Social Psychology Chapter 13
What are the seeds of misperception mentioned in the book?
Self-serving bias, tendency to self-justify inclines people to deny wrong of evil acts, fundamental attribution error, filters preconceptions, group polarization, groupthink, in-group bias, negative stereotypes
What is a common excuse for noncooperation?
"I couldnt have made a difference anyways"
Why are self-confirming, mirror-image perceptions a hallmark of intense conflict?
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What are non-zero-sum games? Which dilemma discussed in the book exemplifies a non-zero-sum game?
- Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero; with cooperation, both can win but with competition, both can lose. - Tragedy of the Commons (?) because both cannot win nor can both lose.
What are non-zero-sum games? Which dilemma discussed in the book exemplifies a non-zero-sum game?
- Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero; with cooperation, both can win but with competition, both can lose. - both ?**
What are the components of the Prisoner's Dilemma?
-if prisoner A confesses and Prisoner B doesn't, the DA will grant immunity to A and will use A's confession to convict B of a maximum offense (vice versa) -if both confess, each will receive a moderate sentence -If neither prisoner confesses, each will be convicted of a lesser crime and receive a light sentence
What features do the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons share?
1. Fundamental Attribution Error - tempt people to explain their own behavior situationally and explain their partners' behavior dispositionally 2. Evolving motives - at first people are eager to make money, then to minimize losses, and then save save and avoid defeat. 3. Outcomes need not sum to zero - the two sides' profits and losses need not add up to zero (both can win; both can lose)
What are the four C's of peacemaking?
Contact, Cooperation, Communication, and Conciliation
what is GRIT? Does GRIT really work?
GRIT is "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction" and Ohio University students found "strong support for the various steps in the GRIT proposal"
What do we know about simplistic thinking and conflict? When is it more likely to occur?
More likely to occur when tensions rise, rational thinking dissipates and simplistic thinking occurs much more easily. Mere expectation of conflict can freeze thinking
What refers to the "golden rule" of social justice?
Whoever has the gold makes the rules; "Those with social power usually convince themselves and others that they deserve what they're getting"
How do mediators seek to achieve mutually beneficial resolutions?
facilitating constructive communication; changing perspective to both see a "win-win" situation
what is an arbitration?
having a mediator or another third party impose a settlement
What is social dilemma?
how to reconcile self-interest with communal well-being
What is the relationship between the size of a group and a person's feelings of responsibility?
more people, less obligation to respoinsbilities
How is conflict defined?
perceived incompatibility of actions or goals
What are mirror-image perceptions?
reciprocal views of each, often held by parties in conflict (sees self as peaceful, other as aggressive/hostile)
How do we define the Tragedy of the Commons?
the commons is any shared resource including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. The problem comes when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse of the commons