancement motive, the consistency motive, and the appraisal motive. According to research, which motive appears to be the weakest when conflicts arise between motives? a. The self-enhancement motive b. The self-verification motive c. The appraisal motive d. The weakest motive depends on the conflict in question.

C

Considering white Americans, African-Americans, and other ethnic minority groups in the U.S., _____ tend to have the highest levels of self-esteem, followed by _____ and then _____. a. white Americans; African Americans; other minority groups b. white Americans; other minority groups; African Americans c. African Americans; white Americans; other minority groups d. other minority groups; African Americans; white Americans

C

Damian is asked how he is feeling as he gets ready to take the MCAT. He says he is really "calm" but also "nervous." Damian's response suggests that he has ____. a. high self-esteem b. moderate self-esteem c. low self-esteem d. no self-esteem

C

Drinking alcohol and using drugs are common means that people use to escape ____. a. the duplex mind b. the phenomenal self (working self-concept) c. self-awareness d. the self-enhancement motive

C

In Nisbett and Wilson's (1977) studies on consumers' awareness of purchasing decisions, ____. a. people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on product color or softness b. people made choices based on the product softness or color, but thought they made the choice based on when they saw the product c. people made choices based on whether they saw the product last, but thought they made the choice based on product color or softness d. people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on when they saw the product

C

In cultures that emphasize ____, wedding ceremonies and their legal or religious value are seen as very important; the psychological meaning of weddings and the feelings of the spouses are of secondary importance. a. self-regulation b. self-handicapping c. the self in public roles d. the self as inner feelings

C

In the 1980s, there was an anti-drug television commercial that showed a businessman in a seedy public restroom getting prepared to snort cocaine. The man drops the cocaine on the floor and needs to bend down to try to retrieve it. He then catches a glimpse of himself in the restroom mirror, and appears—having seen himself in this act—to feel suddenly shocked by himself, and ashamed of what he is doing, Seeing himself in the mirror seems to heighten the man's ____. a. interdependent self-construal b. self-presentation c. self-awareness d. independent self-construal

C

In the three-part structure of the self, the agent self serves ____. a. as a public self. b. as a self-concept. c. an executive function. d. an interpersonal function.

C

Kendall was always the class clown. When he goes to university far from home, though, he really changes who he is. He becomes very studious and interested in research, and starts to run around with "smart" kids instead of kids who party all the time (like he did in high school). Kendall's experience at university BEST illustrates ____. a. stability in self-knowledge b. the role of family in revising self-knowledge c. the role of the social world in revising self-knowlege d. how easily a person can just decide to change

C

Marisol is pretty equal in terms of taking the blame for failures and crediting herself for successes. She is also pretty accurate when it comes to judging how much control she has over events in her life. And she has a fairly accurate idea of how much different people like her. Based on this information, it would appear that Marisol ____. a. is high in public self-consciousness b. has high self-esteem c. is clinically depressed d. is self-actualized

C

Research has shown that children are less likely to steal Halloween candy if there is a big mirror in front of them than if there is no mirror. This finding illustrates the fact that ____. a. the looking-glass self is similar to public self-consciousness b. the looking-glass self invokes the generalized other c. high self-awareness tends to increase moral behavior d. moral behavior is primarily guided by the conscious part of the duplex mind

C

Research on self-esteem and sexuality suggests that, for young women, high self-esteem is related to ____. a. waiting longer before losing one's virginity b. having fewer sexual partners c. underestimating the dangers of risky sexual behaviors d. taking more precautions against unwanted pregnancies

C

Research suggests that ____ tend to have more interdependent self-construals, whereas ____ tend to have more independent self-construals. a. modern cultures; traditional cultures b. country-dwellers; city-dwellers c. Easterners; Westerners d. Northerners; Southerners

C

Research suggests that our memory for personal events (e.g., very important moments in our lives as well as day-to-day events) ____. a. is like a literal tape recorder b. is like a literal photograph c. is often based on our expectations of what "must have been true" based on our current self-concepts d. is often based on our expectations of what "must have been true" based on our past self-concepts (our self-concepts when the events occurred)

C

Self-presentation is best defined as any behavior that is ____ intended to make ____ impression on others. a. consciously; some sort of b. consciously; a positive c. consciously or unconsciously; some sort of d. consciously or unconsciously; a positive

C

Social psychologists generally refer to two types of self-awareness. They are ____. a. independent self-awareness and interdependent self-awareness b. intrinsic self-awareness and extrinsic self-awareness c. public self-awareness and private self-awareness d. interpersonal self-awareness and agentic self-awareness

C

Suppose that, for a period of one month, you are given $20 every time that you work on a fun and interesting word game. Research suggests that, as a consequence, ____. a. the word game will be easier for you (than for someone who had not been rewarded) b. the word game will be harder for you (than for someone who had not been rewarded) c. later, when the month is up and you are no longer given $20 to work on the word game, you will be less likely to work on it (than would someone who had not been rewarded) d. later, when the month is up and you are no longer given $20 to work on the word game, you will be more likely to work on it (than would someone who had not been rewarded)

C

Ted tends to think of himself as a workaholic and perfectionist. When he thinks back on college years, he remembers studying hard for exams and getting good grades (and tends to forget about the time he nearly failed a class, and disregard the many nights he spent partying). The way that Ted thinks about his college years illustrates the fact that people ____. a. believe that they have more control over their lives than they really do b. tend to have a poor understanding of how they are viewed by others c. revise or distort their memories to fit their current self-concepts d. see the world as a fair, just place

C

The consistency motive is sometimes also called the ____. a. appraisal motive b. self-enhancement motive c. self-verification motive d. justification motive

C

The overjustification effect occurs when ____. a. there are no extrinsic rewards associated with an activity b. people do not intrinsically enjoy an activity c. people are extrinsically rewarded for something they intrinsically enjoy doing d. people are punished for an extrinsically rewarding activity

C

When are narcissists MOST likely to be aggressive? a. After they are told that they got the highest grade in the class b. Before they have to do an interview for a job c. After they find out they didn't get a job they really wanted d. Before they take a test

C

When it comes to intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, research on humans and other species has found that ____. a. both forms of motivation are common in humans and other species b. both forms of motivation are common in humans but completely unheard of in other species c. both forms of motivation are common in humans but other species seem to mainly be driven by intrinsic motivation d. both forms of motivation are common in humans but other species seem to mainly be driven by extrinsic motivation

C

Which of the following involves decision making? a. Interpersonal self b. Self-knowledge c. Agent self d. Public self

C

Which of the following is the best example of self-handicapping? a. Roy is a cigarette smoker. He does not like to hear about the health risks of smoking. He therefore ignores such information, or dismisses it as invalid, and continues to smoke. b. Neither Yuki nor her friends ever study very much for school. Since Yuki does not know anyone who studies very hard, she assumes that in fact no one ever studies hard. As a consequence, she continues to have terrible study habits. c. Jacques has a big wrestling match coming up, but he fears that he will lose. The week before the match, he claims that he is "really busy with other studies," and does not practice at all. Even though he may not realize he is doing this, he is setting himself up so that he will have an "excuse" in case he loses the match. d. Sometimes, when Olivia has a long day, she yells at her children when she gets home. She usually feels very bad about this right after doing it. But then she realizes that she can "justify" her behavior ("I am the parent here," she thinks, "and I have the right to discipline my children.") In other words, she is able to rationalize, or excuse, a not-so-good behavior.

C

Who is MOST likely to go vote in an election? a. A person who isn't interested in politics b. A person who has thought about the importance of voting c. A person who has thought about the importance of being a voter d. A person who has thought about the importance of elections

C

Who is MOST likely to have unprotected sex? a. Markesha, who has low self-esteem b. Leigh Anne, who has moderate self-esteem c. Jeanne, who has high self-esteem d. They are all equally likely to have unprotected sex.

C

Automatic egotism refers to ____. a. the tendency for people with narcissistic personalities to assume that people have more positive opinions of them than they really do b. the tendency for people with narcissistic personalities to assume that other people are paying more attention to them (noticing them more) than they really are c. the tendency for most people to assume that other people are paying more attention to them (noticing them more) than they really are d. the tendency for the automatic system (in most people) to favor self-enhancing thoughts and actions

D

Even though she has taken Spanish courses for years and is almost fluent, Ann just enrolled in Spanish I. Why? She loves the feeling of being the smartest person in the room, and loves to get scores of 100%. Ann is apparently driven by a rather strong ____. a. self-verification motive b. appraisal motive c. consistency motive d. self-enhancement motive

D

Frances has just scheduled an appointment with a personal trainer. She knows she is not in perfect shape, and wants to get a thorough assessment of her strengths and weaknesses. Frances is apparently driven by a strong ____. a. self-enhancement motive b. self-verification motive c. self-reference effect d. appraisal motive

D

Given the research on positive illusions, which of the following is probably FALSE? a. Most truckers think that they are better drivers than they really are. b. Most criminals overestimate the likelihood that they will actually get away with their crimes. c. Most teenagers think they are more physically attractive than they really are. d. Most depressed patients who are in treatment for their depression think that they are recovering more quickly than other depressed patients.

D

Horatio is preparing to take the LSAT. He has been taking practice exams based on actual past LSATs. When practicing, he observes strict time limits and never cheats. He tries to simulate what the actual test-taking experience will be like. This way, he can have a reasonably good sense of what kind of score he will get when he takes the LSAT for real. Horatio is apparently driven by a very strong ____. a. consistency motive b. self-enhancement motive c. self-verification motive d. appraisal motive

D

Introspection refers to the process by which a person ____. a. compares himself or herself to cultural standards of morality b. takes stock of his or her strengths or weaknesses c. seeks to regulate, control, or modify his or her behavior d. examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states

D

Mental tricks that people use to help themselves believe things that are false are called ____. a. impression management skills b. self-presentation strategies c. narcissistic strategies d. self-deception strategies

D

Most social psychologists today view self-presentation as ____. a. merely a symptom of low self-esteem b. merely a symptom of narcissism c. a form of hypocrisy—acting or pretending to be something other than what one really is d. a basic and important aspect of human social life, used to gain social acceptance

D

Narcissists are MOST likely to rate themselves low on ____. a. nothing: they think highly of themselves in every way b. everything, as they secretly suffer from low self-esteem c. how competent they are at work-related tasks d. at how competent they are at getting others to like them

D

Nisbett and Wilson's (1977) research was an attack on what concept? a. self-regulation b. self-esteem c. narcissism d. introspection

D

People sometimes take life-threatening risks—such as not wearing helmets when riding motorcycles, having unprotected sex, sunbathing against a doctor's advice, and driving far over the speed limit—in order to "look cool." This best demonstrates the strong power of ____. a. the fact that "nature says go and culture says stop" b. the automatic system c. the appraisal motive d. self-presentation

D

People try to make impressions on others by explicitly telling other people things about themselves ("I have a lot of experience with this"), by wearing certain brands (e.g., Birkenstock, Stussy, Nike, Prada), and by using certain body language (e.g., strutting or crossing one's legs). These are all examples of ____. a. the looking-glass self b. self as institution c. narcissism d. self-presentation

D

Research suggests that most "normal" people today ____. a. are increasingly more pessimistic b. think that they are about as competent as they really are c. are pessimistic and think that they are not as competent as they should be d. are both unrealistically optimistic and think that they are more competent than they really are

D

Research suggests that pursuing self-esteem as an end in itself tends to ____. a. increase people's independence b. improve people's relationships c. facilitate learning d. lead to a variety of negative consequences

D

Self-knowledge includes ____. a. self-presentation b. social roles c. self-control d. self-awareness

D

Suppose that Faith grew up in Miami, had a pet dog as a child, is an excellent pinball player, and sometimes drinks too much at parties. If we knew nothing else about Faith, it would probably still be safe to assume that she thinks ____ is more common than it really is. a. growing up in Miami b. having a pet dog c. being an excellent pinball player d. sometimes drinking too much at parties

D

The tendency for people to take credit for their successes but blame failures on other people or on outside circumstances is known as ____. a. the fundamental attribution error b. the actor-observer effect c. self-handicapping d. the self-serving bias

D

There is a slight tendency in the U.S. for boys and men to have higher self-esteem than girls and women. Research suggests that this disparity is probably MOSTLY due to the fact that ____. a. females tend to be more modest (try not to boast) when filling out surveys b. many existing self-esteem surveys are heavily gender-biased c. females tend to be more critical of their interpersonal and relationship skills d. females tend to be more critical of their bodies

D

Unlike other animals, humans ____. a. have a conscious component to the mind b. deceive one another c. are able to take on social roles d. can recognize themselves in a mirror

D

Vanessa has an important presentation coming up at work, but she fears that she will do a poor job. The week before the presentation, she claims that she is feeling under the weather; she leaves work early almost every day and barely practices her presentation at all. Even though she may not realize what she is doing, Vanessa is setting herself up so that she will have an "excuse" in case the presentation does not go well. Social psychologists refer to this pattern of behavior as ____. a. self-regulation b. the self-reference effect c. overjustification d. self-handicapping

D

When comparing themselves to others, most people choose to compare themselves to people who are ____. a. much better than they are b. much worse than they are c. slightly better than they are d. slightly worse than they are

D

Which male is LEAST likely to have sex before he is 15? a. Sam, who has low self-esteem. b. Gerald, who has moderate self-esteem c. Trimayne, who has high self-esteem d. No relationship has been found between self-esteem and early sex for boys.

D

Which of the following is MOST likely capable of behaving based on extrinsic motivation? a. A bird b. A crocodile c. A monkey d. A human

D

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. All people with high self-esteem are narcissists b. All people with low self-esteem are narcissists c. All narcissists are people with low self-esteem d. All narcissists are people with high self-esteem

D

Which part of the self is most concerned with gaining social acceptance and fitting in? a. The id b. Self-knowledge c. The agent self d. The interpersonal self

D

Who will be the MOST modest? a. Jack, who is describing himself to a woman he is considering asking out b. Martina, who is on a first interview for a new job c. Daisy, who is networking with people at a business dinner d. Clancy, who is telling his folks about how his semester has gone

D

____ have social roles; ____ are the only animals where individuals take on different roles during the course of a lifetime. a. Humans are the only animals who; humans b. Mammals are the only animals who; humans c. Mammals and some insects; humans and other primates d. Various animals; humans

D

_____ tends to make people more aware of positive, culturally desirable standards and tends to make them try harder to behave in positive, culturally desirable ways. a. Basking in reflected glory b. The over-justification effect c. The self-reference effect d. Self-awareness

D

Social psychologists have found that there is usually a very good match between ____. a. your self-concept and your perception of what others think of you b. your self-concept and the true opinions that others have of you c. your perception of what others think of you and the true opinions that others have of you d. your self-concept and others' self-concepts

a

Is introspection a source of self-knowledge? a. Yes, and it is the only true source of self-knowledge. b. Yes, it is one source of self-knowledge, but there are also other sources of self-knowledge. c. Yes, but only for people who are self-actualized (less than 1% of people). d. No, it is not a source of self-knowledge for anyone.

b