Social Psychology Exam 2

Which of the following statements represents group polarization through social comparison? a. "Everyone's position seems more extreme than mine. Maybe I should change my position." b. "I am sure my position is correct. No one would disagree with it." c. "That sounds silly. I don't agree with it." d. "Yes, that's true. I hadn't thought of that."

"Everyone's position seems more extreme than mine. Maybe I should change my position."

Which of the following statements represents group polarization through persuasive arguments? a. "Everyone's position seems more extreme than mine. Maybe I should change my position." b. "I feel uncomfortable expressing my opinion in this group." c. "That's a silly idea. I don't agree with it." d. "That's a good idea. I hadn't thought of that."

"That's a good idea. I hadn't thought of that."

Halona's friends think she is in a dead-end job with no opportunity for advancement. She is thinking about moving to the Caribbean and looking for a job there. When Halona tells her friends about her plan, she estimates that the chances of finding a job and being successful are only 3 out of 10. After Halona leaves, her friends discuss her plan. According to group polarization research, a group, such as her friends, might recommend that Halona leave her job and move to the Caribbean if the chances of success are at least a. 3 out of 10. b. 5 out of 10. c. 7 out of 10 d. 1 out of 10.

1 out of 10

When individuals read about Mariana's choice to leave her stable job and join a band, they were cautious, recommending she switch only if the chances of success were at least 7 out of 10. According to group polarization research, a group might recommend that Mariana leave her job only if the chances of success are at least a. 9 out of 10. b. 7 out of 10 c. 3 out of 10. d. 5 out of 10.

9 out of 10

Which of the following is a way to reduce the likelihood of groupthink? a. Have the leader withhold their opinion. b. Insulate the group from outsiders. c. Challenge those with contrasting views. d. Ensure everyone in the group is in agreement.

A

Which of the following would be a statement that might be heard after a group has experienced groupthink? a. "Ugh. Terrible decision. What were we thinking?" b. "That was fun. I'm glad I could meet so many new and different people." c. "I'm so glad everyone was able to share their opinions so freely." d. "That was an open and honest discussion."

A

Which of the following will likely increase the rate of compliance the most? a. A basic request involving group pressure b. A basic request alone c. A loud demand involving a reason d. A basic request involving a reason

A basic request involving a reason

Social Loafing

A decrease in effort when working in a group as opposed to working alone

How much overt pressure is involved in an obedience attempt? a. Some but not a lot b. A lot c. None d. A little

A lot

Which of the following is an example of obedience? a. A manager tells an employee to stay late at work to finish a task. b. A worker demands a colleague to work more quickly on a project. c. A student pressures a teacher to give them a higher grade. d. A child on a playground asks another child to give them their toy.

A manager tells an employee to stay late at work to finish a task.

Reactance

A reaction to heavy-handed social pressure in which people will resist doing what they're being pressured to do, often by doing the opposite of what the pressure is requiring

Scarcity

A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants; consumer products and ratings of others' attractiveness have been found to be influenced by perceptions of scarcity

Stanford Prison Study

A social psychological study conducted at Stanford University by Philip Zimbardo. Its aim was to study the impact of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play the role of either prisoner or guard. This study was terminated early because of the role-induced punitive behavior on the part of the "guards."

Deindividuation

A state of affairs in a group where members do not pay attention to other individuals as individuals, and, correspondingly, the members do not feel they are being singled out by others This results in a reduction of inner restraints in the members and that, consequently, the members will be more free to indulge in behavior from which they are usually restrained

Group Polarization

A strengthening of group members' initial positions following group discussion Occurs when individuals make initial judgements or decisions and then join a group to discuss the situation and arrive at a single group decision

Groupthink

A tendency for the desire to maintain group cohesiveness to exert pressure on group members to reach agreement, without critically evaluating the quality of the decision

Which of the following words best describes what happens when someone is obedient? a. Admire b. Admonish c. Alliterate d. Acquiesce

Acquiesce

Social loafing tends to be reduced in which of the following conditions? a. Activities where each participant has a unique contribution to make. b. Work in which a participant trusts their coworkers to perform well. c. Group projects where everyone contributes anonymously. d. Tasks participants find uninteresting and personally irrelevant.

Activities where each participant has a unique contribution to make.

Which of the following is a good definition of compliance? a. Saying no when a friend asks for a favor b. Agreeing to a request c. Giving in to group pressure d. Changing our attitude

Agreeing to a request

In which of the following situations is distraction-conflict likely to be the best explanation for social facilitation? a. Alo and two other students are working separately at a big table solving math problems. b. Alphia is solving math problems while an observer watches over her shoulder. c. Fernanda is solving math problems in a room by herself. d. Dorrian is solving math problems at a table while Angie works at the computer across the room.

Alo and two other students are working separately at a big table solving math problems

In which of the following situations is evaluation-apprehension likely to be the best explanation for social facilitation? a. Fernanda is solving math problems in a room by herself. b. Alo and two other students are working at a big table solving math problems. c. Dorrian is solving math problems while Angie works at the computer across the room. d. Alphia is solving math problems while an observer watches over her shoulder.

Alphia is solving math problems while an observer watches over her shoulder

Which of the following is an example of deindividuation? a. Lex runs faster in a track meet than when practicing. b. Angella's nurse scrubs make her feel more compassionate than she otherwise would. c. Milton decides to throw soda on fans from the other team at a football game. d. Mervin decides not to try hard because he is in a group.

Angella's nurse scrubs make her feel more compassionate than she otherwise would.

Which of the following is an aspect of deindividuation? a. Anonymity b. Distinctiveness c. Self-control d. Self-awareness

Anonymity

Close-mindedness

As we have said, members of cohesive groups want to remain cohesive. One way they do this is with pressures toward uniformity- not allowing those inside the group to threaten the cohesion. Another way is by ensuring no one outside the group threatens the cohesion. Thus groups come up with rationalizations to deal with potential outside viewpoints and develop views of opponents that allow them to be dismissed.

Foot-in-the-door-technique

Asking for a small request and then following it up with a much larger request

Which of the following appears to be a factor influencing obedience? a. Age b. Time c. Feeling of guilt d. Authority

Authority

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of groupthink? a. Feelings of invulnerability b. Openness to outside opinions c. Self-censorship d. Group morality

B

Which of the following is true concerning compliance and conformity? a. Conformity includes an explicit request, but compliance does not. b. Both conformity and compliance can involve behavior change. c. Conformity is identical to obedience, but compliance is not. d. Both conformity and compliance involve a request.

Both conformity and compliance can involve behavior change.

Which of the following is an example of reciprocity triggering compliance? a. Agreeing to buy a product after the company increases the price b. Donating money because you think the charity needs it badly c. Buying new shoes that you think look sharp d. Buying a product after receiving a free sample in the grocery store

Buying a product after receiving a free sample in the grocery store

Which of the following is an example of scarcity triggering compliance? a. Buying several tomatoes at the farmers market even though they don't look good b. Donating money to a worthy cause c. Buying a product because the commercial said it's only available for a limited time d. Agreeing to give a friend a ride because his leg is broken

Buying a product because the commercial said it's only available for a limited time

Which of the following would be a statement that might be heard after a group has avoided groupthink? a. "No matter what anyone says, I know we did the right thing." b. "Whew, that was stressful. I felt like I had to agree with the boss." c. "They may not be happy but I had to be honest." d. "I could tell they were pleased that I agreed with them."

C

Ben asks his good friend David to drive him to the airport. David agrees to take him. Ben then asks David if he can also make some stops along the way so he can pick up a few things for his trip. David says yes. This is an example of which of the following compliance principles? a. Scarcity b. Commitment-and-Consistency c. Cognitive consistency d. Reciprocity

Commitment-and-Consistency

The foot-in-the-door effect relies on which principle of compliance-gaining? a. Social proof b. Commitment-and-consistency c. Reciprocity d. Scarcity over time

Commitment-and-consistency

Obedience involves more overt pressure than which of the following forms of social influence? a. Friendship b. Aggression c. Self-esteem d. Compliance

Compliance

Door-in-the-face-technique

Compliance-gaining strategy based on reciprocity Ex. Child: Dad, Can I have $100? Dad: $100? No way. That is a lot of money. Child: You're right. How about just $20 then? Dad: OK, $20 is fine.

Cognitive Consistency

Consistency between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Why does crowd behavior differ so much from individual behavior? a. Crowds lead us to lose our sense of self, which loosens the behavioral restraints that are typically in place. b. Crowds increase self-esteem, which leads to different behavior. c. Crowds cause mood changes, which can lead to unpredictable behavior. d. Crowds cause a focus on long-term norms at the expense of group norms that typically control behavior.

Crowds lead us to lose our sense of self, which loosens the behavioral restraints that are typically in place

Which of the following is a fundamental element promoting groupthink? a. Unbiased opinions b. Critical thinking c. Openness to experience d. Group cohesiveness

D

Which of the following is a major component of groupthink? a. Desire for group cohesion b. Desire for self-expression c. Need for anonymity d. Cooperation with outsiders

Desire for group cohesion

______________________ can signal to group members the norms of the group and cause deindividuation. a. Distinctive clothing b. Members' backgrounds c. Individual goals d. Facial features

Distinctive clothing

Which of the following statements is true of what social media researchers call echo chambers? a. Members of echo chambers prefer information that contradicts their own beliefs. b. Because they are virtual groups, echo chambers have little influence over our beliefs. c. Members of echo chambers process all information they encounter thoroughly. d. Echo chambers are online groups made up of like-minded individuals who go online to express beliefs, attitudes, and arguments.

Echo chambers are online groups made up of like-minded individuals who go online to express beliefs, attitudes, and arguments.

Which of the following is an example of how social facilitation operates? a. Edie spent extra time in the gym practicing her free throws, and then made every one in her next game. b. Jamal learned to play the guitar by watching online videos. After several weeks of practicing on his own, he developed better techniques. c. After discussing Leilani's performance with others in the group, Kirmael felt even more strongly that Leilani should quit her job. d. Leon felt proud every time he put on his police uniform. It made him act like he thought a police officer should.

Edie spent extra time in the gym practicing her free throws, and then made every one in her next game.

Which of the following is true concerning social facilitation? a. Social facilitation has been found only in humans and higher-order mammals, such as chimpanzees. b. Social facilitation has been found only in humans. c. Even primitive species exhibit social facilitation. d. Only primitive species have been found to exhibit social facilitation.

Even primitive species exhibit social facilitation

Social influence is not prevalent in the virtual world. a. False b. True

False

Irving Janis' 8 symptoms of groupthink

Feelings of invulnerability Inherent morality Including rationalizations Stereotyped views of the opposition Direct pressure on dissenters Self-censorship Mindguards Illusion of unanimity

Which of these is a good definition of obedience? a. Giving in to a demand b. Deciding to go along because the group seems to know more than we do c. Agreeing to a request d. Imitating the behavior of a group

Giving in to a demand

Pressure toward uniformity

Group cohesion also leads members to want to maintain that cohesion by agreeing with each other. Expressing disagreement is often awkward and unpleasant and members do not want to expose the group to that kind of experience. Members believe that if they express a contrary position it might shatter the cohesion of the group, which they feel would be terrible

Overestimation of the group

Group cohesion causes group members to overestimate the quality and competence of the group. Members convince themselves they are so intelligent, accomplished, and qualified that they cannot possibly make a bad decision or be wrong in their judgement

Which of the following is true concerning maintaining group harmony? a. Group harmony is equally important for groupthink and group polarization. b. Group harmony is a stronger influence in group polarization than in groupthink. c. Group harmony is more important in the development of groupthink than in the development of group polarization. d. Group harmony is not an important influence in groupthink or group polarization.

Group harmony is more important in the development of groupthink than in the development of group polarization.

Feelings of invulnerability

Group members are excessively optimistic and certain they will be successful Ex. With two dozen successful space shuttle flights completed, NASA administrators did not take safety concerns as seriously as they should have

Stereotyped Views of the Opposition

Group members believe all those who oppose them are stupid, weak, or otherwise deficient Ex. NASA administrators did not believe the engineers understood all of the ramifications of delaying the shuttle launch

Illusion of Unanimity

Group members believe they are all in agreement Ex. In the end, NASA administrators asked if they were all in agreement, and those with concerns felt pressure not to express them

Inherent Morality

Group members believe they are doing the "right" thing and so they do not question the ethics or morality of their decision Ex: NASA administrators believed launching when scheduled was the right thing to do and evaluated information with this in mind

Why can deindividuation cause a lack of self-restraint? a. Individuals pressure other group members to behave impulsively. b. Group members do not feel as accountable for their actions as individuals do. c. Individuals believe that because they are acting alone, they are free to exhibit any type of behavior. d. Group members work together to behave in socially acceptable ways, regardless of what individuals think.

Group members do not feel as accountable for their actions as individuals do

Mindguards

Group members function to shield the group from contradictory information or opposition Ex. Some engineers who were thought to have concerns, were not consulted, even though they had much expertise

Self-censorship

Group members stop themselves from expressing thoughts that contradict the apparent group consensus Ex. Engineers who had concerns about the safety risks did not express their concerns

Direct Pressure on Dissenters

Group members who express any dissent are pressured to change their minds Ex. NASA administrators directly confronted engineers who expressed concerns about the safety of the Challenger mission

Including Rationalizations

Group rationalizations Ex. NASA scientists stated that if they could not launch the Space Shuttle Challenger the next day, they would not be able to do it for months

In which of the following situations would Luis be most likely to engage in social loafing? a. He is working in a pair on a task he finds meaningful. b. He is working in a group of six on a task he considers unimportant. c. He is working in a group of three, with his two best friends. d. He is working alone to type letters on a computer as fast as he can.

He is working in a group of six on a task he considers unimportant.

The experience of deindividuation tends to result in an increase in _______________ behavior. a. impulsive b. thoughtful c. controlled d. prosocial

Impulsive

Penn State University Scandal

In 2011, Jerry Sandusky, an assistant football coach for the football team, was arrested and eventually convicted on 45 counts of child sexual abuse. It had been going on 15 years and though a number of people were aware of it, no one had come forward to report the crimes to the police

In the study by Diener and colleagues on trick-or-treating behavior, the highest rate of stealing was in the group that was a. in a group and anonymous. b. alone and anonymous. c. in a group and identifiable. d. alone and identifiable.

In a group and anonymous

Social Comparison Theory

In an effort to fit in and be accepted by the group, you shift your position to be more in line with that of others in the group. If you adopt a slightly more extreme position than others, you may be perceived as strong and decisive—very favorable qualities. As the group interacts, each member may experience a similar shift, causing the group to become riskier or more cautious, depending on the initial positions of group members

Which of the following is the best description of the findings of the Ringelmann study on rope-pulling? a. Groups of six pulled six times harder than did individuals pulling alone. b. Individuals pulling alone pulled harder than did individuals working in groups. c. Groups of two and groups of three pulled equally hard. d. Individuals and groups of two pulled equally hard.

Individuals pulling alone pulled harder than did individuals working in groups.

Compliance

Involves a direct or implied request made by another person or entity

In which of the following situations is deindividuation likely to occur? a. Amanda is shopping at her neighborhood grocery store where it is not very crowded. b. Irma is a spectator in a football stadium with 70,000 other fans. c. Julian is wearing the jersey of his favorite football team. d. Jada is trick-or-treating wearing her regular clothes and a funny hat.

Irma is a spectator in a football stadium with 70,000 other fans

Which of the following is true of social influence? a. It is a common occurrence for all people. b. It is not a common, daily occurrence. c. It is a daily occurrence for some but not all individuals. d. Most people experience social influence attempts only once or twice a week.

It is a common occurrence for all people.

Whether online or in-person, groupthink and group polarization occur in groups of ________ people. a. like-minded b. attractive c. argumentative d. conscientious

Like-minded

In which of the following examples is social loafing most likely to occur? a. Awene's task is crossing out every third number on pages of numbers. There are three others in his group, and when they are done the group will learn how well they did relative to other groups. b. Tasha is crossing out every third number on pages of numbers and puts her name at the top of each page she completes. c. Asha is working alone on a task that is meaningful to her. d. Lisea is working in a group of six crossing out every third number on pages of numbers. All group members put their completed pages in one pile.

Lisea is working in a group of six crossing out every third number on pages of numbers. All group members put their completed pages in one pile.

Trevon was working on math problems in a room with a repair person who was focused on working on the heater. Trevon seemed to do well on easy problems and poorly on difficult problems. Which explanation for social facilitation does this example support? a. deferred interest b. evaluation-apprehension c. mere presence d. distraction-conflict

Mere presence

Which of the following is an example of deindividuation? a. Mervin decides not to try hard because he is in a group. b. Lex runs faster in a track meet than when practicing. c. Milton is one of many fans throwing soda on fans from the other team at a football game. d. Angella has a more extreme opinion following group discussion.

Milton is one of many fans throwing soda on fans from the other team at a football game.

Which of the following is true of the findings of Milgram's research on obedience? a. More than half the teachers gave the highest level of shock. b. None of the teachers went all the way to the highest level of shock. c. Every teacher gave the highest level of shock. d. Less than half the teachers gave the highest level of shock.

More than half the teachers gave the highest level of shock.

Forewarning of Intent

Much research has shown that warning someone than an influence attempt is forthcoming can result in less influence

Which of the following is most likely to change people's health behaviors? a. Friends strongly encourage good behaviors. b. News stories report information on the social norms that most other people are following. c. Celebrities and other famous people post about their behaviors on social media. d. A government agency issues orders and threatens punishment.

News stories report information on the social norms that most other people are following.

Milgram Experiment

Obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors.

Group polarization a. causes all initial positions to be more cautious. b. occurs when group members do not have initial positions. c. is a risky shift of initial positions. d. occurs when initial positions become more extreme.

Occurs when initial positions become more extreme

Which of the following is true of the effects of groups on individuals? a. Groups only have positive and supportive effects in individuals. b. Only when groups meet together in person do they have an effect on individual behavior. c. Groups have only negative influences that are unavoidable. d. Online and virtual groups can have significant influences on individuals' thoughts and actions.

Online and virtual groups can have significant influences on individuals' thoughts and actions.

When a person joins a Facebook group called "Pugs are the smartest dogs," which of the following actions are they likely to do? a. Search the web for research showing that other dogs are smarter than pugs. b. Seek out those who disagree with them to become more well-informed. c. Remain open-minded about the possibility that poodles are smarter than pugs. d. Only look at websites confirming what they already believe.

Only look at websites confirming what they already believe.

Which of the following is the best explanation of the findings of Norman Triplett's fishing reel study on social facilitation? a. There was no difference between individuals and pairs of individuals in how fast they wound fishing reels. b. Individuals and pairs of individuals wound fishing reels equally fast. c. Individuals wound fishing reels faster than pairs of individuals. d. Pairs of individuals wound fishing reels faster than individuals.

Pairs of individuals wound fishing reels faster than individuals

Which of the following statements best describes the results of the Johnson and Downing experiment in which the independent variable was whether participants wore (a) a robe similar to those worn by the KKK, (b) a nurse's uniform, or (c) their own street clothes (in the control condition); and the dependent variable was the level of electric shock (supposedly) delivered to another participant? a. Participants in a KKK-like robe and those in a nurse's uniform both delivered more shock than participants in a control condition, who were wearing normal daily clothing. b. Participants in a KKK-like robe delivered more electric shock than participants in the control condition, who in turn delivered more shock than participants in a nurse's uniform. c. Participants wearing a KKK-like robe delivered more electric shock than participants in a nurse's uniform and those in the control condition, but participants in a nurse's uniform delivered electric shock at the same level as participants in the control condition. d. All three groups delivered the same level of electric shock.

Participants in a KKK-like robe delivered more electric shock than participants in the control condition, who in turn delivered more shock than participants in a nurse's uniform

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, many people exhibited reactance in response to mask mandates and lockdowns. Which of the following statements describes reactance in this situation? a. People were not happy about the lockdowns, but quickly accepted them as necessary. b. People resisted wearing masks because they felt heavy-handed social pressure to do so. c. People obeyed government mandates because of their perception of authority. d. People conformed and wore masks because most of their friends and family wore masks.

People resisted wearing masks because they felt heavy-handed social pressure to do so.

Expert Power

Power that is based on the special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses

Legitimate Power

Power that stems from being elected or appointed to a position of authority

Which of the following sayings reflects a way to get social facilitation effects to work in your favor when giving a speech in front of a class? a. Practice makes perfect. b. All's well that ends well. c. Birds of a feather flock together. d. Home is where the heart is.

Practice makes perfect

A volunteer asks Madison for a $100 donation to a charity; Madison declines. The volunteer then offers a free t-shirt in exchange for a donation; Madison agrees to give the money. This is an example of which of the following compliance principles? a. Cognitive consistency b. Scarcity c. Commitment-and-Consistency d. Reciprocity

Reciprocity

The door-in-the-face effect relies on which principle of compliance-gaining? a. Social proof b. Scarcity over time c. Commitment-and-consistency d. Reciprocity

Reciprocity

Working in a group with friends tends to ________ social loafing. a. have no effect on b. increase c. reduce

Reduce

Working in a group with friends tends to ____________ social loafing. a. all of the above b. increase c. have no effect d. reduce

Reduce

Which of the following is true of group polarization? a. Researchers believe there are two explanations for group polarization. b. Researchers have not discovered why group polarization occurs. c. Researchers have discovered three to five possible explanations for group polarization. d. Researchers have found one explanation for group polarization.

Researchers believe there are two explanations for group polarization.

Which of the following is accurate concerning forewarning of intent to influence? a. Resistance decreases whether or not the message is important or uninteresting to the recipient. b. Forewarning generally reduces resistance to influence. c. Resistance is stronger on issues of importance to the message recipient. d. Forewarning does not usually have any effect on resistance to influence.

Resistance is stronger on issues of importance to the message recipient.

Which of the following statements is true regarding resistance skills? a. Resistance desire is more important than resistance skills in influencing the success of resistance efforts. b. Resistance skills exist and have been found to be effective. c. All one needs to resist influence is the desire to do so. d. Skills may boost one's ability to resist an influence attempt, but researchers have not identified which skills they are.

Resistance skills exist and have been found to be effective.

Social Facilitation

Robert Zajonc The presence of others improves performance on easy or well-learned tasks but not on difficult or unlearned tasks The experience of arousal enhances whatever response is dominant

A new fitness center is advertising discounted memberships for the first 25 customers who sign up. This is an example of which of the following compliance-gaining strategies? a. Commitment-and-Consistency b. Scarcity c. Reciprocity d. Cognitive consistency

Scarcity

Which of the following is an element of the Abilene Paradox? a. Feelings of invulnerability b. High degree of group morality c. Pressure on dissenters d. Self-censorship

Self-censorship

What is the term that refers to the part of our self-concept that comes from our group memberships? a. Social identity b. Social membership c. Social category d. Social esteem

Social identity

Which of the following is true of the relationship between social norms and resistance to influence? a. Social norms can promote influence or resistance to influence. b. Social norms always lead to conformity. c. Individuals are more easily influenced in domains that are related to their sense of identity. d. Social norms always promote resistance to influence.

Social norms can promote influence or resistance to influence.

Early group polarization researchers believed in the existence of a risky shift. Which of the positions below is true of the risky shift? a. The risky shift is always what happens when groups discuss issues. b. The risky shift never occurs. c. Sometimes groups exhibit a risky shift and sometimes they exhibit a cautious shift. d. The idea of the risky shift is unrelated to group polarization.

Sometimes groups exhibit a risky shift and sometimes they exhibit a cautious shift.

Which of the following describes the experience of teachers in Milgram's obedience research? a. Once teachers expressed a desire not to continue, most stopped immediately. b. The reassurances of the experimenter relieved teachers' stress and anxiety. c. Some teachers were stressed and anxious, but most were not. d. Teachers were stressed and dismayed at having to give high levels of shock.

Teachers were stressed and dismayed at having to give high levels of shock.

In Milgram's study, why would the teacher obey the experimenter and not the learners asking to be set free? a. The teachers believed they were not actually harming the learners. b. The teachers were afraid they would be punished if they did not obey. c. The experimenter happened to choose teachers who didn't feel any remorse in harming the learners. d. The experimenter's supposed authority made their demands seem legitimate.

The experimenter's supposed authority made their demands seem legitimate.

Which of the following is true of the findings of the study by Paul Eastwick and Wendi Gardner on social influence in the virtual world? a. The door-in-the-face technique produced less agreement than did the control condition. b. The foot-in-the-door technique produced more agreement than did the control condition. c. Neither the foot-in-the-door technique nor the door-in-the-face technique was successful in the virtual world. d. The foot-in-the-door technique was not effective in the virtual world.

The foot-in-the-door technique produced more agreement than did the control condition.

Persuasive Arguments Theory

The greater the number and persuasiveness of the arguments to which group members are exposed, the more extreme their attitudes become

Jorge tells Pedro to be cautious about investing money. If Jorge joined a group of others who thought Pedro should be cautious, how would the group consensus compare to the group members' initial positions? a. It is impossible to predict what the group consensus would be. b. The group consensus would be exactly the same as group members' initial positions. c. The group consensus would be more cautious than members' initial positions. d. The group consensus would be riskier than members' initial positions.

The group consensus would be more cautious than members' initial positions.

Obedience

The means of social influence that involves the most overt pressure The perception of authority lends legitimacy to the demand that increases the likelihood that one will obey Compliance to authority

The results of Milgram's follow-up studies showed obedience is reduced when a. the learner expresses distress. b. the teacher sees other teachers being disobedient. c. the teacher and learner are close to one another. d. the teacher listens to the scientist.

The teacher sees other teachers being disobedient

Distraction-Conflict Theory

Trying to do too many things at once causes cognitive overload, which hurts our performance on new or difficult tasks. One easy and well-learned tasks, however, the distraction causes us to focus harder on what we are doing, allowing us to perform those tasks more successfully

Group

Two or more individuals who are gathered together or connected in same way

Which of the following is true of the process of compliance? a. Responses to compliance attempts are generally not automatic. b. Responses to compliance attempts are generally not automatic. c. We often agree to a request in a mindless manner. d. Compliance always results in decisions we are glad we made.

We often agree to a request in a mindless manner.

Group polarization occurs a. when initial positions are similar. b. before groups meet to discuss issues. c. whenever groups meet to discuss issues. d. even when individuals have very different initial opinions.

When initial positions are similar.

Reciprocity

When someone helps us there is pressure on us to return the favor

Social Loafing is reduced when

Working on a task participants think is meaningful or personally relevant, participants feel their contribution is unique, Group members feel their coworkers will perform poorly, Working with friends and valued others, Or groups can assess their own performance (relative to a known standard or to other groups).

Which of the following is an example of commitment-and-consistency triggering compliance? a. You choose to order dessert because you really like it. b. You choose not to order dessert because you feel it's too expensive. c. You choose not to order dessert because you told everyone you were on a diet. d. You choose to order dessert because you did not have it yesterday.

You choose not to order dessert because you told everyone you were on a diet.