Social Psychology final (ex1-ex4)

ex1. 1. A social psychologist would be least likely to conduct a study examining the effect of a. Sleep on the ability to concentrate b. Temperature on highway shootings c. political attitudes on friendship formation d. Academic performance on self-esteem

A. Sleep on the ability to concetrate

ex2. 3. Based on research on counterfactual thinking, in which scenario is Jamal most likely to wonder what life might have been like had he been richer? a. Financially, Jamal is in the upper-middle class. his parents were slightly wealthier b. Financially, Jamal is in the upper middle class. His parents were lower-middle class c. Financially Jamal is in the working class. HIs parents were also working class

A. Financially, Jamal is in the upper-middle class. his parents were slightly wealthier

ex2. 8. A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts is called the a. Jigsaw classroom b. Self-affirmation group c. indirect contact method d. Robbers Cave strategy

A. Jigsaw classroom

ex1. 6. Alex changes his behavior in response to self-presentation concerns and various situations and thus he is exhibiting a high level of a. self-monitoring b. self-complexity c. self-verification d. self-esteem

A. Self-monitoring

ex2. 2. Sophia voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 US election. She believes that approximately 90% of college students also voted for Obama, when in reality that number is much lower. Sophia's overestimation is consistent with the a. false-consensus effect b. confirmation bias c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. representativeness heuristic

A. false-consensus effect

ex3. 7. No one else seems concerned about the welfare of the woman lying down in the alley. Therefore, maureen steps over her as well, figuring that she is simply drunk or asleep and not in need of emergency assistance. Maureen's behavior is an example of a. Informational social influence b. normative social influence c. compliance d. obediance

A. informational social influence

ex1. 8. When a person wants to be liked more than they want to be percieved as competent, which self-presentation strategy should be employed? a. Ingratitation b. Self-promotion c. self-verification d. Self-monitoring

A. ingratiation

ex3. 2. Implicit attitudes can be difficult to measure because a. People aren't aware of having them b. physiological measures aren't effective in assessing them c. They can only be measured by direct techniques d. they are prone to the effects of social desirability

A. people aren't aware of having them

ex2. 5. Vernell is being interviewed for a job. Though it isn't really true, the interviewer suspects that Vernell is incompetent. Because the interviewer doesn't expect much from Vernell, he sits far away from her during the interview, interrupts her frequently, and seems distracted when she speaks. As a result, Vernell becomes nervous, starts to stutter and loses her train of thought several times. The interviewer's final impression is that Vernell is as he suspected incompetent. This impression is most likely the result of a. The trait negativity bias b. A self-fulfiliing prophecy c. primacy effects d. the fundamental attribution error

B. A self-fulfilling prophecy

ex2. 4. Cross-cultural research on perception of emotion, such as that conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady indicates that a. People are uniformly good at perceiving the emotional states of others based on nonverbal cues, regardless of whether perceivers and targets are from the same culture. b. People are fairly successful at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures but we are better at judging emotions of individuals from our own culture c. people are actually better at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures because they are not distracted by language use and other verbal cues.

B. People are fairly successful at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures but we are better at judging emotions of individuals from our own culture

ex3. 3. Gloria has a negative attitude toward smoking, but she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that her attitude and behavior are inconsistent could be that a. Her attitude is based on feelings rather than beliefs b. She doesn't believe that she can control her smoking behavior c. her family and friends also have negative attitudes toward smoking d.her attitudes are usually accessible when she reaches for a cigarette

B. She doesn't believe that she can control her smoking behavior

ex1. 4. A TV producer is interested in whether women like soap operas moroe than sitcoms. THe producer uses a random number table to select a sample of 100 households, and then makes phone calls to these households every afternoon for 3 weeks. Of those who were home when the producer calld 75% reported they liked soap operas more than sitcoms. Which of the following might raise questions about the results? a. The use of archival data b. The representativeness of the sample c. The construct validity of the measure d. The operational definition advanced by the magazine

B. The representativeness of the sample

ex2. 10. Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory? a. self-esteem is derived from positive ingroup associations b. Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease in group favoritism c. Expressions of ingroup favoritism tend to increase self-esteem d. Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the in group is perceived as better than the outgroup

B. Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism

ex3. 5. Dr. Flinstone, president of Quarry College, needs to convince students that the college must double its tuition beginning in five years. He is hiring someone to promote this idea, as well as developing supportive arguments. Would he need to adopt a different strategy if he instead wanted to implement the change in the next academic year? a. No. He should do the same thing either way b. Yes. If the changes is to happen next year, the strength of the arguments will matter more than whom he hires to promote the idea c. Yes, if the change is to happen next year, the perosn he hires will matter more than the strength of the arguments d. Yes, if the change is to happen next year, obtaining a credible promoter and gnereating strong arguments will both be more crucial than if the change will happen in five years

B. Yes, if the change is to happen next year, the strength of the arguments will matter more than whom he hires to promote the idea

ex3. 4. While watching the presidential debate on tv, Maltida critically evaluated the arguments made by each candidate and was persuaded to support a particular candidate because of the quality of her arguments. Maltida exhibited a. Psychological reactance b. central route persuasion c. peripheral route persuasion d. insufficient justification

B. central route persuasion

ex1. 2. Which of the following best describes the primary goal of basic research? a. To solve practical problems b. To integrate the different reserach methodologies within one subfiled of social psychology c. To test specific hypotheses derived from a specific theory d. To examine human behavior in real-world settings

C. To test specific hypotheses derived from a specific theory

ex3. 9. Which situation would not be predicted by social impact theory? a. A person is more likely to obey a nearby authority than one who is far away b. Each person in a group of ten contributes less money to a tip for their waitperson than each person in a group of three c. A teacher can exert more control over a large class than a small class d. Pateints are more likely to follow advice given by doctors than advice given by nurses

C. a teacher can exert more control over a large class than a small class

ex1. 5. Vito finds a correlation of -0.35 between procrastination behaviors and academic achievement. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion for Vito to draw? a. Procrastination leads students to perform more poorly b. Poor academic performance causes more procrastination c. Elimination of procrastination behaviors will lead students to perform better d. As a student procrastinates more, her academic achievement decreases

D. As a student procrastinates more her academic achievement decreases

ex2. 6. In the aftermath of the Amado Dialog shooting, several psychologists have investigated the influence that a suspect's race might play in police decisions to shoot or not shoot. The result of these studies suggest that a. race doesnt influence police officers who have been trained to look past a suspect's skin color B. Race can influence the thought processes of police officers, but very rarely their actual behavior c. Police will react differently to African american suspect depending on their own level of racial prejudice d. Mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers do not endorse these stereotypes

D. Mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers don't endorse these stereotypes

ex2. 7. Mr.Belding wants to reduce prejudice toward incoming minority students at this elementary school. Before the minority students arrive, Mr. Belding puts up posters showing children of all nationalities holding hands. Next, he plans a scavenger hunt in which incoming students are mixed with current students and divided into small groups. Each student receives a secret clue critical to his or her group's success in finding the treasure. Mr. Belding's actions reflect his understanding of a. Primacy effects b. Social identity theory c. Social role theory d. The contact hypothesis

D. The contact hypothesis

ex2. 1. Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on teh ease with which instances of the event can be brought to mind reflect the a. Base-rate fallacy b. fundamental attribution error c. two-step attribution process d. availability heuristic

D. availability heuristic

ex4. 1. teddy wants everyone in her department to do well. Jerry wants to make sure he does better than everyone else in his department. Teddy has a ______ social value orientation, while jerry has a ___________ social value orientation a. Cooperative; competitive b. individualist; competitive c. cooperative; individualist d. competitive; individualist

a. A. cooperative competitive

ex3. 10. Research examining rebellion and obedience suggests that a. Disobedience to authority is much more likely in the presence of other allies who will also disobey b. The presence of an ally has very different results for obedience than it does for conformity c. Participants in the milgram studies would have been even more likely to obey had there been another participant seated at the shock panel with them d. The presence of a group of people is a guaranteed safeguard against destructive obedience

a. Disobedience to authority is much more likely in the presence of other allies who will also disobey

ex.3 8. The concepts of ostracism and conformity are related in that a. Failure to conform can lead to ostracism b. being ostracized typically reduces future conformity c. ostracism always comes before conformity d. when people don't conform, they typically tend to ostracize

a. Failure to conform can lead to ostracism

ex3. 6. In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity a. Involves less direct pressure form others b. occurs only in response to the behavior of a group of others c. requires the physical presence of at least one other person d. is more likely to produce destructive behaviors

a. Involves less direct pressure from others

ex1. 10. Josephine bought her 6 year old nephew, Joe a new set of paints her his birthday. Hoping to encourage the little artist, Josephine promise Joe 1 dollar for every painting. Joe thinks that is quite a lot of money. According to research by Lepper and colleagues on overjustification effects, which of the following is most likely to occur? a. Joe will come to see painting pictures as a way to make money, not as something enjoyable in itself b. Joe will develop a love for painting and will want to be an artist when he grows up c. Joe will continue to paint even if his aunt eventually stops rewarding him with money d. The paintings for which Joe receives money will be judged as better quality than the paintings for which he doesn't receive any money

a. Joe will come to see painting pictures as a way to make money, not as something enjoyable in itself

ex1. 9. The impact bias in affective forecasting refers to the phenomenon in which a. people tend to overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions to events b. People are generally accurate predictors of how they will feel about future events c. People tend to underestimate how happy they will be several months after winning the lottery d. voters predicted that they would be much happier one month after an election if the candidate for whom they voted won

a. people tend to overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions to events

ex1. 7. The desire for others to perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves is called a. self-verification b. self-enhancement c. implicit egotism d. self-handicapping

a. self-verification

ex4. 5. Ingham and colleagues asked participants to pull on a rope and found that participants pulled almost 20% harder when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought they were part of a group. this finding best illustrates a. Social loafing b. a social dilemma c. groupthink d. social facilitation

a. social loafing

ex4. 6. According to the evoltionary perspective, women prefer a. Wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success b. Phsyically attractive men because of the social benefits that come from being associated with such men c. Wealthy men becuase wealth gives them the freedom to pursue the lifestyle they have been socialized to deisre d. Men who play hard to get because such men bring about psychological reactance, which can lead to the misattribution of arousal

a. wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success

ex4. 8. Dutton and Arno examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. Which scenario is most analogous to the results of this study? a. After swerving to avoid an oncoming car, your heart races, and your mind is flooded with images of how much you care about your significant other b. Ten minutes after you've begun a stenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation, and you immediately feel attracted to him/her. c. When a classmate that you find particularly attractive happens to sit down next to you, you feel your pulse quicken and you stutter as you try to make conversation d. You are sill agitated after a heated phone call with you mother, and when you run into someone you had a crush on several years ago, you are surprised to realize you don't find him/her attractive in your current state of arousal

b. 10 minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation and you immediately feel attracted to him/her

ex1. 3. In a study concerning the cues that signal deception, Winston uses the number of times a person shifts in his or her seat as a measure of lying .Virginia points out that people may shift their position because they are nervous about being perceived as a liar, even though they are actually telling the truth. Virginia is questioning the ______of Winston's measures of lying. A. internal validity b. construct validity c. interrater reliability d. mundane realism

b. construct validity

ex4. 9. Homosexual behaviors a. are less common than an exclusive homosexual orientation b. Have been observed in more than 450 animal species c. tend to be reported in the same incidence in most cultures d. Are very recent developments in human beings

b. have been observed in more than 450 animal species

ex4. 2. The fact that members of an organization who blow the whistle on problematic practices are often treated harshly by the rest of the group illustrates the power of group a. Roles b. norms c. instrutmentation d. Development

b. norms

ex3. 1. One potential problem with self-report measures is that a. Respondents typically dislike them b. They do not provide information concerning the direction of an attitude c. Respondents might not respond truthfully d. It's not possible to assess the validity of self-report measures

c. Respondents might not respond truthfully

ex4. 4. Your psychology professor calls you in front of the class and asks you to answer practice exam questions in front of everyone. you find the questions to be easy. According to the model of social _____________, you should perform _______than you would if you had worked on the questions alone a. Loafing; better b. loafing; worse c. facilitation; better d. facilitation; worse

c. facilitation; better

ex4. 10. According to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is a. complememtariness b. matching levels of physical attractiveness c. physical proximity d. similarity

c. physical proximity

ex2. 9. Michigan and Ohio state are rival universities. Students at the two schools only interact when the athletic teams they play for complete against each other. Sheriff's Robbers Cave experiment suggests that the student's will a. Limit their competition to the playing field and behave cooperatively off the field b. Only change their negative stereotypes once they have interacted on the playing field c. Develop positive views of one another and behave in a friendly manner d. Develop negative views of one another and behave in a hositle manner

d. Develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner

ex4. 3. Groups include all of the following essential components except a. roles b. norms c. cohesiveness d. status

d. Status

ex4. 7. Bruce and Pam have just started dating. According to social exchange theory, their relationship is likely to last longer and be more satisfying if they each feel that a. the rewards gained from the relationship are shared equally between them b. the costs of maintaining the relationship are shared equally between them c. the rewards gained from the relationship are equal to the cost of maintaining the relationship d. The rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the cost of maintaining the relationship

d. The rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the costs of maintaining the relationship