Society and Culture: Demographics

Demographic structure of society - Age

--> Baby boomers will be above 60 soon. 13.5% of people are above 65 rn. --> older people are 5x likely to get medical care for problems --> as they age, we need more doctors!! --> people are affected by their environment as they age

Pros of living in a big city

--> being anonymous bc there are so many people you blend into the background

Cons of living in a big city

--> crowding --> hard to form close connections bc everyone doesn't know eachother (but you can join clubs or something to make friends)

Racial differences can cause what ...? (more than 1 answer)

--> genocide --> population transfer (being forcefully moved) --> inter-colonialism (where a minority group is segregated and exploited) --> assimilation (minority group is absorbed into the majority)

World-systems theory of globalization

--> importance of the world as a unit, instead of as different countries --> divides the world into 3 regions: core countries, periphery countries, and core periphery countries

Why do people want to move to urban areas?

--> people moved bc they needed work and housing bc of industrialization taking their farming jobs -> more job opportunities --> more options for transportation, access to health --> not enough land to farm so people had to move

OVERVIEW: Age

--> populations are broken down into cohorts based on their age --> older people are more likely to need healthcare --> aging is more than a number now, which changed social assumptions of aging

What do international trade regulatory groups do?

--> regulate the flow of goods and services between countries --> reduce tariffs --> make customs easier

Criticisms of World Systems Theory

--> too focused on economy, forgets about culture or class structures of a country

Say if these statements are true or false. 1) Immigration can put a strain on the job opportunities & welfare capabilities of a country. 2) Immigrants tend to move to industrialized areas of a country. 3) Immigration helps the country the people are going to and left from. 4) Immigrants can be exploited.

1) true 2) true 3) true 4) true

1. Globalization is a new concept. 2. Globalization is a social process True or false?

1. FALSE 2. TRUE

What 5 things are considered when it comes to someone's gender & sexual orientation?

1. Sex they were born with 2. gender they identify as 3. gender they express 4. gender they're romantically attracted to 5. gender they're sexually attracted to

How many stages does the demographic transition model have?

5

Cities

50,000 people or more

Metropolis

500,000 people or more

Dependency theory

A REACTION OF MEDOERNIZATION THEORY uses the idea of core & periphery countries from world systems theory 3rd world countries (periphery) are poor and give resources to 1st world (core) unfavorable economic position, will remain poor forever and depend on core countries :// negative nancy theory

What is gender?

A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT 2 parts: 1. the gender you identify as 2. the gender you express outwardly

Megalopolis

A bunch of metroplolises ex: boston --> NYC --> philli --> DC is a megalopolis

population pyramid

A graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. x axis: # of people y axis: age one line for women and one line for men constrictive pyramid: more young people than old, seen in more developed countries

What is a cohort?

A group of people who live through events at the same time and share similar experiences

What is a minority?

A group that makes up less than half of the population and is treated differently bc of a characteristic.

What is cisgender?

A person who identifies with their sex assigned at birth ex: me

What is racial formation theory?

A theory that explores how racial groups identity forms and changes over time due to different events. looks at economic, social, political factors that result in socially constructed races. basically, race has nothing to do with genetics only on looks.

what is the age stratification theory?

Age is a way of regulating behavior of a generation

What is a rural area?

An area with less than 1,000 people per square mile. <2500 residents

What is an urban area?

An area with more than 1,000 people per square mile. >2500 residents

How does conflict theory view cities?

Cities are sources of inequality that is entertainment for the wealthy. Political and economically elite people run the city while taking from the poor. Diversity in culture and social background just increases conflict over beliefs and values.

What is zone 10?

Commuters live in Zone 10 which consists of suburbs or satellite cities that have popped up around transportation routes

True or False? Men are more likely than women to seek help for depression/other mental illnesses?

FALSE. bc gender norms say they're supposed to be strong and tough.

What 3 factors contribute to population growth rate?

Fertility migration mortality

Stage 5

GRAPH IS JUST A GUESS! few theories as to what happens here bc this will be in the future. births and deaths are equal, population growth will decline

What is population dynamics?

How a population of a country or a region or even the world changes. takes into account factors that increase and decrease the population to create a total growth rate.

1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act

In 1986 Act that issued hundreds of thousands of visas to undocumented immigrants, making them legal migrants. This caused the number of immigrants to increase since the percentage allowed was based on a now larger based population. In the U.S.

What are peripheral countries?

Latin america, the entire continent of africa poor and uneducated people, small upper class, greatly influenced by core countries, sell raw materials

Will a fertility rate of 2 increase the population?

NO bc it takes mom & dad (2 people) to have a kid, so 2 kids are just enough to replace mom & dad after they die. population will stay the same

Transformationalist perspective

National governments are changing, difficult to describe change so simply say world order is changing, unsure of pattern many factors influence change in patterns outcomes unknown!

Pros and cons of cities

PROS: culture, promote diverse populations CONS: host to crime and other disruptions to society

What is an urban ecologist?

People who study how residents in the cities adapt to their environments

internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Race vs. ethnicity

Race related to a person's appearance (physical differences between a group of people) Ethnicity refers to nationality, language, culture, and ancestry.

Hyperglobalist perspective

Sees it as a new age in human history: countries become interdependent as the nation-states themselves are less important individual countries become one global society

What is an intersex person?

Someone who has a combination of male and female traits. ex: having 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y. ex2: unusual hormone levels, person has male and female physical characteristics.

True or False? The definition of ethnicity can change over time.

TRUE

True or false? Sociology often looks at different age cohorts.

TRUE

What is globalization?

The sharing of culture, money, and products that is happening bc of international trade and advancements in transportation and communication

Skeptical perspective

Third world countries aren't being integrated into global economy with same benefits borders are still important, current economy is not leaning towards global capitalism

True or False? World-systems theory is a fluid model?

True

True or false? Transnational corporations find cheap labor in other countries to bring costs down and revenue up.

True

true or false? TNC's set up in peripheral countries.

True countries want them there too to create jobs. but people are exploited from low wages and prohibited from unionizing

True or false? Dominant groups racialize minority groups.

True dominant group ascribes an identity to minority groups that they did not identify for themselves. ex: US labor force different races are stereotyped for certain jobs.

What is a person's sex?

Whether a person is biologically, chromosomally male or female. Do they have 2 X chromosomes or X,Y?

What is zone 4?

Zone 4 contains more expensive apartments, hotels, single-family home, etc.

Multiple Nuclei Model

a city may have several centers of 'nuclei'. The model says that even if a city did begin with one CBD, it can still develop multiple smaller business districts. This model is applicable to a lot of large cities today. For example, Mumbai and Shanghai are both examples of multiple nuclei cities. Each nucleus in these cities contains a specialized activity—such as clusters of fast-food restaurants or retail districts. Areas with similar activities cluster together to draw consumers, or because land-use is similar in adjacent areas.

Stage 1

a country has high birth rates (having more kids to have people to work, limited birth control) also high death rates (bc of high disease) most countries were at this stage until the 18th century

demographic transition

a model that changes in a country's population states country will stop growing when country transitions from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates, stabilizing the population

How do we compare people's stats based on age?

age-specific mortality rate life table

What is transgender?

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex ex: laverne cox

What is the sector model?

an updated version of the concentric zone model. Concentric zones can contain different sectors, one of working-class homes, another of expensive housing, and one of businesses, etc., all competing for the same land. This model takes into account transportation developments.

What is zone 3?

area thrifty workers have moved in order to escape the transitional Zone 2 yet maintain convenient access to their work

Population pyramid graph explained

basically, the bar graph is sideways x axis = # of people for male and female y axis = age

What causes an increase the population of a country?

birth immigration

Stage 2

birth rate still high, but people are living longer bc of improvements in health and sanitation

Stage 4

birth rates and death rates are both low, balance each other out. more women are in work force, so less babies and more access to contraception

What is zone 1?

central business district (CBD)

Cons of suburbs?

commute into city for work is time consuming not as much access to things unless suburbs creates it's own ex: capitol regional health is in laurel, so we don't have to go to DC for health help.

What factors decrease a country's population?

death emigration

Stage 3

death rates drop and birth rates fall bc of access to birth control and having a lot of kids isn't economically beneficial

What affect on the population will a fertility rate of <2 have?

decrease population bc after mom and dad die, there is only 1 person. less than before!!

What is urban renewal?

developing parts of the city that are old and falling a part leads to gentrification bc they target rich people when these areas are fixed up, then property value goes up so much the original inhabitants can't afford to live there anymore

Demographic structure of society - race and ethnicity

do I really need a card about this .. lol

Semi-periphery countries

ex: Brazil, india middle ground between core and periphery not a leader in trade, diversified economy though

Pros of suburbs?

having more space

Growth rate

how much of a country's population grows over a certain amount of time how many people were added to the population (births and immigration) - how many people were removed (death and emigration). take this number and subtract from # of people that were there in the beginning of the year. divide by # of people there in the beginning of the year. multiply by 100. boom!

What is activity theory?

how the older generation views themselves. certain activities and roles are lost due to old age but need to be replaced.

Equation form (don't memorize, just understand)

initial population + births (-deaths) + immigration (-emigration). If this # is negative, population growth in negative

What is continuity theory?

people keep the same basic structure for their lives over time as people age, they make decisions to preserve that basic structure and use it to adapt to the external changes of society and internal changes of aging.

Stage 1 in graph form

pointy at the top bc a lot of deaths, so there aren't a lot of old folk wide at the bottom bc a lot of births, so many babies and kids

expansive population pyramid

population with a high birth rate and low life expectancy

Modernization theory

proposes that all countries follow a similar path of development with some help, traditional countries can become modern countries looks at the internal social dynamics as country adapts to new technologies

OVERVIEW: Race & Ethnicity

race: social construction that put people's into groups depending on their appearance

What is a suburb?

small movement away from city, sub-urbanization

What is gender queer?

someone who does not identify as male or female

What is a transnational person?

someone who moves across borders to find better jobs or education.

Cities from symbolic interactionism viewpoint

strong norms and values in cities

What is disengagement theory?

suggests that older adults and society separate, like when someone retires from work. it assumes they become more self absorbed as they age, so separation allows for self-reflection. Means that those who are not separated did not adjust to old age well - which is debatable.

emigration rate is measured by ...?

the # of people emigrating per 1,000 people (deaths) + (# of emigrations per 1,000 people)

What is racialization?

the assigning of a behavior or characteristic to a minority group by a majority group. Example: white people saying all Hispanic people work in construction. even though many of them have jobs elsewhere like teaching, medicine, etc. more general example would be white people saying black & latinx folk work low wage jobs.

What is demographic structure?

the different ways you can look at a population of people. breaking up the population into groups to find trends or stats on them. ex: death rates between 10-15 yo vs 20-25 yo we use groups such as age, race & ethnicity, immigration, sex & gender & sexual orientation

What is discrimination

the unjust treatment of a category of people just bc they belong to that category

What is the concentric zone model?

three models of urban growth developed by urban sociologists in the US. The zones identified are: 1. The center with the central business district, 2. The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses or the zone of transition, 3. Working class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later decades called inner city or zone of independent working men's home, 4. Better quality middle-class homes (outer suburbs) or zone of better housing, 5. Commuter zone, high-class homes on outskirts of outer suburbs - homeowner can afford to commute to central business district.

What is zone 2?

transitional area containing rooming houses and deteriorating housing which breed poverty, disease, and vice

What is a TNC?

transnational corporation works across other countries ex: backpack materials made in china, put together in mexico, then sold in US by a US company ex: Coca-cola, McDonald's, Ford influence economy and politics through donations and lobbying

Immigration policies are biased on race and ethnicity. True or False?

true

true or false? minorities are more likely to have a short-life span. If true, explain why.

true can't afford healthcare, poor diet, toxins in environment

True or false? Racial identities change over time.

trueee

Growth machine theory

urban growth is driven by a coalition of interest groups who all benefit from a city's continuous growth and expansion. For them, the growth of cities is social, political, and largely planned and intended. For example, real estate interests may be involved—when urban growth happens, some groups benefit because properties increase in value. How groups lobby or manipulate the government or other groups, determine how cities grow and take shape.

What are the reasons someone might migrate to another country?

war not able to make a living famine

What is a core country?

western europe, US have strong central govt., economically diversified, strong middle and working classes, focus on higher skill production of material goods instead of raw materials, INDEPENDENT!