Sociology 1301 Final Exam
Herbert Spencer
"Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures
independent; dependent
"The better the grades Sheri gets in school, the better paying job she is likely to get." In this example, the grades are (blank) variable and occupational income is the (blank) variable.
statistical measure
"average" for a large number of people
stigma
"blemishes" that dis-credit a person's claim to a "normal" identity
Auguste Comte
"father" of Sociology; idea of 'positivism'
Psychological Illness
"mind-body" illness - stress related - forms of hypertension and headaches
lay therapists
"mother" & "lifeline" -- someone who had a good raised childhood
Patriarchy
"rule of the father", male dominated society
Antisocial Personality Disorder
"sociopath" or "psychopath" - lacks conscience for wrongdoing - may be aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist - usually male; characteristics can emerge at an early age
Karl Marx
'conflict theory'; believed society is shaped by money; two classes: working, and capitalist
The Demographic Transition
(Anti-malthusions) Stable Population->Rapidly growing Population->Stable Population->Shrinking Population (population free fall?)
Concentric Zone Model
(Burgess) That a city expands outward from its business district center. (bullseye)
Social integration
(Durkheim) the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values & other social bonds (mechanical solidarity)
Organic Solidarity
(Durkheims social integration)When the division of labor makes people depend on one another- the work of each person contributes to the whole group.
Who lives in the cities
(Gans) Cosmopolites, Singles, Ethinic Villagers, Deprived, & Trapped.
G7 plus
(Geopolitics) The division of world power btwn- Japan, Germany, US, Canada, France, Great Britain, Italy
Sector Model
(Hoyt) Reformed from concentric zones- That a city has many sectors i.e. working class housing & expensive homes. (invasion-succession cycle)
Thesis
(Marx) An arrangement of power, containing its own antithesis. A struggle creates a new arrangement known as a Synthesis. This Synthesis becomes the new thesis and so on.
Human Ecology
(Park) describes how people adapt to their environment. (urban ecology)
multidimensional evolutionary theory
(of social change) a theory predicting that over time societies follow not one but several evolutionary paths. Weber came up with this
Informal Norms
(what sociologist are more interested in) lines, personal space, no eye contact in elevators
According to the conflict perspective, interaction between the sexes often sustains or reinforces gender inequality.
...
functions of the family
1) socialization 2) regulation of sexual activity 3) social placement 4) material and emotional security
4 causes of child abuse
1. both parents are deprived individuals 2. see baby as demanding/ unattractive/ spoiled/ not living up to standards 3. loss of job/ unwanted pregnancy/ prolonged crying has developed 4. no lifeline or rescue operation
5 characteristics of culture
1. is shared 2. is learned 3. is taken for granted 4. is symbolic 5. varies across time and place.
types of research
1. survey: polls, questionnaires, and interviews 2. participant observation 3. Controlled experiment 4. Content analysis 5. Historical Research 6. Evaluation Research
Rostow's Stages of Development
1. traditional stage: cannot imagine life can or should be any different 2. take-off stage: people start to use their talent and imagination sparking economic growth 3. drive to technological maturity: "growth" is widely accepted idea that fuels a society's pursuit of higher living standards 4. high mass consumption: economic development driven by industrial technology raises living standards as mass production stimulates mass consumption
The Classical Period
1800's; work from this period forms the theoretical foundations for all sociological work; wanted to make sense of the changing worlk by the french and industrial revolution
Environmental Protection Agency
1969, so man and nature can exist together
research model
1] select a topic 2] define the problem 3] review the literature 4] formulate the hypothesis 5] choose a reasearch method 6] collect the data 7] analyze the results 8] share the results ->stimulates more ideas for search ->generates hypotheses ->back to 1
Socialization
2 fold process: 1) process by which individuals are taught to become functioning members of society 2) process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of our own social group (begins in infancy)
Hans and Sybil Eysneck
2 personality dimensions: stability-instability/introversion-extroversion
Lymphocytes
2 types of white blood cells in body's immune system
Community College
2 years of general education
Pastoral Society
2nd society (herding). Based on pasturing of animals. Developed in regions with low rainfall. Nomadic.
Horticultural Society
2nd society. (gardening) Based on cultivation of plants by use of hand tools. Developed permanent settlements. Started division of labor and with surplus started trade. This started social inequality. (war-slavery)
Agricultural Society
3rd society. When plow was invented it created a food surplus. People developed cities & "culture". The dawn of civilization. Inequality became fundamental of life. Elite protected status with armies & taxes.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
4 distinct stages of development of the self between birth and adulthood; ages 1 through 5 set stage for the rest of life
Industrial Society
4th society. The industrial revolution with the steam engine. Even more surplus & inequality. Shift from slavery to wages. Shift from monarchies to political systems.
Postindustrial Society
5th society. Technology & information. Selling expertise rather than raw materials. Not producing- transmitting. Service industries.
President Lincoln was alarmed by the outcome of the initial battle at Fort Sumter, whereupon he immediately issued orders on April 15, 1861 to recruit
75,000 troops
Protestant Ethic
A belief that hard work, diligence, self- denial, frugality, and economic success will lead to salvation in the afterlife.
Meritocracy
A belief that individuals are rewarded for what they do and how well rather than on the basis of their ascribed status.
Experiment
A carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to manipulate variables and measure the effects.
Social Class
A category of people who have a similar standing or rank in a society based on wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources.
Variable
A characteristic that can change in value or magnitude under different conditions.
Independent Variable
A characteristics that determines or has an effect on the dependent variable.
Taking the role of the other
A child learns to act like adults she observes. Mead refers to this behavior.
Glass Ceiling
A collection of attitudinal and organizational biases in the work place that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions.
Reference Group
A collection of people who shape our behavior, values, and attitudes.
Knowledge
A collection of relatively objective ideas and facts about the physical and social worlds.
Status Set
A collection of social statuses that an individual occupies at a given time.
Formal Organization
A complex and structured secondary group that was deliberately created to achieve specific goals in an efficient manner.
Transnational Conglomerate
A corporation that owns a collection of different companies in various industries in a number of countries.
Example of a social group
A couple married less than a year
Counterculture
A culture created to defy the dominant culture. For example hippies and "emos"
Fertility Rate
A demographic variable. The number of children that the average woman bears.
Enterprise zone
A designated area of a city offering economic incentives (tax breaks) for businesses to move there. Usually fail due to crime.
Downsizing
A euphemism for firing large numbers of employees at once.
Extended Family
A family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles and aunts, nieces and nephews, cousins, and grandparents.
A situation that most likely illustrated a primary relationship
A family enjoying a picnic at the beach.
An example of the interaction between between micro and macro factors that influence migration
A family that leaves Liberia to escape the civil war moves to Minneapolis, Minnesota, because they can work at a family business.
Alienation
A feeling of isolation and powerlessness that may affect workers in a bureaucracy.
Nuclear Family
A form of family consisting of married parents and their biological or adopted children.
Ritual
A formal and repeated behavior in which the members of a group regularly engage.
Voluntary Association
A formal organization created by people who share a common set of interests and who are not paid for their participation.
Government
A formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce laws.
Bureaucracy
A formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks through the efforts of a large number of people in the most efficient way possible.
Apartheid
A formal system of racial segregation.
Conglomerate
A giant corporation that owns a collection of companies in different industries.
Sample
A group of people or things that are representative of the population that researchers wish to study.
Society
A group of people that has lived and worked together long enough to become an organized population and to think of themselves as a social unit.
Racial- Ethnic Group
A group of people who have both distinctive physical and cultural characteristics.
Minority Group
A group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics, such as gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or skin color.
Race
A group of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features, that are passed on through reproduction.
Counterculture
A group or category of people who deliberately oppose and reject some of the basic beliefs, values, and norms of the dominant culture.
Subsulture
A group or category of people whose distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting differ somewhat from those of the larger society.
Primary Group
A group whose members interact formally, relate to each other as players of particular roles, and expect to profit from each other
Step Family
A household in which two adults are married or living together and at least one of them has a child.
Transnational Corporation
A large company that is based in one country but operates across international boundaries.
Church
A large established religious group that has strong ties to mainstream society.
Secondary Group
A large, usually formal, impersonal, and temporary collection of people who pursue a specific goal or activity.
Oligopoly
A market dominated by a few large producers or suppliers.
Polygamy
A marriage in which a man or woman has two or more spouses.
Victim Survey
A method of gathering data that involves interviewing people about their experiences as crime victims.
Symbolic Interactionism
A micro- level perspective that looks at individuals everyday behavior through the communication of knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes.
Stigma
A negative label that devalues a person and changed his or her self concept and social identity.
Gender Identity
A perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine.
Standards of a reference group
A person measures his or her own worth by this.
True of all systems of social stratification
A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his or her position.
Social Mobility
A persons ability to move up or down the class hierarchy.
Labeling Theory
A perspective that holds that society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant.
Totalitarianism
A policital system in which the government controls every aspect of peoples lives.
Communism
A political and economic system in which all members of a society are equal.
Monarchy
A political system in which power is allocated solely on the basis of heredity and passed from generation to generation.
Authoritarianism
A political system in which the state controls the lives of citizens but generally permits some degree of individual freedom.
Democracy
A political system in which, ideally, citizens have control over the state and its actions.
Sexual Orientation
A preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of both sexes.
Marriage Market
A process in which prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners and choose the best available mate.
Assimilation
A process of conforming to the culture of the dominant group and intermarrying with that group.
Secularization
A process of removing institutions such as education and government from the dominance or influence of religion.
Deindustrialization
A process of social and economic change due to the reduction of industrial activity, especially manufactoring.
Resocialization
A process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior.
Magnet School
A public school that is typically small and offers students a distinctive program and specialized curriculum in a particular area, such as business, science, the arts, or technology.
Primary Group
A relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face- to- face interaction over an extended period of time.
Sect
A religious group that has broken away from an established religion.
Cult
A religious group that is devoted to beliefs and practices that are outside of those accepted in mainstream society.
Charismatic Leader
A religious leader whom followers see as having exeptional or superhuman powers and qualities.
Lobbyist
A representative of a special- interest group who tries to influence political decisions on the groups behalf.
Probability Sample
A sample for which each person has an equal chance of being selected because the selection is random.
Nonprobability Sample
A sample for which little or no attempt is made to get a representative cross section of the population.
Always open to revision in the light of new evidence
A scientific theory is
Looking- Glass Self
A self- image based on how we think others see us.
Culture Shock
A sense of confusion or uncertainty that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life or environment.
Racism
A set of beliefs that one's own racial group is naturally superior to other groups.
Ethnic Group
A set of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage that includes language, geographic routes, food, customs, traditions, and or religion.
Theory
A set of statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs.
Interlocking Directorate
A situation in which the same people serve on the boards of directors of several companies or corporations.
Self- Fulfilling Prophecy
A situation where if we define something as real and act upon it, it can, in face, become real.
Power Elite
A small group of influencing people who make a nations major political decisions.
Corporation
A social entity that has legal rights, privileges, and liabilities apart from those of its members.
Economy
A social insitution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and conosumes goods and services.
Religion
A social institution that involves shared beliefs, values, and practices based on the supernatural and unites believes into a community.
Education
A social institution that transmitts attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, and skills to its members through formal, systematic training.
Urban Renewal
A social policy to tear down and rebuild- displaces residents of low-income.
Achieved Status
A social position that a person attains through personal effort or assumes voluntarily.
Ascribed Status
A social position that a person is born into.
Status
A social position that a person occupies in a society.
Politics
A social process through which individuals and groups acquire an exercise power and authority.
Scapegoating
A social psychological cause of prejudice and discrimination.
Marriage
A socially approved mating relationship that people expect to be stable and enduring.
Norms
A society's specific rules concerning right and wrong behavior.
Political Action Committee (PAC)
A special- interest group set up to raise money to elect a candidate to public office.
Reference groups provide us with
A standard for judging one's attitudes and behaviors
Hypothesis
A statement of a relationship between two or more variables that researchers want to test.
Human resource management
A style that sees human resources issues as the responsibility of the whole organization, not just the human resources department.
Denomination
A subgroup within a religion that shares its name and traditions and is generally on good terms with the main group.
Closed Stratification System
A system in which movement from one social position to another is limited by ascribed statuses such as one's sex, skin color, and family background.
Patriarchy
A system of domination which men exercise power over women.
Language
A system of shared symbols that enables people to communicate with one another.
Open Stratification System
A system that is based on an individuals achievement and allows movement up or down.
Surveys
A systematic method for collecting data from respondents including questionnaires, face- to- face or telephone interviews, or a combination of these.
Dramaturgical Analysis
A technique that examines social interaction as if occuring on a stage where people play different roles and act out scenes for the audiences with whom they interact.
Groupthink
A tendency of in- group members to conform without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas, that result in a narrow view of an issue.
Generalized Other
A term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to people who do not have close ties to a child but who influence a child's interalization of society's norms and values.
Sociobiology
A theoretical approach that applies biological principles to explain the behavior of animals, including human beings.
Multilinear theories
A theory on cultural evolution assumes that there are different routs that lead to the same stage of development-industrialization.
Unilinear theories
A theory on cultural evolution that assume that all societies follow the same path- savagery, barbarism, civilization.
Crime
A violation of societal norms and rules for which punishment is specified by public law.
Special- Interest Group
A voluntary and organized association of people that attempts to influence public policy and policy makers on a particular issue.
Social Network
A web of social ties that links individuals to others.
Child Maltreatment
A wide range of behaviors that place a child at serious risk, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional mistreatment.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
Abuse that occurs between two people in a close relationship.
Generalized other
According to George Herbert Mead, when children learn to internalize the values of society as a whole, the take the role of the...
Conflicting norms
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at the third level of moral development, young adults have a postconventional morality, which takes into account the importance of.
A rebel
According to Merton, (blank) wants to replace old values and change the social structure.
A lack of unity regarding the role of women
According to Naomi Wolf, the reason why women have not recognized their power as a majority of the voting population
Prejudiced discriminators
According to Robert K. Merton's analysis of prejudice ad discrimination, the KKK is...
Develop a better understanding of ourselves
According to Thio, by studying and appreciating social diversity, we ultimately
Socialization and culture
According to research, many of the sexual differences found in early childhood, such as boys' superiority in math, are due to
Positivism
Accurate observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge
Interaction
Action in which people take each other into account in their own behavior.
Organized Crime
Activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit.
Victimless Crimes
Acts that violate laws but involve individuals that don't consider themselves as victims.
In the US, virtually everyone has committed a punishable act
Alex Thio reviews the variety of behaviors that is punishable by fines or jail terms, and concludes that...
Scientific findings
Always subject to verification or refutation by other scientists.
C Wright Mills and Politics
American Political System- controlled by 6000 elite members only club
Socialization
Among the informal controls that we have in our society, the most effective to control deviance is...
False Consciousness
An acceptance of a system that prevents people from protesting oppression.
Conflict Theory
An approach that examines the ways in which groups disagree, struggle over power, and compete for scarce resources.
Crime Control Model
An approach that holds that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear punishment.
Functionalism
An approach that maintains that society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure a societies survival.
Cohabitation
An arrangement in which two unrelated people are not married but live together and have a sexual relationship.
Corporate Welfare
An array of direct subsidies, tax breaks, and assistance that the government has created for businesses.
Master Status
An ascribed or achieved status that determines a persons identity.
Sexism
An attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
Prejudice
An attitude, positive or negative, toward people because of their group membership.
Self
An awareness of one's social identity.
Karl Marx
An early theorist who saw class conflict as the main source of soical change.
Socialism
An economic and political system based on the principle of the public ownership of the production of goods and services.
Capitalism
An economic system in which the ownership of the means of production is in private hands.
Credentialism
An emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, education attainment levels, or job qualifications.
Institution
An established and social organization of social behavior with a recognized purpose
Stereotype
An exaggerated generalization about a category of people.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
An index of an individuals performance on a standardized test relative to the performance level of others of the same age.
Division of Labor
An interdependence of different tasks and occupations, characteristic of industrialized societies, that produce social unity and facilitate change.
Family
An intimate group consisting of two or more people who: 1) live together in a committed relationship, 2) care for one another and any children, 3) share close emotional ties and functions.
Political Party
An organization that tries to influence and control government by recruiting, nominating, and electing its members to public office.
Social Institutions
An organized and established social system that meets one or more of societies basic needs.
Social Structure
An organized pattern of behavior that governs peoples relationships.
Social structure
An organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose a society
Socioeconomic Status
An overall ranking of a persons position in the class hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation.
Hogemony
Antonio Gramsii ~ describes the cultural aspects of social control, whereby the ideas of the dominant social group are accepted by all of society
Discrimination
Any act that treats a person unequally because of their group membership.
Which of the following definitions of sexual harassment was accepted by the Supreme court in 1993?
Any conduct that makes the workplace environment hostile or abusive.
Elder Abuse
Any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or any other person that causes harm to people aged 65 or older.
Dominant Group
Any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power, the greatest privileges and the highest social class.
Peer Group
Any set of people who are similar in age, social status, and interests.
Sexual Harassment
Any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with his or her work.
Population
Any well- defined group of people or things about whom researchers want to know something.
Profane
Anything that is not related to religion.
Sacred
Anything that people see as mysterious, awe- inspiring, extraordinary and powerful, holy, and not part of the natural world.
Symbol
Anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture.
Feminist Theories
Approaches that try to explain the social, economic, and political position of women in a society.
Social Learning Theories
Approaches whose central notion is that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction, especially during childhood.
Malthus Theorem
Argument that although population grows geometrically, the food supply increases only arithmetically. This means that if births go unchecked, population will outstrip its food supply.
The concept of childhood
As a distinct phase of life between infancy and teenage did not arise until the past two or three centuries.
Medical Care
As the number of elderly people continues to grow, which area of public policy will feel the greatest burden
parents in ______ families try to cultivate a strng acceptance and security in tehir young children by indulging them, letting them have practically anything they want and letting them behave and misbehave in any way they want
Asian Americans
Social Facts
Aspects of social life, external to the individual, that can be measured.
Tracking
Assigning students to specific educational programs and classes based on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability.
Cyclical theories
Assume that civilizations are born, youth, maturity, then decline & die like an organism (egypt, greece, & rome)
Traditional Authority
Authority based on customs that justify the position of the ruler.
Charismatic Authority
Authority based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience.
Rational- Legal Authority
Authority based on the belief that laws and appointed or elected political leaders are legitimate.
Deviance
Behavior that violates expected rules or norms.
New Malthusians
Believe that the population issue is really & even worse than the Malthus theorem. That it follows the exponential growth curve.
Beginner's Mind
Bernard McGrane; people wanting to use a sociological perspective should use this, approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new way, does not deny individual responsibility
Role Conflict
Bob works overtime and he therefore cannot spend as much time with his children as he would like. He feels guilty but knows that if he does not work overtime he could lose his job. The is an example of (Blank).
Is probably well organized
Bobby receives good grades in school, he is outgoing and participates in several extra-curricular activities. Cooley would suggest that Bobby...
Dual- Earner Couples
Both partners are employed outside the home.
Egalitarian Family System
Both partners share power and authority fairly equally.
Taking on the role of the other
Brooke likes to pretend taht she is a firefighter. She uses her mother's garden hose to put out pretend fires and climbs trees to rescue her teddy. Mead would say that she is...
Power elite
C Wright Mills; small number of people who control the economic, political, and military institutions of asociety
power elite
C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military and politics who make the nation's major decisions
Looking Glass Self
Charles Cooley; notion that the self develops through our perception of others evaluations and appraisals of us ** other people are like a mirror that show us who we are, they give us a response and we interpret it
His Role Set
Charles is always overwhelmed with work; among the many activities he develops apart from being a father, he has to write papers, teach too many courses, attend the conference, advise his students, and cheer on his colleagues. His situation is an example of (blank).
Kohlberg and Development of Morality
Children begin in amoral stage and continue to the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages
Multiple-Nuclei Model
Cities have several centers, each having a specialized activity.
Atherosclerosis
Clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels.
Edge Cities
Clusters of buildings and services near the intersection of major highways. Not traditional cities.
Deindustrialization
Companies moving factories to countries where labor costs are lower. Leaving people without manufacturing jobs and no other experience.
Positivism
Comte; seeks to identify laws that describe the behavior of a particular reality (math, physics, not religion)
The reality of economic inequalities that continue to grow in society
Consumerism and consumption have blurred class differences to some extent in our society. Television and widespread mall stores reinforce the idea that there are no intense class boundaries. Consumerism and consumption, however, do NOT alleviate...
Occupational Crime
Crimes committed in the work place by individuals acting solely on their own personal interests.
Gender roles are somewhat flexible from society to society
Cross-cultural studies concerning gender roles suggest that in other societies...
Which of the following kinds of intelligence continues to grow with age?
Crystalline intelligence.
Incest Taboo
Cultural norms and laws that forbid sexual intercourse between close blood relatives, such as brothers and sisters, father and daughter, or uncle and niece.
Cultural Universals
Customs and practices that are common to all societies.
Field Research
Data collection by systematically observing people in their natural surroundings.
Content Analysis
Data collection method that systematically examines examples of some form of communication.
Secondary data
Data that has already been gathered and organized by another party
Population Pyramids
Depict a countries population by age & sex.
C Wright Mills
Described the importance of the sociological imagination when viewing the world, especially for people with power.
A conflict theorist would closely agree with this statement
Deviants are labeled as such by powerful groups who use the label to control the less powerful.
Ageism
Discrimination against older people.
Monopoly
Domination of a particular market or industry by one person or company.
Increased significantly; dropped
During the twentieth century, the real income of blue-collar workers in Western societies has (blank) overall, though it has (blank) in the past twenty years.
anomie
Durkeim's term for a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals
functionalist view of religion
Durkheim defines three major functions of religion: 1. social cohesion: unites people through shared symbolism, values, and norms, establishes rules of fair play 2. social control: "divine right", encourages people to obey cultural norms 3. providing meaning and purpose: our lives serve some greater purpose
anomie
Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the norms that usually guide their behavior
social facts
Durkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior
organic solidarity
Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs
mechanical solidarity
Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks
Class Conflict
Durkheim's terms for the struggle between capitalists, who own the means of production, and the proletariat, who do not.
Disembodied Colleagues
Durkheim; more common for people to communicate over technology
Neolocal Residence Pattern
Each newly married couple sets up its own residence.
Biological determinism
Early attempts to explain deviant behavior in individuals were based on the assumption that crime was committed mostly by people with certain physical traits.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving; Language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world
accordin to _______ deviance is learned through interactions with other people like friends
Edwin Sutherland
white collar crime
Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations
differential association
Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some group's learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant
Biotech Society
Emerging society. Economy centered on applying & altering genetic structures to produce food, medicine, & materials.
philosophical revolution
Enlightenment; intellectuals started to focus more on science, rationality and empiricism
contradictory class locations
Erik Wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests
everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. the pioneering sociologist who developed microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding it was:
Erving Goffman
Erving Goffman
Everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. The pioneering sociologist who developed it and emphasized the importance of understanding it was...
Secondary Analysis
Examination of data that have been collected by someone else.
Not a reason for studying social interaction in everyday life
Examining social interation in everyday life allows sociologists to see how relatively unimportant language is in creating social reality.
Gender Stereotype
Expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex.
Laws
Formal rules about behavior that are defined by a political authority that has the power to punish violators.
Schooling
Formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting.
Mass Media
Forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people.
Ahead of other children int he areas he has been trained in
Frank is a young boy whose parents surrounded him with books, challenging discussions, and ideas. Based on our understanding of socialization, Frank is probably...
ego
Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society
id
Freud's term for our inborn basic drives
superego
Freud's term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups
The id
Freud's term for the part of personality that is irrational, concerned only with seeking pleasure
Manifest Functions
Functions that are intended and recognized; they are present and clearly evident.
Latent Functions
Functions that are unintended and unrecognized; they are present but not immediately obvious.
Ideal Types
General traits that describe a social phenomenon rather than every case.
according to _______, children develop their self concept in three stages
George H Mead
Max Weber
German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society.
Thomas Theorem
Goffman; "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
Dramaturgy
Goffman; compares the social interaction to the theatre, where individuals take on roles and act them out to present a favorable impression to the "audience"
Impression Management
Goffman; social life is sort of a game, where we work to control the impressions others have of us-- effort to control the impressions we make on others to create desired views
Early Education
Greece, in church until Enlightenment
Individual Discrimination
Harmful action directed intentionally, on a one- to- one basis by a member of a dominant group against a minor of a minority group.
Not considered cultural capital
Having your child work at a fast food restaurant after school.
Anna wanted to enter a political race against a man. Which of the following statements by her opponent is most likely based on sexism?
Her emphasis on day care programs shows that she is a one-issue candidate.
Public opinion
How people think about some issues.
An incongruity between two realities
Humor makes us laugh because almost all jokes contain...
Social Transformations of Society
Hunting & Gathering->Horticultural/Pastoral(dmestication of animals)->Agricultural(Invention of plow)->Industrial(invention of steam engine)->Postindustrial(microchip)->Biotech?(decoding human genome)
Mead
If gender is natural, it wouldn't vary, but this isn't always true. Also did societies in New Guinea
Thomas Theorem
If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
Differential association
If you live in a high crime area, many people you will befriend will be involved in criminal activities, thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior. The conceptual context for this phenomenon is known as...
White- Collar Crimes
Illegal activities committed by high status individuals in the course of their occupation.
Bilateral
In modern American society, for the most part, families prefer (blank) residential patterns.
Exogamy
In most societies, people are required to practice, (blank) which is the act of marrying someone from outside one's group.
Domestic Parternship agreement
In the US, gay couples generally do not have the same legal protection and financial benefits as heterosexual couples. Recently, a number of cities in the U.S. have addressed the issue by providing unmarried couples a...
The understanding of collaborative behavior among peers
In the fifth stage of the Levels of Development of The Self, the 'WE' represents...
Serial Monogamy
Individuals marry several people, but one at a time.
Scapegoats
Individuals or groups whom people blame for their own problems or short comings.
Imperical
Information that is based on observations, experiments, or experiences rather than on ideology, religion, or intuition.
Stages of social movements
Initial unrest->Resource mobilization->Organization->Institutionalization->Organizational decline and possible resurgence.
Ogburn's Processes of Social Change
Invention, Discovery, & Diffusion (technology drives changes)
Best describes the caste system
It is a stratification system based on one's fix position at birth.
Romantic love
It provides for intrinsic satisfaction as opposed to extrinsic rewards.
Over a 60-year period since 1945, two of the top five countries with the highest average voter participation are
Italy and South Africa
Instrumental
Jane was in charge of a difficult project in a large office. She was a tough leader and kept pushing people to accomplish the project's goals. She would be an example of an (blank)
Increased individualism
Jane was married but after a while she became more concerned about her own needs and interests. She decided to get a divorce an dgo back to school. Her experience was based on what cause of divorce?
Japanese corporations use a horizontal, collaborative model.
Japanese corporations differ from the bureaucratic model followed by most business organizations in the West in this way.
The stages of cognitive development
Jean Piaget's theory of child development learning how to think is based on
The confederacy was formed as a separate nation in February 1861 with its own constitution, and who was elected as its president?
Jefferson Davis
According to economist ____ 1.1 billion or nearly one-fifth of the people in the world is extremely poor, struggling to survive with an income of less than $1 a day
Jeffrey Sachs
Milkhemet Mitzvah
Jewish term similar to the meaning of Jihad or "Just War," meaning to go out and seek territory or wealth
Symbolic ethnicity
John celebrates Bastille Day every year by putting out his French flag, drinking French wine, and eating French food. His friend Charles didn't even know John was French until he attended his latest party. This is an example of...
Developmental socialization
John received a work promotion that will permit him more autonomy than his previous position. Sociologists see these new responsibilities as part of John's...
Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own
Presenting his self
Julian was a salesman who took a prospective client to dinner. He dressed carefully, spoke in a confident way, and hoped his guest did not notice his obvious flaws. Julian was involved in...
according to ______ capitalist organizations are the capitalist' tool for exploiting the working class
Karl Marx
The Classic three
Karl Marx (capitalism), Max Weber (multidimensionalism, Verstehen), Emile Durkheim (functionalism)
Capitalists; the working class
Karl Marx called those who own the means of production (blank) and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage (blank).
Social Movements
Large numbers of people who organize either to promote or resist social change. A result of social inequality. (cultural crisis)
The relationship between group size, intimacy, and stability
Larger groups, such as fraternities, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group and relationships.
Conspicuous Consumption
Lavish spending on goods and services to display one's social status and enhance one's prestige.
Gender
Learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or the other.
Role Taking
Learning to take th perspective of others.
Twixters are financially dependent
Lev Grossman states that the major reason young people have to live back with their parents is because...
Folkways
Lisa attended her friend's wedding wearing cut-off jeans and a tank top. When the minister began the ceremony, Lisa whistled and cheered. Lisa's mode of dress and behavior at the wedding was a violation of society's (blank).
Social reproduction
Made possible by socialization
Organized crime
Many characteristics of organizations appear orthodox, but activities are all illegal, easy to evade law enforcements, they are called...
Miscegation
Marriage or sexual relations between a man and a woman of different races.
Bourgeoisie
Marx's term for the capitalists, those who own the means of production
Proletariat
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
class conflict
Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers
bureaucratic alienation
Marx's term for worker's lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness
Dialectical Process
Marx- view that each ruling group sow the seeds of its own destruction. Thesis->Antithesis->Synthesis->Classless state.
3 Stages of creating self through social interactions
Meade; 1) preporatory stage: under 3, no sense of self, imitating others 2) play stage: pretend to be someone else 3) game stage: generalized others (children see themselves as objects)
Rerun Novarum/Laborem Exercens
Memo passed out by Pope Leo to Bishops on social issues; workers deserved wages that would support their families. Pope John Paul then later reiterates what Pope Leo says in 1981.
Nonverbal Communication
Messages that are sent without using words.
Pluralism
Minority groups retain their culture but have equal social standing in a society.
Her emphasis on day care programs shows that she is an one-issue candidate
Mollie wanted to enter a political race against a man. This statement is most likely based on Sexism.
Consequences of animal domestication & plant cultivation
More dependable food supply->food surplus->larger human groups->division of labor->trade->accumulation of objects->war->slavery->social inequality->inherited wealth->concentration of wealth & power->Change in leadership.
Not an effective deterrent to murder
Most evidence about the impact of capital punishment on murder rates supports the conclusion that capital punishment is....
Horizontal Mobility
Moving from one position to another at the same class level.
Gemeinschaft to Gesellshaft
Moving from small villages with intimate bonds and reliance to reliance on paid work outside of the family and self interests.
Intragenerational Mobility
Moving up or down the class hierarchy over a lifetime.
Intergenerational Mobility
Moving up or down the class hierarchy relative to the position of one's parents.
Vertical Mobility
Moving up or down the class hierarchy.
Prior involvement in drug use
NOT a reason why college students become binge drinkers
Children of _________ parents are traditionally socialized through an extensive network of relatives
Native Americans
Patrialocal Residence Pattern
Newly married couples live with the husbands family.
Matrilocal Residence Pattern
Newly married couples live with the wifes family.
Fictive Kin
Nonrelatives who are accepted as part of an African American family.
Mores
Norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior.
Folkways
Norms that members of a society look upon as not being critical and may be broken without severe punishment.
Absolute Poverty
Not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities of life.
Relative Poverty
Not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living.
Invention
Ogburn's process- Combination of existing elements to form new ones ie. cars, computers, plastics. Urban sprawl, Telework, New construction.
Discovery
Ogburn's process- New way of seeing some aspect of the world. ie. Columbus discovering N.America, DNA
Diffusion
Ogburn's process- Spread of an invention or discovery from one area to another. ie. airplanes, money, condoms.
cultural lag
Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations
Cultural Lag
Ogburn- How some elements of a culture lags behind the changes that come from invention, discovery, & diffusion. Technology is usually first to change & culture lags behind.
Monogamy
One person is married exclusively to another person.
Hank tends to treat others as enemies. This type of interaction with others is called _____ interaction.
Oppositional
Sandwich Generation
People in middle generations who care for their own children as well as their aging parents.
Differential Association
People learning deviance through interaction, especially with significant others.
Suburbanization
People moving from cities to suburbs. Automobile major drive to this.
Underclass
People who are persistently poor and seldom employed, segregated residentially, and relatively isolated from the rest of the population.
Out- Groups
People who are treated and viewed negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, and other characteristics different from those of an in- group.
Contingent Workers
People who don't expect their jobs to last or who say that their jobs are temporary.
Underemployed
People who have part- time jobs but want full- time work or whose jobs are below their experience and education level.
Mechanical Solidarity
People who perform similar tasks develop a shared consciousness.
Group
People who regularly interact with one another. Members share similar values, norms, & expectations. Belonging allows others to decide our behavior.
Society
People who share a culture and a territory.
Working Class
People who work at least 27 weeks a year but receive such low wages that they live in or near poverty.
Working Class
People who work in blue-collar and pink-collar occupations.
Social Category
People with a common characteristic, such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity, but not necessarily interacting with each other nor gather in one place.
Gender Stratification
People's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources as a result of their sex.
confessions of an economic hitman
Perkins takes the reader through his career and explains how he created economic projections for countries to accept billions of dollars in loans they surely couldn't afford. He shares his battle with his conscience over these actions and offers advice for how Americans can work to end these practices which have directly resulted in terrorist attacks and animosity towards the United States.
Work
Physical or mental activity that accomplished or produces something, either goods or services.
Social Reproduction
Pierre Bourdieu; the tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as social class is passed down from one generation to the next
Total Institutions
Places where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.
Peripheral Model
Portrays the impact of radial highways on the movement of people and services away from the central city.
Continuity Theory
Posits that older adults can substitute satisfying new roles for those they've lost.
Civil Religion
Practices in which citizenship takes on religious aspects.
Prejudice
Preconceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group toward another are defined as...
Racism
Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinction is...
NOT part of the characteristics of Postindustrial Societies
Production of goods through mass employment in business and commercial operations
Activity Theory
Proposes that many older people remain engaged in numerous roles and activities, including work.
Vouchers
Public funded payments that parents can apply toward tuition or fees at a public or private school of their choice.
Sanctions
Punishments or rewards for obeying or violating a norm.
Institutional racism
Racism that is not simply the opinions of a small segment of the population but systematically pervades all of a society's structures and operations is known as:
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning that begins with a specific observation, followed by data collection and the development of a general conclusion or theory.
Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning that begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is then tested through data collection.
Gans Research
Research in Boston showing that community does exist in the city. The residents liked living there because of the low rent.
Social Research
Research that examines human behavior.
Qualitative Research
Research that examines nonnumerical material and interprets it.
Quantitative Research
Research that focuses on a numerical analysis of peoples responses or specific characteristics.
Evaluation Research
Research that uses all of the standard data collection techniques to assess the effectiveness of social programs in both the public and private sectors.
Criminologists
Researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
Prestige
Respect, recognition, and regard attached to social positions.
Advantage of survey research
Results can be easily quantified and analyzed
The second step in the research procedure
Review the literature (evidence) and familiarize with related research
american sociologist in the 1930's, ______ agreed with Emile Durkheim theory concerning that deviance is an integral part of all healthy societies
Robert Merton
strain theory
Robert Merton's term for the strange engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal but withholds from some of the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means to attain the cultural goal
the iron law of oligarchy
Robert Michels' term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite
Secondary Deviance
Rule breaking behavior that people adopt in response to the reaction of others.
Norm
Rule/guideline regarding what kinds of behaviors are acceptable and appropriate within a culture
W.E.B. Dubois
Said "The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line". 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard. Helped create NAACP
Hidden Curriculum
School practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs which legitimize economic inequality and fill unequal work roles.
Gerontologists
Scientists who study the biological, phychological, and social aspects of aging.
Reformative Social Movement
Seek to reform some specific aspect of society. (animal rights movement)
Transformative Social Movement
Seeks to transform the social order itself. (revolutions)
Charter Schools
Self- governing public schools that have signed an agreement with their state government to improve students education.
Offshoring
Sending work or jobs to another country to cut a company's costs at home.
Value Free
Separating one's personal values, opinions, ideology, and beliefs from scientific research.
In- Groups
Sets of people who share a sense of identity and "we-ness" that typically excludes and devalues outsiders.
Values
Shared set of beliefs among a society
The changing relationship between development and inequality is known as the work developed by economist:
Simon Kuznets
Social Solidarity
Social cohesiveness and harmony.
Tragedy of the Commons
Social dilemma in which individuals over exploit a resource
Hereditary genes
Social factors that may contribute to the aging process include all of the following EXCEPT
The difference between social identity and self-identity
Social identity focuses on similarities among people, whereas self-identity focuses on individual differences.
Structural mobility
Social mobility resulting from changes in the number and kinda of occupations in a society.
Dysfunctional
Social patterns that have a negative impact on a group or society.
The importance of human conduct
Social scientists have developed alternative theories of child development. All the theroies of child socialization share a common understanding of...
The first state to secede from the Union was
South Carolina
Sexual Script
Specifies the formal and informal norms for legitimate or unacceptable sexual activity, which individuals are eligible sexual partners, and the boundaries of sexual behavior.
No- Fault Divorce
State laws the do not require either partner to establish guilt or wrongdoing on the part of the other to ge a divorce.
Kinsey
Study in 1940. Found 37% men had at least 1 sexual experience with another man.
Lauman
Study in 2000's. Says that 1.4% of women and 2.8% or men identify as homosexual.
Structural Functionalism
Talcott Parsons; society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its seperate structures
Joe Feagin
Talks about the glass ceiling. Point at which women can see the next level in work, but are unable to reach that level. Says that class position, race and ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation form multi-layered system that provides disadvantages for some and privileges for others.
Redemptive Social Movement
Targets individuals for a total change. (Christianity)
Home Schooling
Teaching children in the home as an alternative to enrolling them in a public or private elementary, middle, or high school.
New Religious Movement (NRM)
Term used in instead of cult by most sociologists.
Organization
That term that sociologists use to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a specific goal.
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's)
The US census bureau divides the country. Each area has a central city of at least 50,000.
Power
The ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition.
Role Performance
The actual behavior of a person who occupies a status.
Real Culture
The actual everyday behavior of people in a society.
Crude Birth Rate
The annual number of live births per 1,000 population. Can be inaccurate.
The interaction between husband and wife
The aspects of family life that would be of the most interest to symbolic interactionists.
Life expectency
The average length of time people of the same age will live.
Role
The behavior expected of a person who has a particular status.
Fundamentalism
The belief in the literal meaning of a sacred text.
Heterosexism
The belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homosexuality or bisexuality.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others.
Popular Culture
The beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared among a population in everyday life.
Ideal Culture
The beliefs, values, and norms that people in a society say they hold or follow.
Sex
The biological characteristics with which we are born.
NOT an accurate statement about class systems
The boundaries between classes are very clear cut.
Gender Roles
The characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males.
Multiculturalism
The coexistence of several cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another.
Gendered Racism
The combined and cumulative effects of inequality due to racism or sexism.
Anomie
The condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms.
Status Inconsistency
The conflict or tension that arises from occupying social positions that are ranked differently.
Cultural Integration
The consistency of various aspects of a society, which promotes order and stability.
Reliability
The consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time after time.
Dominant culture
The culture of the most powerful group in society
Tackling poverty, inequality, and education
The current 'war on drugs' focuses on cutting off the supplies of drugs rather than...
Validity
The degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to measure.
Migration (net migration rate)
The difference btwn the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000. (push & pull factors)
Role Set
The different roles attached to a single status.
Abortion
The expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus.
Life Chances
The extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure the good things in life because they have economic resources.
Procreation
The family that one established through marriage, consisting of oneself and one's spouse and the future children, is called a family of....
Homophobia
The fear and hatred of homosexuality.
Anomic
The first day of college, you may have felt a little uncertain about how to behave. Durkheim and other sociologists would describe your feelings as...
Role Conflict
The frusterations and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses.
Davis- Moore Thesis
The functionalist view that social stratification has beneficial consequences for a society's operations.
Cultural Lag
The gap when nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than material culture.
Criminal Justice System
The government agencies- including police, courts, and prisons- that are charged with enforcing laws, passing judgement on offenders, and changing criminal behavior.
Pornography
The graphic depiction of images that cause sexual arousal.
Exerimental Group
The group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable.
Control Group
The group of subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable.
Globalization
The growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology around the world.
Social Stratification
The hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to different resources, such as property, prestige, power, and status.
Feminization of Poverty
The higher likelihood that female heads of households will be poor.
Strain Theory
The idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain those goals.
Contact Hypothesis
The idea that the more people get to know members of a minority group personally, the less likely they are to be prejudice against that group.
block busting
The illegal and discriminatory practice of helping ethnic or minority individuals into predominantly non-ethnic or minority-dominated areas, and then using scare tactics to force current neighborhood residents to sell their homes at depressed prices.
The McDonaldization of society
The increased of regulated and standardized of society due to automation.
Agents of Socialization
The individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate effectively in society.
Cultural Imperialism
The influence or domination of the cultural values and products of one's society over those of another.
Primary Deviance
The initial violation of a norm or law.
Sociological Imagination
The intersection between individual lives and larger social influences.
Culture
The learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society.
Divorce
The legal dissolution of a marriage.
Authority
The legitimate use of power.
Socialization
The life long process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective particpation in a society.
Sapir and Whorf
The linguistic hypothesis holds that language predisposes us to see the world in a certain way was developed by these two.
Institutionalized discrimination
The long histories of discrimination in education, the economy, politics, and other areas of American life has resulted in...
Subtle surveillance
The maintenance of written and computerized records by modern organizations is form of...
Poverty Line
The minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence.
Wealth
The money and other economic assets that a person or family owns, including property and income.
Diffusion of Responsibility
The more bystanders there are, the less likely people are to help.
Gentrification
The movement of middle class people into rundown areas of a city for cheaper prices. Results in renovation but displaces original, low-income residents.
Growth Rate
The net change after people are born, die, & migrate. Calculated by the basic demographic equation-> growth rate=births-deaths+net migration
Fecundity
The number of children that women are CAPABLE of bearing. Not Fertility rate.
Matriarchal Family System
The oldest females control culture, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over males.
Patriarchal Family System
The oldest men control culture, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over females.
Dependent Variable
The outcome, which may be affected by the independent variable.
Gender Pay Gap
The overall income difference between women and men in the work place. (AKA the wage gap)
Significant Others
The people who are important in one's life, such as parents or other primary caregivers and siblings.
Social Exchange Theory
The perspective whose fundamental premise is that any social interactio between two people is based on each person trying to maximize rewards and minimize punishments.
Segregation
The physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.
Significant others
The popular perception of rape is that it is committed by strangers. However, research suggests that many rapes are not reported because they are committed by...
Exogamy
The practice of selecting mates from outside one's group.
Endogamy
The practice of selecting mates from within one's group.
Propaganda
The presentation of info in an attempt to influence people.
Idiosyncrasy credit
The privilege that allows leaders to deviate from their group's norms.
Social construction of reality
The process by which people create through social interaction a certain idea, feeling, or belief about their environment is called the...
Social Interaction
The process by which we act toward and react to people around us.
Interalization
The process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we assume they are correct and accept them without question.
Anticipatory Socialization
The process of learning how to perform a role one does not yet occupy.
Impression Management
The process of providing information and cues to others to present oneself in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing one's less appealing qualities.
Cultural Relativism
The recognition that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards.
Experiment
The research method that tests hypotheses under controlled conditions
Ethnography
The research method that would give a rich, detailed, inside view of a particular group, setting, or subculture.
Nonmaterial Culture
The shared set of meaning that people in a society use to interpret and understand the world.
Rehabilitation
The social control approach that holds that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law- abiding citizens.
Secondary analysis
The sociologist searches for new knowledge in the data collected earlier by another researcher.
Cultural diffusion
The spreading of of ideas or products from one culture to another
Values
The standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, beautiful or ugly.
Scientific Method
The steps in the research process that include careful data collection, exact measurement, accurate recording and analysis of the findings, thoughtful interpretation of the results, and when appropriate, a generalization of the findings to a larger group.
Role Strain
The stress arising from incompatible demands among roles within a single status.
Ethnomethodology
The study of folk methods people use to make sense of what others say and do
Ethnomethodology
The study of how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make everyday interactions possible.
Macrosociology
The study of large- scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole.
Microsociology
The study of small scale patterns of individuals social interaction in specific settings.
Modernization
The sweeping changes brought by the industrial revolution.
Genocide
The systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.
Sociology
The systematic study of social interaction at a variety of levels.
Sociology
The systematic, scientific study of human society
Material Culture
The tangible objects that members of a society make, use, and share.
Social Control
The techniques and strategies that regulate peoples behavior in society.
Iron Law of Oligarchy
The tendency of a bureaucracy to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people.
Secular
The term sociologists use instead of profane to charcterize worldly rather than spiritual things.
Feminist Theory
The theoretical approach places gender, class, and race at the core of the theory.
Functionalism
The theoretical approach that uses the analogy of the human body in assessing the role of each part of society in the continuation of society as a whole.
Postmodernism
The theoretical perspective holds that the grand narratives that have meaning to history in the past no longer make any sense.
Differential association and labeling theory
The two theories that explain deviance are classified as symbolic interactionist.
Hunting and Gathering Societies
The type of society that is described as the oldest, having little inequality, no divisions of rich and poor, few differences in power, emphasis on cooperation rather than competition, participatory decision making, and the use of simple tools.
Internal Colonialism
The unequal treatment and subordinate status of groups within a nation.
Proxemics
The use of space as a means of communication
Post modern society
The use of technology to extend out ability to communicate, travel, & analyze info.
Triangulation
The use of two or more methods of research to verify results is called
Religiosity
The ways people demonstrate their religious beliefs.
Social Institutions
The ways that each society develops to meet its basic needs. Shape behavior. (Family, Religion, Education, Economy, Medicine, Politics, Law, Science, Military, Mass Media)
Independent Variable
There are many different kinds of variables. A variable that produces an effect on another variable is called an
According to Edwin Sutherland, how do criminals adopt criminal behavior?
They learn criminal behavior from peers.
Life Chances
This conceptualizes the idea that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background.
Hunting & gathering Society
This first society depended on men hunting & women gathering plants. Small groups. No rulers, accumulate few personal items, decisions through discussion.
Bisexuals
Those who are sexually attracted to members of both sexes.
Heterosexuals
Those who are sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex.
Homosexuals
Those who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex.
Transgendered people
Those who are transexuals, intersexuals, or transvestites.
Asexuals
Those who lack any interest in or desire for sex.
Bourgeoisie
Those who own the means of production and can amass wealth and power.
Lasissez-faire
Tom Brown was the supervisor of a group of computer programmers. He provided support if needed, but generally allowed member of his group to work by themselves.
Oppositional
Tom see his coworkers as competitors and tends not to share information with any of them. He would be involved in (blank) interaction with his coworkers.
Social Group
Two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common identity and a sense of belonging or "we-ness."
Civil Inattention
Two people walking on a city sidewalk quickly glace at each other and then look away as they pass. Erving Goffman called this type of inteaction...
an increase in unwed mothers
Two reasons for the increase in single-parent families are increased divorce and
Green Party
US political party to bring political attention to enviromentalism
Discouraged Workers
Unemployed people who want a job and have looked for work in the proceeding year but have not searched in the past 4 weeks because they have given up.
Institutional Discrimination
Unequal treatment and opportunities that members of a minority group experience as a result of the everyday operations of a society's law, rules, policies, practices, and customs.
Norm of Noninvolvement
Urban dwellers avoid intrusion from strangers. (newspaper, ipod, personal space)
Gender Roles
Vary greatly from culture to culture.
Transnational Social Movement
Wants to change some specific condition that cuts across society. Improving quality of life. (Womans movement)
Oliver Cox
Was a Trinidadian-American sociologist noted for his early Marxist viewpoint on Fascism.
Prestige
Weber; social honor people are given because of their membership in well regarded social groups
Which of the following represents the third wave of feminism?
Welcoming men to join women in addressing problems that affect both sexes.
Pull Factors
What draws people to a new land- opportunity of education, higher wages, better jobs, freedom to worship, future for children.
Push Factor
What people want to escape- poverty, persecution of religion, political ideas.
Behavior associated with Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage
When a child learns with his senses and body interact with the environment
Megacity
When a cities pop hits 10 million. New york & 19 others.
Assimilation
When a group takes over the attitudes and language of the dominant community.
Megalopolis
When a metropolis is so big and influential. It is an overlapping area of at least 2 metropolises & suburbs.
Reactive Social Movement
When a social movement feels threatened because of a condition of society changing. They react to resist that change.
Proactive social movements
When a social movement finds a particular condition intolerable and have a goal to promote social change.
Social Movement Organizations
When a social movement want to further their goals they develop this. They can then effectively recruit members and publicize their message.
Symbolic ethnicity
When people assimilate in to the larger culture, but occasionally participate in ethnic customs, they are practicing...
Primary data
When sociologists gather original data and material
Status and Independence
When the two sexes communicate with each other, women tend to use the language of connection and intimacy, and men the language of...
Sociological Imagination
When we "think ourselves away" from the familiar routine to see things in a different, more sociological perspective.
Which of the following statements about the nature/nurture debate would Alex Thio see as the most accurate?
While nature sets limits, socialization plays a very large role in determining who we are
Corporate Crimes
White- collar crimes committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies. (AKA Organizational crimes)
Cybercrime
White- collar crimes that are conducted online.
This is true about the role of women today in the work force
Women are still far from economically equal to men
Which statement is TRUE about the role of women today in the work force?
Women are still far from economically equal to men.
Which statement is TRUE about the role of women in politics today?
Women play an important role but they are far from achieving equality.
The role of women in politics today
Women play an important role but they far from achieving equality
Proletariat
Workers who sell their labor for wages.
Boomerang Generation
Young adults who have moved back into their parents home after living independently for a while or who never leave it in the first place.
Max Weber
a German sociologist who emphasized the need to understand a setting from the point of view of people in it
Verstehen
a German word used by Weber that is perhaps best understood as "to have an insight into someone's situation"
Theoretical Approach
a basic image of society that guides thinking and research
Macro-level Orientation
a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
class society
a capitalist society with pronounced social stratification
Metropolis
a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs. They are linked by transportation and communication.
Hawthorne Effect
a change in a subjects behavior caused by awareness of being studied
social mobility
a change in position within the social hierarchy
intragenerational social mobility
a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime
Personality
a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting - fairly stable across time and situations
state church
a church formally linked to the state
denomination
a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism
Micro-level Orientation
a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations
clique
a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another
which if the following is apart of the concept of society?
a collection of interacting persons who share culture and territory
Hypertension
a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater)
society
a community of people who share a common culture
Variable
a concept whose value changes from case to case
fundamentalism
a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religion
which of the following is a social group?
a couple married less than one
hate crime
a crime that is punished more severely because its motivated by hatred of someone's race
Cross-cultural studies concerning gender roles suggest that in other societies:
a division of labor between the sexes is found only in the U.S.
dependent variable
a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable
independent variable
a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable
variable
a factor thought to be significant for human behavior which can vary from one case to another
nuclear family
a family composed of one or two parents and their children also known as a conjugal family
extended family
a family composed of parents and children as well as other kin; also known as a consanguine family
which of the following situations most likely illustrates a primary relationship?
a family enjoying a picnic at the beach
Conjugal Family
a family unit composed of one or two parents and their children
Consanguine Family
a family unit that includes parents and children as well as other kin
Fort Sumter was
a federal garrison in the South
rapport
a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying
Federal Empowerment Zone
a form of enterprise zone that also offers low interest loans to sustain businesses during transition. More successful.
matriarchy
a form of social organization in which females dominate males
patriarchy
a form of social organization in which males dominate females
bureaucracies
a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records
Structural-Functional Approach
a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
Social- Conflict Approach
a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
Monarchy
a government by a king or queen and kept in family
primary group
a group characterized by intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships.
primary group
a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation
voluntary association
a group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; voluntary memberships
peer group
a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests
triad
a group of three people
small group
a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members
secondary group
a group that is relatively large in number and not as intimate or enduring as a primary group
reference group
a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves
counterculture
a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its member in opposition to the broader culture
social control
a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms
social order
a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives
nonmaterial culture
a group's ways of thinking and doing
symbolic interactionists tend to stress the importance of culture as
a guide and product of human creation
absolute poverty
a lack of resources that is life-threatening
According to Naomi Wolf, the reason why women have not recognized their power as a majority of the voting population is:
a lack of unity regarding the role of women.
multinational corporation
a large business that operates in many countries
marriage
a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing
Marriage
a legally sanctioned relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity and childbearing, that people expect to be enduring
questionnaires
a list of questions to be asked of respondents
Science
a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation
Simplicity Movement
a loosely knit movement that opposes circumcision and encourages people to work less, earn less, and spend less in accordance with nonmaterialistic views
Middletown Clip
a lot changed once the town wasn't industrial based, policy actions: shorten the work week - more time with children, sociological: why is this happening-what's next?
due to job loss, divorce, disabilities and old age, studies suggest
a majority of americans will experience a brief period of poverty in their life
modernization theory
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations
dependency theory
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
Male Liberationism
a movement that originated in the 1970's to discuss the challenges of masculinity
one result of efforts by the US government to promote tribal economic development and self-sufficient has been
a national movement to make native americans feel proud of their cultural heritage
neocolonialism
a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations
Incest Taboo
a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
incest taboo
a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
taboo
a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions and even revulsion if someone violates it
Assimilation
a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous
ideal culture
a people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them
relative deprivation
a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison
which of the following is true?
a person measures his or her own worth by the standards of a reference group
scapegoat
a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles
dramaturgical model
a perspective that sees society like a stage (that is, a drama) wherin social actors are "on stage," projecting and portraying social roles to others.
City
a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and don't produce their own food. (started w/the plow)
Gender- Conflict Approach
a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women
Race-Conflict Approach
a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial ethnic categories
affirmative action
a policy made by the Kennedy administration to provide broader opportunities to qualified minorities
Democracy
a political system in which all citizens have the right to participate
ascribed status
a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life
achieved status
a position that is earned, accomplished, or involves at least some effort or activity on the individual's part
Sociological Imagination
a quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our particular situation in life and what is happening at a social level
civil religion
a quasi-religious loyalty binding individuals in a basically secular society
Cause and Effect
a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another
Relative Deprivation
a relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society
cult
a religious organization that is largely outside a society's cultural traditions
church
a religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society
sect
a religious organization that stands apart from the larger society
Experiment
a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
Participant Observation
a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
Participant Observation
a research method that involves askig questions about opinions, beliefs, or behaviors.
Neolocality
a residential pattern in which a married couple lives apart from both sets of parents
Patrilocality
a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's family
Matrilocality
a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the wife's family
Disinvestment
a result of bank redlining. pushes areas further into decline and raises crime.
positive sanction
a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material award
positive sanction
a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at the first level of moral development, young adults have a preconventional morality, which takes into account the importance of
a right and wrong consequence
prejudice
a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
stratified random sample
a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research
random sample
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study
formal organization
a secondary group designed to achieve explicit objectives
ethnicity
a shared cultural heritage
structural social mobility
a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
stereotype
a simplified description applied to every person in some category
Kinship
a social bond based on blood, marriage, or adoption
kinship
a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
social inequality
a social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied by others
family
a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children
religion
a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred
Family
a social instrument found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children
race
a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
Ethnicity
a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or other cultural factors
Race
a socially defined category, based on real or percieved biological differences between groups of people
mass society
a society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties
traditional society
a society in which the past is thought to be the best guide for the present; characterizes tribal, peasant, and feudal societies
pluralistic society
a society made up of many different groups, with contrasting values and orientations to life
reference groups provide us with
a standard for judging one's attitudes and behaviors
pluralism
a state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing
theory
a statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
Hypothesis
a statement of a possible relationship between two or more variables
Theory
a statement of how and why specific facts are related
hypothesis
a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory
generalization
a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation
achieved status
a status attained by effort
ascribed status
a status determined at birth
master status
a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies (ex. Gender, race)
Personality Inventory
a structured survey - items gauge feelings and behaviors - assess select personality traits
Meritocracy
a system based in which rewards are distributed based on merit
social stratification
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
Bilateral Descent
a system tracing kinship through both men and women
Patrilineal Descent
a system tracing kinship through men
Matrilineal Descent
a system tracing kinship through women
population
a target group to be studied
ethnomethodology
a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how others respond. Pissin' people off and see what they do.
looking-glass self
a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us o 1. We imagine how we appear to those around us o 2. We interpret others' reactions o 3. We develop a self-concept
degradation ceremony
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to reshape someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place
conflict theory
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources founded by Marx
functional analysis
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium (functionalism/ structured functionalism)
Sociobiology
a theoretical paradigm that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture
symbolic interaction theory
a theoretical perspective claiming that people act toward things because of the meaning things have for them.
symbolic interactionism
a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
peter principle
a tongue-in-cheek observation that the member of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work
Gemeinschaft
a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
Gesellschaft
a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest
cultural universals
a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group
Intervening variable
a variable caused by the independent variable and which in turn causes the dependent variable.
Independent variable
a variable treated as the presumed cause of a particular result.
Positivism
a way of understanding based on science
rationalization of society
a widespread acceptance of rationality and social organizations that are built largely around this idea
Now a days, corporate crime, or white-collar crime, occurs at a higher rate than individual criminal acts. The following are examples of corporate crime.
a) A pesticide company dumps pollutants into the local river. b) Food manufacturers label an item as light when in fact in has as many calories as the regular item. c) Auto mobile companies manufacture a car or truck with a high possibility of an explosion on impact with another object. d) Corporate executives lie about company profits.
Why has racism thrived in the period since European expansion in to the rest of the world?
a) As cultural symbols, white and black have long been seen as opposites in European culture, with white representing purity and black symbolizing evil. b) The concept of race itself was invented and spread by Europeans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. c) Racism was needed to justify the exploitation of nonwhite peoples by Europeans.
Many people use the Internet as a key tool of communication. The following are disadvantages of electronic communication.
a) Contact between people becomes indirect rather than face-to-face. b) People become isolated from one another as we all work at our own computers. c) We lose then ability to interpret other people's faces and other forms of nonverbal communication. d) It takes more time to communicate what we want and feel.
Social Networks
a) It's not what you know, it's who you know b) Not all networks are social groups. c) The Bohemian Grove is an elite network.
Characteristics of a bureaucracy
a) Ownership is not in the hands of the workers. b) There is a complete separation between work ad home life c) Each job has a definite and fixed salary attached to it. d) A set of rules governs the conduct of officials at all levels of the organization.
How globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society.
a) Some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor. b) Globalization has encouraged immigration to the United States, thus increasing the low wage labor pool and pushing wages down. c) Labor unions have been weakened by globalization
The elderly can be divided into three age groups. Aside from their younger age, what advantages do the young old have over the oldest old?
a) The young old tend to be more educated b) The young old grew up during a time of economic prosperity c) The young old went to school, acquired wealth, and stable employment.
The socialization process is complex and involves different and distinct stages throughout the life course. These stages are determined by:
a) biological factors b) social influences c) cultural differences d) economic circumstances
What precipitated the emergence of the "new urban poor" in the past quarter century?
a) economic globalization, which led to high unemployment among the unskilled sectors of the lower class b) racial discrimination in hiring for the remaining low-skilled jobs in urban centers c) changes in government policies that cut back or eliminated welfare programs d) the cycle of poverty that is reinforced among the poor.
Factors that account for racial disparities in wealth and income.
a) education b) parents' social class c) discrimination
Subculture
a) high school students who are members of the chess club b) vegans, that is, strct vegetarians who will not eat eggs or cheese. c) computer hackers who spend their time creating computer viruses d) people who live in Hawaii apart from the core culture
Practical Benefits of the study of sociology
a) increased awareness and understanding of cultural differences b) ability to assess the effects, including unintended consequences of public policies c) increased self understanding d) increased understanding of the implications of globalization in your community
An important factor behind the emergence of the new sociological thinking in the nineteenth century
a) new political forms and ideas, such as those expressed in the French Revolution b) New economic forms created in the Industrial Revolution c) New ways of understanding he world in scientific rather than religious terms
exchange mobility
about the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change
the lack of minimum food and shelter necessarily for maintaining life is called
absolute poverty
Theory
abstract proposition that both explains the social world and makes predictions about future events (change over time, like a pair of eye glasses)
therapeutic day care center
abusive parents can see kids play with other kids and interchange feelings
Existing Sources
access to distant times and places
Unconscious
according to Freud...reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories
social class
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property power and prestige
social class
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in wealth, prestige and power; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor
Goffman and Stratification
according to our clothing, speech, gestures, possessions, friends and activities people know our SES (cars, word choice)
statuses that are given to us based on what we do, rather than who we are are called
achieved status
Relative Deprivation Theory
actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in society
Ethnography
active participation in and observation of a naturally occurring setting AND written account (field notes) of what goes on, can't be replicated, not representative of population, researcher bias
Stress is Intensified By
actual or lack lack of situational control
Validity
actually measuring what you intended to measure
the use of internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and social networking sites, such as MySpace and Facebook:
adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life
The use of the Internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and social networking sites, such as Myspace and Facebook
adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life.
Suburbanization
after WW2, people moved away from center cities and to the edges
Taylor is a young girl whose parents surrounded her with books, challenging discussions, and ideas. based on our understanding of socialization, Taylor is probably
ahead of other children in the areas she had been trained in
Phase 1
alarm, mobilize resources
Reaction to a Challenging Stressful Event
alert, focused
Anomie
alienation and loss of purpose that results from weaker social bonds
The elderly can be divided into three age groups. Aside from their younger age, what advantages do the "young old" have over the "oldest old"?
all of the above
many people use the internet as a key tool of communication. which of the following is a disadvantage of electronic communication?
all of the above
nowadays, corporate crime, or white collar crime, occurs at a higher rate than individual criminal acts. which of the following is an example of corporate crime?
all of the above
which of the following is among the characteristic of a bureaucracy?
all of the above
status set
all of the statuses or positions that an individual occupies
The causes of the US Civil War include:
all of these: simultaneous existence of both democracy and slavery as allowed by the US Constitution of 1787, efforts to expand both Northern and Southern economies to the west, and states' rights.
Greenhouse Gases
allow sunlight to pass through, but trap heat, effecting temp.
Different research projects have found all of the following to be true about the effect of a wife's employment on the marriage, EXCEPT that it
almost always benefits both husband and wife
social stratification is a profoundly important subject in sociology because
almost every aspect of our lives, from family size to how much money we need, is linked to ou status in society
individuals who commit _____ suicide are so strongly tied to their group that they effectively lose their selves and stand ready to do their group's bidding
alturistic
a scientific theory is
always open to revision in the light of new evidence
chinese and japanese americasn are educationally and occupationally
among the most succesful minorities
case study
an analysis of a single event, situation, or individual
for feminists, gender inequality should be studied as part of the overall stratification system because
an analysis of a stratification system must include all of its members
Multiculturalism
an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions
Symbolic Ethnicity
an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not impact everyday life
disaster
an event, generally unexpected, that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property
Macro-level analysis
an examination of large-scale patterns of society
micro-level analysis
an examination of small-scale patterns of society
negative sanction
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or execution
negative sanction
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reactions such as a frown to a formal reactions such as a prison sentence or an execution
Prejudice
an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change despite evidence against it
Simulcram
an image or media representation that does not show reality
Humor makes us laugh because almost all jokes contain
an incongruity between two realities
expressive leader
an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; socioemotional leader
laissex-faire leader
an individual who leads by being highly permissive
authoritarian leader
an individual who leads by giving orders
democratic leader
an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus
significant others
an individual who significantly influences someone else's life
instrumental leader
an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; task-oriented leader
totem
an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred
Absolute Deprivation
an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care
Mens Right Movement
an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men
Pro feminist Mens Movement
an offshoot of men's liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women
goal displacement
an organization replacing old goals with new ones; goal replacement
social movement
an organized activity that encourages or discourages social change
intersection theory
analysis of the interplay of race, class, and gender, which often results in multiple dimensions of disadvantage
political economy theory
analysis that explains politics in terms of the operation of a society's economic system.
the first day of college, you may have felt a little uncertain about how to behave. Durkheim and other sociologists would describe your feelings as
anomic
symbolic culture
another term for nonmaterial culture
Activism
any activity intended to bring about social chane
minority
any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
This definition of sexual harrassment was accepted by the Supreme court in 1993
any conduct that makes the workplace environment hostile or abusive.
Social Movement
any group with committment to promoting or resisting change
Intentional Community
any of a variety of groups who form a communal living arrangements outside of marriage
Social Structure
any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
Social Dysfunction
any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
foundations
appreciating forces that shape you, your choices, and lifestyle
Psychoanalysis
approach to treating disorders - exposing and interpreting unconscious tenstion
the cultural traits of an ethnic group
are culturally learned and passed from one generation to another
Social studies show that prisons
are more likely to create hardened criminals than rehabilitated them.
Functionalist Theory on Deviance
argue that deviance serves as a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion
Just World Hypothesis
argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly and predictable and far which creates a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates
Merton's Structural Strain Theory
argues that the tension/strain between socially approved goals and an individuals inability to meet those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject the goals, the means, or both
Social Loafing
as more individuals are added to a task each individual contributes a little less
Sociological Perspective
as seeing the general in the particular
Cultural relativism
assessing society by its own cultural standards is known as (blank)
tracking
assigning students to different types of educational programs
High Culture
associated with the elite
Technological Determinism
assumes changes in technology drive changes in society, not the other way around
Social Control
attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
gender roles
attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
Freud's Theory of Personality
attributes our thoughts/actions to unconscious tension
Dissociative Disorders
awareness becomes separated from previous memories; thoughts and feelings
Class Consciousness
awareness of one's own social status and that of others
Karen Horney
balanced Freud's masculine biases; counted notion of "penis envy"
Repression
banish anxiety arousing thoughts and memories from consciousness
Theory Driven Survey
based on definition of traits
expressive ties
based on emotional investment or connection with others (ex. Parents, bf or gf)
instrumental ties
based on goal attainment/maximizing interests (ex sports team, alliances/coalitions)
competition in the global market has helped U.S. companies
become more efficient and productive
Labeling theory
begins from the assumption that all deviant acts are intrinsically criminal.
Social -Cognitive Perspective
behavior influenced by the interaction between people and their social contexts
ethics
behavior that follows a set of rules oriented towards the welfare of larger society instead of professional self-interest
Collective Behavor
behavior that follows from the formation of a group who take action towards a shared goal
deviance
behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms.
Deviance
behavior, trait, belief that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (social - not moral - judgement)
Prescriptions
behaviors approved by group
Proscription
behaviors to avoid
Self Efficacy
belief in one's ability to perform a certain task
Feminism
belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes, also the social movements organized around the belief
values
beliefs about what is good or desirable in life and the way the world ought to be
Conflict Theory on Deviance
believe that a society's inequalities are reproduced in its definitions of deviance, so the less powerful are more likely to be criminalized
Emile Durkheim
believed in functionalism and the scientific method; saw society as a set of independent parts that maintain a system but each separate part has a function
Karl Marx
believed people should change society through revolution; society is made up of 2 classes: bourgeoisie and poletariat
Charles Cooley
believed that one's sense of self depends seeing our self reflected in interactions with others (LGS)
Erving Goffman
believed that the meaning was constructed through interaction (dramatology and impression management)
functions
beneficial consequences of people's actions
institutional prejudice and discrimination
bias build into the operation of society's institutions
early attempts to explain deviant behavior in individuals were based on teh assumption that crime was committed mostly by people with certain physical traits. this view was called
biological determinism
miscegenation
biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
Working/Lower Middle Class
blue collar, less likely to have a college degree (30% US)
Sympathetic Stress Response
body arouses, fight or flight
Social stratification
both a and b: is a process that involves competition and conflict over the means of production and also is a system of rewards and incentives to encourage efforts to achieve high positions and levels in society.
General purposes or functions of meso-level economic and political institutions include:
both a and b: to maintain social control and to protect its citizens.
Elite theory
both b and c: claims existence of a power elite consisting of the top leaders in business, politics, and the military and also points out that private preparatory schools transmit elite status from generation to generation.
The mechanical cotton gin
both b and c: separates the seeds, hulls and foreign material from cotton and also led to greater cotton production and need for more slaves in the south.
According to pluralist theory
both b and d: power is more or less evenly distributed among all the various groups and conflicts among the groups are resolved through negotiation and compromise.
Health and SES
bottom of the social class ladder are least likely to obtain adequate nutrition, shelter, clothing, health care, >> more prone to illness
Karl Marx and Stratification
bourgeosie=capitalists and proletariat=larborers, inequality would grow as workers continued to be exploited, class status results from wealth, power, and prestige
by using each of the three major sociological perspectives, researchers can
bring more aspects of society into a sharper focus
Paradigm
broad theoretical model about how things work in the social natural world
Andragogy and geragogy are most likely to emphasize
building on the extensive life experience of older learners
conspicuous consumption
buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position
Parasympathetic Stress Response
calms body, conserves energy
Social forces such as gender and race
can aggravate the impact of chronic problems of the elderly
globalization of capitalism
capitalism becoming the globe's dominant economic system
Protestant work ethic
capitalism grew in protestant areas. Their work ethic went up
Institutional Discrimination
carried out by an institution
Globalization
changes due to increased international trade in the late twentieth century
Structural Mobility
changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society
Socially Constructed
changes over time by society
vertical mobility
changing jobs at a higher class level
horizontal mobility
changing jobs at the same class level
Mood Disorders
characterized by emotional extremes
What Drives the Unconscious Mind?
childhood sexuality and unconscious motivation - influences personality
Psychosexual Stages
childhood stages of development - id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
feral children
children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans
Identification
children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
Robert Merton
clarified the difference between manifest functions and latent functions
Culture Wars
clashes within the society as to what the norms should be
Van Ausdale and Feagan
class position, race and ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation form a multilayered system that provides disadvantages for some and privileges for others, adults see children as not being racist but they really are
Weber and Stratification
class status was the product of 3 components (wealth, power and prestige
Coronary Heart Disease
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
Aggregate
collection of people who share a physical location but do not have listing social relations
Group
collection of people who share the same attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other
Contagion Theory
collective action, individuals who joined a crowd become infected by mob mentality and lose the ability to reason
Emergent Norm Theory
collective behavior, individual members of a crowd made their own decisions about behavior and norms are created through these behaviors
Socialism
collective ownership of means of production, collective distribution of goods, and services and government regulation of the economy
fuzzy group
come into occasional contact but lack a sense of boundaries and belonging
sexual harassment
comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome
Cycle of Violence
common behavior patterns in abusive relationships, happy>tense>tension explodes>abuse>repeat
nonverbal interaction
communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on
multinational corporations
companies that operate across national boundaries, also called transnational corporations
Outsourcing
company uses labor from another country because its cheaper
secondary group
compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity
Which of the following forms of social interaction are more likely to unsettle the social structure?
competition
________ is an interaction in which two individuals follow mutually accepted rules, each trying to achieve the same goal before the other does
competition
Organic metaphor
conceiving society as an organism, a system of interrelated functions and parts that work together to create a whole.
Harry & Margaret Harlow
conducted monkey experiment- study power and isolation and potential
Research Ethics
confidentiality, informed consent, honesty
________ is an interaction in which two individuals disregard any rules, each trying to achieve his or her own goal by defeating the other
conflict
which of the following statements about conflict is the most true?
conflict can often help a social structure by unifing members
functionalist perspective emphasizes society's stability while the _____ ______ portrays society as always changing and always marked by conflict
conflict perspective
at the third level of moral development, young adults have a postconventional morality, which takes into account the importance of
conflicting norms
Super Ego
conscience- keeps us from engaging in socially undesirable behaviors; ego ideal: upholds our vision of who we believe we should be
dysfunctions
consequences that harm a society
Evangelical
conservative christians who emphasize converting others to their faith
Reliability
consistency in measurement
Id
consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive energy
aggregate
consists of individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together
reflection hypothesis
contends that the mass media reflect the values of the general population.
sociologists study human behavior through books, magazines, letters, songs, etc. this type of research is called
content analysis
Family Planning
contraception
Experiments
control over every aspect
Nuclear Family
couple with children
sociological research and theory suggest that
crime and deviance are rooted in the structure of society, including poverty, urban conditions, and generally, the crises faced by many young men
corporate crime
crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation
street crime
crimes such as muggings, rape and burglary
ideology
cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality
Cultural Imperialism
cultural influence caused by adopting another culture's products rather than by military force
Popular Culture
cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
High Culture
cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
Subculture
cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's populationcultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
Counterculture
cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to
cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that end to set people apart.
Values
culturally defined standards tha people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
For African Americans, progress has not been significant in housing and economic conditions because of tradition and customs. We called it:
de facto segregation
Ego
deals with the real world, operates on reason, mediates with the id and super ego
Life Changes
death, divorce, loss of job, promotion
Demographic Freefall
decrease in fertility rates because having children is an economic liability
Alex Thio affirms that by studying and appreciating social diversity in our society, we ultimately
develop a better understanding of ourselves
Empirically Derived Survey
develop a pool of items that predict traits
Research has found that children raised by homosexual couples
develop the same as children raised by heterosexual parents.
Mental Healthcare
developing science and practice
political revolution
development of nation-state system; movements for democracy; rise of popular struggles
Labled Theory
deviance is a consequence of external judgements or labels which both modify the individuals self concept and change the way others respond to the labled person (self fulfilling prophecy- prediction causes itself to come true)
with which of the following statements might a conflict theorist most closely agree?
deviants are labeled as such by powerful groups who use the label to control less powerful
if you live in a high crime area, many of teh people you will befriend will be involved in criminal ativites, thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior. the conceptual context for the phenomenon is known as
differential association
which two theories explaining deviance are classified as symbolic interactionist?
differential association and labeling theory
Interviews
direct contact with respondents, qualitative data, carful contructing questions, must avoid leading questions and double barreled questions
interview
direct questioning of respondents
______is an unfavorable action against individuals that is taken because they are members of a certain category.
discrimination
Projection
disguise threatening impulse by attributing them to other others
in ___ the wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to be stigmatized, rejected, or ostracized in effect, banished from conventional society
disintegrative shaming
Manic Episode
disorder marked by a hyperactive widely optomistic state
Personality Disorders
disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring behavior patterns; impairs social functioning
Type D Personality
distressed, depressed, anxious - newer type
Anxiety Disorders
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
conflict view on religion
divides people rather than uniting them
deferred gratification
doing without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future
Latency Stage (6-puberty)
dormant sexual feelings
Conservation Era
earliest stage of environmental movement (wilderness areas)
Auguste Comte
early classical, coined the term sociology, began thinking about how the scientific method can be applied to social affairs
Herbert Spencer
early classical, for the idea of evolution and coined the term "survival of the fittest", believed SOCITIES over time adapt to their environment as well (social darwinism)
income
earnings from work or investments
world system theory
economic and political connections that tie the world's countries together o 1. Core nations—the countries that industrialized first grew rich and powerful o 2. semiperiphery—located around the Mediterranean; economies stagnated because they grew dependent on trade with core nations o 3. Periphery—fringe nations; developed the least; Eastern European nations which sold cash crops to core nations o 4. External area—nations left out of the development of capitalism altogether; most of Africa and Asia
simon kuznets curve refers to the changing relationship between
economic development and social inequality
Pierre Bourdieu
education serves as a means of social reproduction, inequality is spread from one generation to the next, did studies in France to show greater class division because of social capital
interviewer bias
effects that interviewers have on respondents that lead to biased answers
Urban Renewal
efforts to fix decaying inner cities
Progressive
efforts to promote forward thinking social change
a stratification system where there is little opportunity to accumulate wealth and where there is much social equality is called
egalitarian system
According to Sigmund Freud, the ____ is the part of the personality that is rational.
ego
sanctions
either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them
Communism
eliminates private property, extreme socialism, all citizens work for government and no class distinctions
Expressive Tasks
emotional tasks
Family Violence
emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another
family violence
emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another
Carl Jung
emphasized the "collective unconsciousness" - shared, inherited reservoir of memory from our species history
Symbolic Interactionists and Gender
emphasizes HOW gender is socially constructed, maintained and produced everyday
Fundalmentalism
emphasizes literal interpretation of texts and a return to a time of greater religious purity (conservative)
the supportive social interaction's function that provides hidden, underlying meanings is absolutely crucial for
ensuring social order
Culture of Poverty
entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve it
3 Types of Hormones
epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol
key values of US culture
equal opportunity, achievement & success, material comfort, activity & work, practicality & efficiency, progress, science, democracy & free enterprise, freedom, racism & group superiority
_______ referred to supportive interactions as 'supportive interchanges' 'mutual dealings' or 'acts of identificatory sympathy.
erving Goffman
Ecological Footprint
estimation of goods one uses and waste they make
Situational Ethnicity
ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation
sociologist Jane Johnson lived with Kickapoo indians and studied the tribal members' beliefs. This type of research is called
ethnography
the analysis of how people define the world in which they live is called
ethnomthodology
Profane
everyday
Troubles and Issues
ex. marriage: experience personal troubles, 250/1000 result in divorce=issues
select below that one statement that is NOT a reason for studying social interaction in everyday life:
examining social interaction in everyday life allows sociologists to see how relatively unimportant language is in creating social reality
Prejudice against older people is expressed in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
exclusion from politics
Phase 3
exhaustion, reserves depleted
George Herbert Meade
expanded Cooley's ideas abou the developmental self, he also believed that the self was created through social interaction and that his process started in childhood (children learn language and develop self at the same time) - the acquisition of language skills coincide with the growth of mental capacities (think of selves as seperate, see us in relationships with others)
norms
expectations, or rules of behavior that reflect and enforce behavior
Self
experiences of a distinct, real, personal identity that is seperate and different from all other people
3 Clusters of Personality Disorders
expresses anxiety - expresses eccentric behaviors - impulsive behaviors
charisma
extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers
Dependent Variable
factor changed by the independent variable
Independent Variable
factor that is predicted to change
Change
factor that leads to stress
Gender Blindness
failing to consider the variable of gender at all
As a highly democratic society, the United States has proportionately more female political leaders than other nations.
false
Jean Piaget's described seven stages of cognitive development that each child goes through
false
according to the conflict perspective, racial and ethnic groups can contribute to social cohesion through assimilation, amalgamation or cultural pluralism
false
according to the conflict perspective, society creates and maintains poverty because benefits can be derived from it
false
as the world's leading democratic society, the united states has the most equal distribution of income
false
because they speak the same language, men and women can easily understand each other
false
condoleezza rice's position as national security advisor in the bush administration is an ascribed status, and her status as an african american and a woman are achieved
false
economic globalization is a closely knit community of all the world's societies
false
having a network of friends and relatives can only bring joy and chase away lonliness, worries, and trouble, especially for widows
false
humor is only fun and games
false
intelligence is either inherited or learned
false
participant observation is a research method that involves only asking questions about opinions, beliefs, or behaviors
false
patriarchy is a system of domination in which women exercise power over women
false
preconventional morality is Kohlberg's term for the practice of judging actions by taking into account the importance of conflicting norms
false
primary group is a group whose members interact formally, relate to each other as players of particular roles, and expect to profit from each other
false
studies show that western companies cannot successfully operate with the kind of bottom up decision making used in japan
false
the class system is the least stratified, with minimal inequality
false
the feudal system is made up of several segregated groups whose positions are ascribed and fixed in society
false
the influence of organizations over our lives is entirely beneficial
false
there are there distinct, pure races: white, asian and black
false
to be a genius, you must be born one
false
Homophobia
fear or discrimination towards homosexuals or toward individuals who display gender innappropriate behavior
which of the following is an example of prejudice
feeling negatively about people from a particular ethnic group
An example of prejudice
feeling negatively about people from a particular ethnic group.
culture shock
feeling of disorientation that can come when one encounters a new or rapidly changed cultural situation
_____ is the belief that women and men should be equal in various aspecs of their lives.
feminism
Environmental Movement
first stage, organized around concerns with the relationship between humans and environment
harriet marteneau
first woman sociologist
Functionalists and Race
focus on how race creates social ties and strengthens group bongs (could also lead to conflict)
Symbolic Interactionist and Race
focus on the ways race, class and gender intersect each other to produce an individual's identity
Carl Rogers
focused on growth and fulfillment - geniuses, acceptance, empathy - introduced group therapy
lisa attended her best friends funeral wearing cut off jeans and a red tank top. when the service started lisa whistled and cheered. lisa's mode of dress and behavior at the funeral was a violation of society's
folkways
urban renewal
following World War II, and continuing into the early 1970s, "urban renewal" referred primarily to public efforts to revitalize aging and decaying inner cities, although some suburban communities undertook such projects as well.
Major Depressive Disorder
for no apparent reason, person experiences 2 or more weeks of depressive moods, feelings of worthlessness, diminished interest/ pleasure in most activites
Coercive Power
force
External Locus of Control
forces beyond one's control determine fate
battered woman syndrome
form of abuse done to woman by her husband or any other man- economic, emotional, physical, or sexual
Caste System
form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed
Law
formally defined norm ~ what is legal/illegal in a society
mass media
forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, television, and blogs that are directed to mass audiences
Grassroots Environmentalism
fourth stage, major, citizen participation
Symbolic Interaction Approach
framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
Capitalism
free market competition, privitization of the means of production, supply and demand
3 roles of the future
full time worker, full time caretaker in house, primary caretaker of aging parents
According to _____ perspective, it is functional for society to assign different tasks to men and women.
functionalist
the perspective that views society as a set of interdependent parts working together to provide social order is known as the ______ perspective
functionalist
oscar lewis characterized people living in a culture of poverty as having all of the following attitudes EXCEPT
future oriented
race, class and ______ play a significant role in deviance, particularly crime and delinquency
gender
Functionlists and Gender
gender roles exist because they are an efficient form of social organization
Conflict Theory and Gender
gender roles result from male dominance
According to George Herbert Mead, when children learn to internalize the values of society as a whole in the game stage, they take on the role of the
generalized other
Adrenal Gland
gland that releases hormones
Emile Durkheim
goal was to get sociology recognized as a separate discipline and show how social forces affect people's behavior; used suicide research to realize that social factors are underlying for behaviors; human behaviors cannot be understood only in terms of the individual, must exam the social factor's that affect people's lives
Eustress
good stress
Social Identity Theory
group formation that stress the need of the individual members to feel a sense of belonging
Society
group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from others
Out Group
group one feels opposition/rivalry towards
In Group
group one identifies with
Minority Group
group that is denied the same access to power as the dominant group, not necessarily fewer in number
Reference Group
group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves
Subculture
group within a society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms and lifestyles
Dominant Culture
group within society that is most powerful
Counter Culture
group within society that openly rejects and opposes society's values and norms
out-groups
groups toward which people feel antagonism
in-groups
groups toward which people feel loyalty
Social Theory
guiding principle that attempt to explain and predict the social world
Natasha recieves good grades, she learns a lot and she is liked by her professors, parents, and friends. she is outgoing and also participates in several extra curricular activities that the school develops for the betterment of the students. charles H. cooley would suggest that natasha
has a good self image
Violence with the American family
has cultural encouragement
The rise in cohabitation rates
has raised concerns about the institution of marriage.
Polysemy
having many interpretations/meanings
Service Work
helps others, not manufacturing goods
Social factors that may contribute to the aging process include all of the following EXCEPT:
hereditary genes.
nature
heredity
Popular Culture
high culture of elite groups ~ usually associated with the masses, consumer goods and commercial products
Opinion Leaders
high profile people whose interpretation of events influence the media
Type A Personality
higher stress level - competitive, impatient, aggressive, and anger prone
white-collar occupations
higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity
Control
holding constant all variables except one in order to clearly see the effect of that variable
Sacred
holy, divine, supernatural
Learned Helplessness
hopelessness and passive resignation/learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events/results in stress and depression/uncontrollable bad events->perceived lack of control->generalized helpless behavior
Education and SES
how children perform in school usually determines whether they go to college, more education=more money, the higher the family's SES, the higher the expectations
social distance
how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category
Socologists study...
how society affects the individual and how the individual affects society
Kokology
how you respond to scenarios
Anthropocentric
human centered- humans should take priority over concerns in the environment
Catastrophic Events
hurricanes, combat stress, floods
Freuds 3 Structures That Control Personality
id, superego, ego
Values
ideas about what is desirable or contemptible and right an wrong in a particular group ~ articulates the essence of everything a group cherishes and honors
Symbolic Culture
ideas associated with culture (beliefs, values, assumptions, ways of behavior, norms, interactions, communication)
Nomenclature Culture
ideas created by members of a society
Big Five Personality Inventory
identifies dominant personality traits/ typically used in healthy populations/used for multi-purpose screening
the privilege that allows leaders to deviate from their group's norms is called
idiosyncrasy credit
teacher expectancy effect
if a teacher expects something out of his/her students then the students feel obligated to meet these expectations, but if these expectations are low then the students have a limited potential
Interference
if the subject reacts to the sex of the researcher, interfering with the research operation
Marx and Work
importance of capitalism in our economy, increasing alienation felt by workers, loss of control over their work because of capitalism and how to do their work,
Alfred Alder
importance of childhood tension - growth motivation, deficiency motivation - "inferiority complex"
technology
in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
documents
in its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photos, movies, CDs, etc.
Group Think
in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members ~ creating a demand for unanimous agreement
Identification Conformity
inbetween ~ desire to maintain a relationship
genetic predisposition
inborn tendencies
profane
included as an ordinary part of everyday life
Global Warming
increase in temp. due to increase in greenhouse gasses and human activity
Greenhouse Effect
increased greenhouse gasses cause the earths temp. to rise (from human activity)
Globalization
increasing connection between economic social and political systems all over the globe
Sex
individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories (male/female)
divorce causes
individualism, romantic love fades, women are less dependent on men, marriage is stressful, divorce is socially acceptable, divorce is easy to get
Public Goods Dilemma
individuals most give money to a resource even though it does not benefit them
agents of socialization
individuals or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors or other orientations towards life
authoritarian personality
individuals that rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong
Innovators
individuals who accept society's approved goals, but not society's approved means to achieve them
Bisexuals
individuals who are sexually attracted to both genders
Ritualists
individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals, but still operate to approved means
Transsexuals
individuals who identify with opposite sex and have surgery
electronic community
individuals who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together
the essence of global stratification is
inequality among nations
herb, joe, and judy routinely meet for breakfast to discuss how to solve problems and promote work in the office. their meetings are part of their company's
informal organization
the key to increased productivity in today's organizations is not, as frederick taylor assumed, in the formal organization, but in the
informal organization, the relationships of workers
Empirical Evidence
information we can verify with our senses
Trait
innate characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving
David Jacobs
institutional racism criminologist at OSU, does research on prison admissions
In some of our social institutions, there is still the persistence of _____. The problem is that it is not recognized by everybody because of the long history that we have practiced it.
institutionalized discrimination
jane was in charge of a difficult project in a large office. she was a tough leader and kept pushing people to accomplish the project's goals. she would be an example of a
instrumental type of leader
Reciprocal Determinism
interacting influences between personality and environment
Synthetic Model
interaction between biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences - creates psychological disorders
Microsociology
interactions between individuals and the ways in which those interactions construct the larger society
Behavioral Medicine
interdisciplinary field that studies behavior and medicine
Max Weber
interested in the shift to industrial society, interested in rationalization, believed society was governed by bureaucracies (large military operations), believed life was filled with disenchantment
inner controls
internalized morality; stronger our bonds (attachments, commitments, involvements and beliefs), the more effective our inner controls
international monetary fund
international organization that oversees monetary issues among countries
structured interviews
interviews that use closed-ended questions
unstructured interviews
interviews that use open-ended questions
A manager who becomes the vice president of a company illustrates:
intragenerational mobility
cycle of violence
is Bachman and Saltzmans theory that domestic violence occurs in four stages: happiness, glossed-over disagreements, acute battering and violence, finally a honeymoon period
conflict theorists argue that social stratification
is a reflection of power, not necessity
The First battle of Manassas
is also known as the First Bull Run and was won by the South (confederates).
most evidence about the impact of capital punishment on murder rates supports the conclusion that capital punishment
is not effective deterrent to murder
false consciousness
is the Marxist thesis that material and institutional processes in capitalist society are misleading to the proletariat, and to other classes
Studying day-to-day interactions is important because
it gives us insight into the similarities and varieties of behaviors
which of the following statements about socialization are true EXCEPT?
it is difficult to change an adult's personality becasue it has been formed in childhood
status symbols
items used to identify a status (ex. Wedding rings)
how do japanese corporations differ from the bureaucratic model followed by the most business organizations in the west?
japanese corporations use a horizontal, collaborative model
American Dream
justifies the class hierarchy by reinforcing the idea that success depends only on effort, suggesting the poor are lazy (criticized)
social cohesion
keeps social groups together
________ is the use of body movements as a means of communication; also called body language
kinesis
Technology
knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings
Philip Zimbardo
known for experiment in the "Stanford County Prison" - found that even normal people can be prone to violence in specific settings
relative poverty
lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
according to the absolute definition of poverty in the united states, persons are poor when they
lack the income needed to sustain a minimum standard of living
tom brown was the supervisor of a group of computer programmers. he provided support if needed, but generally allowed members of his group to work by themselves. his leadership style would be called
laissez-faire
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
language determines other aspects of culture because language provides the categories through which social reality is understood. (associating the word purple with seeing the color) language determines how we see things.
the sapir-whorf hypothesis about language and culture suggests that
language shapes the ways in which people percieve the world
Extended Families
large group of relatives (3 generations) in one household
Mass Behavior
large groups of people engaging in the same behaviors without being in the same place
Secondary Groups
large, less intimate, temporary
Upper Class
largely self sustaining group of the wealthiest people in a class system (in US = 1% of the population)
which of the following best describes the relationship between group size, intamcy, and stability?
larger groups, such as fraternity, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group and relationships
jim crow refers to
laws enacted after federal troops left the south that segregated blacks from whites
4 ways to remedy child abuse
lay therapists, families anonymous, crisis nursery, therapeutic day care center
according to some experts, the current drug laws do more harm than good becasue they
lead to many crimes, including murder
Learning Process
learning to cope with stress
Emigration
leaving one country to live in another
Global Dimming
less air reaching the earth because of pollution (more light into space)
Some sociologists believe that the elderly should be considered a minority group because
like many other minority groups, they face prejudice and discrimination.
Some sociologists believe that the elderly should be considered a minority group because
like other minority groups, they face prejudice and discrimination.
Fixation
lingering focus of energy at a psychosexual stage - occurs when conflicts are unresolved
Karl Marx
lived during the industrial revolution, capitalism was emerging, believed capitalism was creating class conflict and social inequality between the rich and the poor
Cohabitation
living together not married or involved
For charles H. Cooley, the process wherby our self image develops from the ways others treat us is called the ________ process
looking-glass self
Macrosociology
looks at the large scale social structure to see how it effects the individual
Folkway
loosely enforced norm that ensures smooth social interaction
blue-collar occupations
lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor
Paradigm Shift
major break from the assumptions made by the previous model
Androcentricity
male perspective
Blue Collar
manual labor
An outcome for the family that sociologists predict as the most likely...
many diverse forms of the family.
residential security map
maps used by the FHA to ensure maximal value for richer communities by getting rid of minorities
Exogamy
marriage between people of different social categories
exogamy
marriage between people of different social categories
Endogamy
marriage between people of the same social category
endogamy
marriage between people of the same social category
Homogamy
marriage between people with the same social characteristics
homogamy
marriage between people with the same social characteristics
polygamy
marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
Polygyny
marriage that unites one man and two or more women
Polyandry
marriage that unites one woman and two or more men
Polygamy
marriage that unites three or more peopl
Monogamy
marriage that unites two partners
monogamy
marriage that unites two partners
Polygamy
marriage to more than one person at once
Exogamy
marriage to someone from a different social group
Endogamy
marriage to someone within their social group
Monogamy
marriage/relationship with one person
property
material possessions: animals, bank accounts, bonds buildings businesses, cars, furniture, land and stocks
Genital Stage (puberty on)
maturation of sexual interests
Mortality
measured by the crude death rate.
Who Is More Likely to Commit Suicide?
men
cost of sexism
men have higher suicide rates, limits talents and ambitions of women
Polygyny
men have multiple wives
concept
mental construct that represents some part of the world
Politics
methods and tactics intended to influence govrnment policy, policy related attitudes, and activities
the largest component of the hispanic community in the united states are the
mexicans
Compliance Conformity
mildest type of conformity
3 key words for power and control
minimizes, denies, blames
wage trends
minimum wage continues to increase, but so do the price of goods canceling out the effect, the increased wages keeping the poor, poor
Panic Disorder
minutes long episodes of intense dread
Hypochondriasis
misinterpreting normal physical sensation as symptoms of a disease
School Vouchers
money from government to parents toward private school if the public school fails
income
money received, usually from a job, business or assets
Type B Personality
more laid back - easygoing, relaxed
______ are strong norms that specify normal behavior of people and constitute demands on our behavior, not just expectations
mores
one of several problems with the biological classification of races is that
most people are not physically distinctive
One of the several problems with the biological classification is that
most people are not physically distinctive.
18 - 24 years old
most stressed out age group
MMPI
most widely researched and used personality traits/identifies emotional disorders/used for multi-purpose screening
Upper Middle Class
mostly professionals and managers, considerable financial stability (14% US)
Vertical Social Mobility
movement between different class statuses
Intergenerational Mobility
movement between social class from one generation to next
downward social mobility
movement down the social class ladder
White Flight
movement of upper and middle class whites who could afford to move to the subarbs
structural mobility
movement up or down the social class ladder that is due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual efforts
upward social mobility
movement up the social class ladder
Liberation Theology
movement within to catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor
low-income countries
nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor
middle-income countries
nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
Environment
natural world, human made environment, and interaction between the two
It can be safely said that
nature accounts only for physical differences between men and women
It can be safely said that
nature accounts only for physical differences between men and women.
Nocebo Effect
negative effects derived from expectations
red-lining
neighborhoods that were outlined in red because they were risky investments because of the habitation of minorities
Global Village
new communication technologies override barriers of space and time, people everywhere can interact
Exponential Growth Curve
new malthusians believe that if growth doubles during approximately equal intervals of time, it suddenly accelerates. Currently @ 7 billion.
Authority
non coercive power
Qualitative Date
non numerical
A child learns to act like adults, she observes and internalizes her parents' values and attitudes into her personality. Lawrence Kohlberg refers to this behavior as:
none of the above
Herbert Spencer's classic study of suicide makes the sociological point that
none of the above
John is playing with his toys and he is pretending to be a fireman like his father. According to Jean Piaget, by seeing himself from his father's point of view, John is
none of the above
Independent/Third Sector
nonprofit organizations
Taboo
norm engrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust and horror
More
norm that carries a greater moral significance ~ severe reprecussions for violations
The cases of children who were raised in extreme isolation demonstrate that
normal human development requires continuing human interaction
Folkways
norms for routine or casual interaction
folkways
norms that are not strictly enforced
mores
norms that are strictly enforced because they are though essential to core values or to the well-being of the group
Mores
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
3 Criticisms of Freud's Theories
not a true science - conscious interpretation of events is equally as important as unconscious mind - sex and aggression are not all consuming emotions. people are driven by a variety of goals/needs
Families Anonymous
not alone and could derive a great deal of help from one another
NIMBY
not in my backyard
cultural relativism
not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms
Quantitative Data
numerical
Wright's Modification of Marx's Model
o 1. Capitalists o 2. Petty bourgeoisie o 3. Managers o 4. Workers
Marx's model of social class
o 1. Capitalists—bourgeoisie, those who own the means of production o 2. Workers—proletariat, those who work for the capitalists o 3. Inconsequential others—beggars, etc
6-tier model for class structure
o Capitalist class—1% of population; worth more than entire bottom 90% of country; owns 1/3 of nations assests; old vs new money o The upper middle class—most shaped by education; 15% of population o The lower middle class—34% of population; can afford but struggle to maintain mainstream lifestyle o The working class—30% of population; relatively unskilled blue collar and white collar workers; less education and lower incomes; only high school diploma o The working poor—16% of population; unskilled, low paying, temporary and seasonal jobs; depend on food stamps o The underclass—a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations; inner city; 4% of population
Four deviant paths
o Innovators—people who accept the goals of society but use illegitimate means to try and reach them o Ritualism—people who become discouraged and give up on achieving cultural goals yet cling to conventional rules of conduct o Retreatism—reject both cultural goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them o Rebellion—reject both society's goals and its institutionalized means
joseph is automatically rated as a member of the middle class because he has a master's degree. this way of assigning people to social classes, based on year's of education and occupation is called the
objective method
sociologists apply the ________ because it identifies social class using occupation, income and education
objective method
Material Culture
objects associated with culture
real culture
occurs in everyday life
Intragenerational Mobility
occurs over one's lifetime
Two-Career Family
one form of family in the United States that has become very common
Pluralistic Ignorance
one groups decides not to take action because other groups haven't
research method
one of seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures
family forms
one parent families, cohabitation, gay and lesbian couples, singlehood, two parents
Individual Discrimination
one person against another
Extrovert
one who gains energy, motivation and comfort from social interactions
Transgendered
one whose sense of gender identity is at odds witht heir physical sex, but they have not sought surgery
Self Esteem
ones' feelings of high or low self worth
Distance Learning
online
other-directedness
openness to the latest trends and fashions, often expressed by imitating others
illegitimate opportunity structure
opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life
the term life chances refers to
opportunities of living a good, long, successful life
Freuds Psychological Stages
oral stage - anal stage - phallic stage - latency stage - genital stage
what term do sociologists use to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a specific goal?
organization
Political Action Committee
organization that raises money to support the interests of a select group or organization
527 committees
organizations that have no official connection to candidate but raise and spend funds like a campaign does
Special Interest Groups
organizations that raise and spend money to influence elected officials or public opinion
many characteristics of organizations appear orthodox but activities are all illegal, easy to evade law enforcements, they are called
organized crime
zytago music
originates from Louisiana and Eastern Texas
blue grass music
originates from the Appalachians
Personal Control
our sense of controlling our environments, rather than feeling helpless
critics of the feminist theory criticize the theory becasue it
overemphasizes the oppressiveness of patriarchy
Spotlight Effect
overestimate others noticing our appearance, performance, and blunders
Reaction to a Threatening Stressful Event
panic, freeze up
Freud Idea
parental strife and sexual motivation are powerful influences on personality development
Home Schooling
parents teach children
according to ____is the observation that "work expands to fill the time available for its completion"
parkin's law
Sample
part of a population that represents the whole
Biosphere
parts of Earth that support life
National Housing Act 1934
passed to make housing and mortgages more affordable, created the Federal Housing Administration, white flight, block busting
Pulralism/Multiculturalism
pattern of intergroup relations that encourage racial and ethnic variation within a society
global stratification
patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole
Family and SES
people are likely to marry people with similar social and cultural backgrounds
Mass Society Theory
people join social movements not because of the ideals but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves
Virtual Community
people linked by their consumption of the same electronic media
Criminal Justice and SES
people of lower SES are more likely to encounter the CJS, white collar criminals can hire the best legal representation
according to symbolic interactionists
people respond to the interpretations of symbols and experiences
Example of a social aggregate
people waiting at Terminal C for flight 181
which of the following is a social aggregate?
people waiting at terminal C for flight 181
Primary Groups
people who are most important to our sense of self ~ face to face interactions, intense feelings of belonging
Population
people who are the focus of research
category
people who have similar characteristics
group
people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called social group
outer controls
people who influence us not to deviate
respondents
people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires
proletarians
people who sell their labor for wages
capitalists
people who won and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits
Knowledge workers
people who work with info, ideas, judgements, designs, etc
just-world hypothesis
people's tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
Internal Locus of Control
perception that one controls own fate
Immigration
permanent residence in another country
Phobia Disorder
persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
Bipolar Disorder
person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy, and the overexcited state of mania (Manic-Depression)
August Comte
person who coined the term sociology to describe a new way of looking at society
Herbert Spencer
person who compared society to the human body
Robert K. Merton
person who distinguished between manifest and latent functions
Emile Durkheim
person who explained the differences in terms of social integration and the rates of suicide between men and women
Herbert Mead
person who explored how our personalities develop as a result of social experience
Asexual
person who has no interest in or desire for sex
Karl Marx
person who is a capitalist who fought for the rights of workers "the only reason business' prosper are because of the workers, and they often don't realize they are worth more"
Jane Addams
person who ran the women's hull house
W.E.D DuBois
person who solved parameters of social inequality
August Comte
person who's approach is called POSITIVISM - a way of understanding based on science
Intersexed/Hermaphroditic
person whose chromosomes are neither male/female
Culture Shock
personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
social character
personality patterns common to members of a particular society
Influential Power
persuasion
Custody
physical and legal repsonsibiliy of child decided by court
Material Culture
physical things created by members of a society
Anal Stage (18-36 months)
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
pleasure on the mouth - suckling, biting, chewing
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
pleasure zones is the genitals; incestuous sexual feelings
Multiculturalism
policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and encourages the retention of cultural differences within society, rather than assimilation
Gentrification
poor into middle class communities
Underclass
poorest Americans who are chronically unemployed and may depend on public or private assistance (5%)
Working Poor
poorly educated workers who work full time but remain below poverty line (20%)
Malthusian Thoery
population growth will outplace growth in food production and other resources - leading to a major health disaster
Expressive Role
position of the family member who provides emotional support
Placebo Effect
positive effects derived from expectations
sanctions
positive or negative and are used to keep the control
Sanction
positive or negative reactions to the way that people follow or disobey norms ~ rewards for conformity and punishments for violations
________ morality was Kohlberg's term for the practice of judging actions by taking into account the importance of conflicting norms
postconventional
US sociology was reshaped during the 1960's by renewed awareness of
poverty and years of social unrest
Resource Mobilization Theory
practical constraints that help or hinder social movements' action
Ritual
practice based on religious beliefs
_____ is a negative attitude toward members of a minority that is often based on negative stereotypes.
prejudice
judy begins a new job as a nurse. her supervisor expects her to be on time and take good care of her patients. these expectations make up her:
prescribed role
Passing
presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into
which of the following is NOT a reason why college students become binge drinkers?
prior involvement in drug use
troubles
privately felt problems that come from events or feelings in one's individual life.
issues
problems that effect large numbers of people, and have their origins in the institutional arrangments and history of a society.
Scientific Method
procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasized collecting concrete data through observation and experiment
Measurement
procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
Cultural Transmission
process by which one generation passes culture to the next
Cultural Leveling
process by which societies lose their uniqueness
Mcdonaldization
process by which the characteristics and principles of the fast-food restaurant come to dominate other areas of social life. Calculability, control, predictability, and efficiency.
Stress
process of perceiving and responding to events (stressors)
Free Association Test
projective test using methods that explore the unconscious - person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
3 dimensions of social stratification
property, power, and prestige
Civil Unions
proposed as an alternative to gay marriage, a form of legally recognized committment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage
Belief
proposition or idea held on the basis of faith
a global analysis of deviance reveals social differences in a number of deviant activities. which of the following is NOT one of those differences?
prostitution is more of a problem i the united states than in other countries
Rationalization
provide justification that substitute for the real (more threatening) unconscious reason for actions
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic approach divides the mind into 3 interrelated systems: id, ego, superego
Charter Schools
public schools run by private entitiess to give parents greater control
taking the role of the other
putting oneself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act
Surveys
quantitative, representative/random sample
self-administered questionnaires
questionnaires that respondents fill out
closed-ended questions
questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent
open-ended questions
questions that respondents answer in their own words
Cultural Assimilation
racial groups are absorbed by adopting the dominant group's cultre
Racial Assimilation
racial minority groups are absorbed through intermarriage
Jane Adams
ran the hull house, a place to improve lives of slum-dwellers and immigrants, etc.; wanted improvement for the poor; won nobel peace prize
status inconsistency
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others
status inconsistency
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called status discrepancy
status consistency
ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class
Industrial Revolution
rapid transformation of social life because of technological or economical developments
Weber and Work
rationalization of work, increase in division of labor to increase efficiency, each person has a job and they have to get it done quickly
Self Serving Basis
readiness to perceive oneself today
Deductive Logical Thought
reasoning that transforms general theory into specific hypotheses suitable for testing
Inductive Logical Thought
reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory
Information Revolution
recent social revolution made possible by the development of the microchip in the 70d
Manifest Functions
recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
Sustainable Development
reconcile economic growth with environmental protection
patterns
recurring characteristics or events
jane is a nursing student who reads books about the life of nurses, and uses nursing expressions when talking to her friends. for her nurses are her:
reference group
Nature vs. Nurture
refers to an ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits *both sides play a role, hereditary provides the potential, social environment determines which potential we realize
Cultural Lag
refers to the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system
feminization of poverty
refers to the situation that most poor families in the U.S. are headed by women
Religiosity
regular practice or religious beliefs, measured in frequency of attendence
For humans to be socialized ,it is imperative that they have:
regular social interaction with adults
For humans to be socialized, it is imperative that they have
regular social interaction with adults
Rebels
reject both society's goals and means to achieve them and instead create their own goals by own means
Retreatists
reject society's goals and the means to achieve them
Hypothesis
relationship between the dependent and independent variable
Correlation
relationship in which two or more variables change together
Kin
relatives
Replication
repetition of research by other investigators
Renewable Resources
replenish at a rate comparable to the rate they are consumed
6 Defense Mechanisms
repression - regression - reaction - projection - rationalization - displacement
sociologists are using the ____ method of identifying social class when they rely on a group of people from the community to rate or locate people in the class structure
reputational
participant observation (fieldwork)
research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting
Survey
research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview
Replication Study
research that is repeated exactly but on a different group of people at a different time.
Regressive
resistance to particular social changes
Phase 2
resistance, cope with stressor
prestige
respect or regard
Regression
retreat to more infantile psychosexual stage
Not classified as civil inattention
riding the bus to work
tradition-directness
rigid conformity to time-honored ways of living
economic revolution
rise of capitalism, the growth of urban life and the Industrial Revolution
sam works overtime everyday in an important company as the head of the company, he therfore cannot spend as much time as he would like wih his children. he feels guilty but knows that if he does not work overtime he could loose his job. his situation is an example of
role conflict
we will experience ____ ______ if we simultaneously play two conflicting roles from two different statuses
role conflict
Norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides a behavior of its members
oscar wilde
said "truth is rarely simple and never simple"
Marx and Social Stratification
saw capitalism arising, the rich owned the means of production and the poor owned only their labor
metaphysical
saw society as a natural rather than supernatural system
At the end of the nineteenth century, there was mob violence in the North against African Americans of the Deep South blaming them for their failures and lack of money. This is call:
scapegoating
a degree of human prejudice can be explained by the tendency of human beings to place the blame for one's troubles on persons incapable of offering much resistance. this device is known as
scapegoating
Studying Culture
scientists usually focus on thier culture, we need to study the mundane as well as exceptional and look at everyday life
Modern EM
second stage, focused on consequences of new technologies, oil, chemical production, and nuclear power plants
in ____ _____ sociologists search for new knowledge in the data collected earlier by another researcher
secondary analysis
Alterative Social Movement
seeks only to alter a specific behavior in individuals. (woman's christian temperance union)
Symbolic Interactionism
sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that behaviors are not inherent but are created through interaction (American Thought)
Conflict Theory
sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, emphasizes a materialistic view of society, an economic structure is a crucial factor in shaping society
the fourth step or level we have in the scientific method is
selecting a research design by choosing one or more research methods
Humanistic Perspective
self actualization including ultimate need, after others needs are met, motivation to fulfill one's potential
The physical process of aging is called:
senescence
_____ refers to the physical process of aging.
senescence
_____ is an abnormal condition characterized by serious memory loss, confusion, and loss of the ability to reason
senility
Group Cohesion
sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong
Secular
seperates church from state
Interview
series of questions a researcher asks a respondent in person
Depressed Brain Has Less?
serotonin and norepinephrine
sacred
set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence
Racism
set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group, used to justify inequality (assumption that the differences between groups are genetic)
_____ also involves sexual abuses against women, of which the most common is sexual harassment.
sexism
Infidelity
sexual activity outside marriage
Oedipus Complex (for a male)
sexual desires toward mother - jealousy and hatred for the "rival" father
Self
shaped by biases
Norms
shared rules of conduct which tell people how to act in specific situations
Social Cohesion
shared values provided by religion helping to bring people together
Displacement
shifts sexual/aggressive impulses toward "acceptable" or "less threatening" object or person
Monotheistic
single devine figure
Social Dilemma
situation in which a behavior that is fine by one person is practiced by many and leads to collective disaster
Status Inconsistency
situation in which there are serious differences between the different elements of an individuals socioeconomic status
______ is a number of people who happen to be in one place but do not interact with one another
social aggregate
Agricultural Revolution
social and economic changes, including population increases, that followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production
Organic Solidarity
social bond based on a division of labor that created interdependence and individual rihts (industrial societies)
Mechanical Solidarity
social bond where shared traditions and beliefs create a sense of social cohesion (sameness, don't like outsiders, agrarian societies) ld?
people with a common characteristic, such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity, but not necessarily interacting with each other nor gather in one place are called a
social category
functions of religion
social cohesion, social control, providing meaning and purpose
nurture
social environment
Family
social group whose members are bound by legal, biological or emotional ties
Agents of Socialization
social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which social situations take place (family, schools, peers, and mass media)
postmodernity
social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies
modernity
social patterns resulting from industrialization
Social Atomism
social situations that emphasizes individualism over group identities
mechanical solidarity
social solidarity based on common consciousness
organic solidarity
social solidarity based on cooperative and interdependent relations in society
caste system
social stratification based on ascription, or birth
class system
social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
meritocracy
social stratification based on personal merit
Closed System
social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another
Open System
social system with little opportunity to more from one class to another
Queer Theory
social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity
among the informal controls that we have in our society, the most effective to control deviance is
socialization
according to research, many of the sexual differences found in early childhood, such as boys' superiority in math, are due to:
socialization and culture
charles wright mills called the ability to see the impact of social forces on individuals the ____ _____
sociological imagination
basic (pure) sociology
sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups
Solomon Asche
sociologist who conducted the visual perception test (group conformity)
public sociology
sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspective guiding politicians and policy makers
Peter Burger's Invitation to Sociology
sociology is not just about collecting statistical data, it is about understanding, has to be tested again and again, question is what is going on, why, how, not what is right or wrong.
symbol
something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others
Unconscious Mind
source of our conscious thoughts and behaviors
division of labor
specialized economic activity
Beliefs
specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true
Operationalize a Variable
specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable
Sapir- Whorf Theisis
states that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language
_____ ______ is the condition in which the same individual is given two conflicting status rankings
status inconsistency
The basic division of labor underlying traditional gender roles in the United States has been accompanied by many popular:
stereotypes of what women and men are supposed to be.
B Lymphocytes
stored in bone marrow - release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T Lymphocytes
stored in thymus gland - attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
mores
strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
Disenfranchised
stripped of voting rights
Internalization Conformity
strongest type of conformity, makes a groups beliefs their own
Talcott Parsons
structural functionalism, addressed the types of functions that social structure might fulfill (adaptation to the environment, socialization of children, realization of goals, social cohesion, maintenence of cultural patterns)
The sociological perspective in the purposes and functions of meso-level economic and political institutions is
structural functionalist
Stanley Milgram
student of Solomon- study of how punishment affects learning- electric chair and shock
Early College High Schools
students earn a high school diploma and 2 years of credit towards a bachelors
Abraham Maslov
studied self actualization in productive and healthy people
Social Ecology
study of human populations and their impact on the natural world
Environmental Sociology
study of the interaction between society and the natural environment (social cause and consequences of environmental problems)
global perspective
study of the larger world and our society's place in it
Deviant cultures
subculture and counter culture
Health Psychology
subfield of psychology - contributes to behavioral medicine
when using the ______________ to determine class structure, sociologists find that some people generally rank themselves higher than what they really are
subjective method
tom was a sunday school teacher, he played on a softball team and at nights he studied a master degree in computers. however, his main commitment was to his job. this mans that softball, chirch activities and his master program were his
subordinate statuses
Emile Durkheim's classic study of suicide makes the sociological point that
suicide rates can increase as a result of excessive isolation from people
Feminism
support of social equality for women and men
feminism
support of social equality for women and men, opposition to patriarchy and sexism
language
symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought
Authoritatianism
system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens
Plurialism
system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and mechanisms of power
Religion
system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and the profane
Feudal System
system of social stratification based on hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers- serfs (breaking down as capitalism formed)
Language
system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
Research Method
systematic plan for doing research
Social Institutions
systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals
Nonrenewable Resources
take long to replenish
Instrumental tasks
tasks to maintain family life
Crowd
temporary gathering of people in a public area, members might interact but they do not identify with each other and won't remain in contact
Propinquity
tendency to marry people in close proximity
power
the ability to get your way, even over the resistance of others
Power
the ability to impose one's will on others
coalition
the alignment of some members of a group against others
secondary analysis
the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers
Rationalization
the application of economic logic to all human activity
positivism
the application of the scientific approach to the social world
Davis-Moore Thesis
the assertion that social stratification exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
culture of poverty
the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, and that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children
culture of poverty
the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children
Sterotypes that women and men are supposed to be
the basic division of labor underlying traditional gender roles in the United States has been accompanied by many popular
gender roles
the behaviors and attitudes expected of people because they are female or male
gender
the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females
Roles
the behaviors, obligations, & privileges attached to a status. (What is expected of you)
role
the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status
Horatio Alger myth
the belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough
animism
the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity
racism
the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
sexism
the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
the body's resistance to stress can last only so long until exhaustion - seyle's adaptive response to stress
according to karl marx, the difference between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is
the capitalists own the means of production and the workers do not
intergenerational mobility
the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next
Cultural Integration
the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
survey
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
liberation theology
the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character
Social Functions
the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
an ethnomethodologist would likely study
the conversations among roommates in a college dormatory
An ethnomethodologist would likely study
the conversations among roommates in a college dormitory
Charles H. Cooley viewed society as a group of individuals helping each other to develop their personality. this means that
the core of the self is in the concept of the self image that develops from the way others see us
capitol punishment
the death penalty
the famous golfer tiger woods, as an african american, has created the acronym cablinasian to describe his mixed racial background. mr woods is an example of all of the following EXCEPT
the definition of race is the same in all societies
status consistency
the degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality
validity
the degree to which an indicator accurately measures or reflects a concept.
Social integration
the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; social cohesion
social integration
the degree to which members of a group or society feel united by shared values and other social bonds
Genocide
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial and ethnic, national, or cultural group
superego
the dimension of the self representing the standards of society.
culture shock
the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
Cultural Diffusion
the dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another
Social Stratification
the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy - every society has it, passed from parents to children, creates beliefs about groups in society, (slavery, caste system, social class)
Afrocentrism
the dominance of African cultural patterns
Eurocentrism
the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
First Wave
the earliest period of feminist activism in the US, including the period from the mid 19th century until American women learn the right to vote in 1920
neocolonialism
the economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized nations by the Most Industrialized Nations
capitalism
the economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition
Feminization of Poverty
the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, due in part to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single father and increasing costs of child care
Internal colonialism
the economical and political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation
new technology
the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life
social environment
the entire human environment, including direct contact with others
Culture
the entire way of life a group of people that acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed from one generation to the next (material and symbolic) ex: language, gestures, style, beauty, custmos/rituals, tools/artifacts, music, family practices, the way we do things/think. all societies have it. it is not innnate. everything we do has to do with it.
Urban Sprawl
the expansion of urban boundaries with poorly planned development
alienation
the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
Culture Shock
the experience of visiting an exotic foreign country
globalization
the extensive interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism
validity
the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure
Human Sexual Dimorphism
the extent to which physical differences define the distinctions between two sexes
reliability
the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results
generalizability
the extent to which the findings from one group can be generalized or applied to other groups
causality
the factors or variables that explain a particular outcome
Population Transfer
the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied
Social Control
the formal and informal mechanism used to increase conformity to values and norms and they increase social cohesion
Segregation
the formal and legal seperation of groups by race and ethnicity
Government
the formal, organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws
social structure
the framework that surrounds us, consisting of relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior
Residential Segregation
the geographical segregation of the poor from the rest of the population
social location
the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
experimental group
the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable
Ethnocentrism
the habit of seeing things only from the opinion/point of view of one's own group.
secularization
the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
the idea that language structures thoughts and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language
control theory
the idea that two control systems—inner controls and outer controls—work against our tendencies to deviate
religiosity
the importance of religion in a person's life
Cultural Imperialism
the imposition of one's culture on another through mass media and consumer products
Sexual Orientation
the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders
the McDonaldization of society refers to
the increased of regulated and standardized of society due to automation
sample
the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied
Disenchantment
the inevitable result of the dehumanizing features of bureaucracies that dominated the moderned societies, bureaucratic goals had become more important than traditions and values
science
the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environments
social sciences
the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations
manifest functions
the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions
morals
the judgment of "good" or "bad" human behavior (usually based on philosophical principles)
serial murder
the killing of several victims in three or more separate events
culture
the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next
Ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality - the arbitrator between the id and superego - operates on the reality principle, satisfies the id in ways that realistically bring pleasure than pain
Latent Functions
the less obvious/unintended functions of a social structure (education=experience school problems and opportunities, provides jobs for the community)
Gender Role Socialization
the life long process of learning to be masculine or feminine primarily through 4 agents: families, schools, peers, and media
reliability
the likelihood that a particular measure would produce the same results if the measure was repeated.
probability
the likelihood that a specific behavior or event will occur.
material culture
the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, and jewelry
Median
the midpoint in a series of values that are arranged in numerical order.
Suicide
the more firmly connected people are to other, the less likely they are to commit suicide
Bystander Effect
the more people the less likely one is to do something
Slavery
the most extreme system of social stratification and is based on legal ownership of people
Third Wave
the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety or identities women can possess
Rorschach Inkblot Test
the most widely used projective test
Social mobility refers to
the movement of individuals and groups between class positions.
Social Mobility
the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes
Urbanization
the movement of the majority of the population to cities and the influence it is having on society.
Suffrage Movement
the movement organized around gaining voting rights for woman
high-income countries
the nations with the highest overall standards of living
social exchanges are usually governed by
the norm of reciprocity
real culture
the norms and values that people actually follow
generalized other
the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self
cultural goals
the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve
Manifest Functions
the obvious intended functions of a social structure for the social system (education=to learn/get degree)
Horizontal Social Mobility
the occupational movement of individuals/groups within a social class
poverty line
the official measure of poverty; calculated to include incomes that are less than three times a low cost food budget
social institution
the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs
Super Ego
the part of personality that presents internalized ideals - promotes standards for judgment (conscience) and for future aspirations
id
the part of the personality that includes various impulses and drives, including sexual passions and desires, biological urges, and human instincts.
ego
the part of the self representing reason and common sense
the sociological definition of race is based on
the perception of society in defining people as biologically different
Second Wave
the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 70s often asociated with the issues of women's exual access to employment and education
Gender
the personal trait and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
gender
the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
Generalized Other
the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or society in general) that a child learns and takes into account when shaping their behavior
segregation
the physical and social separation of categories of people
Gender
the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
Tracking
the placement of students in education tracks that determine the types of classes they shoudl take
A common criticism of the culture of poverty theory
the poor passively accept their circumstance
which of the following statements about economic inequality in the US is true?
the poorest 20% in the US have 4.2% of the national income
Instrumental Role
the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure
status
the position that someone occupies in a social group
status
the positions that someone occupies in a social group
Cultural Relativism
the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards
Ethnocentrism
the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
police discretion
the practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter
which of the following statements is most clearly linked with herbert spencer's view of society?
the primary feature of society is its interactive parts that contribute to the function of the whole
Cultural Relativism
the principle of understand other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging them by ones own culture
Ethnocentrism
the principle of using one's own culture as a means of standard by which to evaluate another group of individuals ~ leading to the view that other cultures are abnormal ~ suspend it through sociological imagination, culture shock, and beginners mind
cultural leveling
the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations
Cultural Leveling
the process by which cultures that were once distinct became increasingly similar
assimilation
the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
colonialism
the process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources
mcdonaldization of society
the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation
socialization
the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group—the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them
colonialism
the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations
Sociocultural evolution
the process of changing from a technologically simple society to a more complex one with significant consequences for social and cultural life.
Social Learning
the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction
anticipatory socialization
the process of learning in advance an anticipated future role or status
modernization
the process of social change begun by industrialization
Socialization refers to
the process of transmitting cultural values to young members
claims making
the process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue
verstehen
the process of understanding social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it.
Antimiscegination
the prohibition of interacial marriage, cohabitation or sexual interaction
recedivism rate
the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested
the functionalist perspective explains cultural practices by looking at
the purpose of the practice serves for society as a while
Major technological means that assisted the winning side of the First Bull Run was
the railroad
Disenfranchisement
the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic political means
replication
the repetition of a study in order to test its findings
Gender Identity
the roles and traits that a social group assigns to a particular gender
Cohabitation
the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
cohabitation
the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
dyad
the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons
social network
the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together
division of labor
the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties
in the sixth grade of the levels of development of the self, the "I" represents?
the spontaneous, creative, and impulsive personality we can have
cultural diffusion
the spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial culture traits
Cultural Diffusion
the spread of non material culture to new cultural groups regardless of the movement of people
McDonaldization
the spread of rationalization and the accompany increases in efficiency and dehumanization
which of the following statements is the definition of social institution
the stable sets of widely shared beliefs, norms, and procedures that are organized to satisfy basic needs
values
the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
Scientific Sociology
the study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior
Critical Sociology
the study of society that focuses on the need for social change
Demography
the study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human populations. Can the world support all of this growth?
control group
the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
mean
the sum of a set of values divided by the number of cases from which the values are obtained; an average.
if you wanted to determine whether there is a gender difference in how often people think about sex, the best research method would be
the survey
Descent
the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
descent
the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
criminal justice system
the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime
Apartheid
the system of segregation of racial and ethnic groups, used to be legal in South Africa
Data
the systematic information that sociologists use to investigate research questions.
genocide
the systematic killing of one category of people by another
Sociology
the systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large scale instituions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions
Cultural Capital
the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society
Homosexuality
the tendency to feel sexual desire towards emmbers of one's own gender
wealth
the total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts
wealth
the total value of money and other assets minus outstanding debts
wealth
the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts
social change
the transformation of culture and social institutions over time
feminzation of poverty
the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
Freud Idea
the unconscious mind helps us cope with stress and anxiety
gender stratification
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
Social Inequality
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of society
self
the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside"; the views we internalize of how others see us
Second Shift
the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after the days paid labor is completed
experiments
the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation
scientific method
the use of objective, systematic observations to test theories
ethnocentrism
the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their lives, norms, and behaviors
applied sociology
the use of sociology to solve problems—from the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of global pollution
Mode
the value that appears most frequently in a set of data.
subculture
the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world
Dependent variable
the variable that is a presumed effect
which of the following statements is NOT a reason why ethnic conflict is so fierce in many countries?
the victims of ethnic conflict acted in ways that brought out ethnic hostility
personality disorders
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms
value free
the view that a sociologist's personal values or biases should not influence social research
labeling theory
the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity
deviance
the violation of norms (or rules or expectations); It is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant
crime
the violation of norms written into law
operational definitions
the way in which a researcher measures a variable
group dynamics
the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals
gestures
the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
gender socialization
the ways in which society sets children on different paths in life because they are male or female
Culture
the ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life
Other Projective Tests
thematic apperception test (TAT) - rorschach inkblot test -
which of the following statements about hunting and gathering societies is false?
these societies domesticate animals to eat
according to edwin sutherland, how do criminals adopt behavior?
they learn criminal behavior from peers
Sociologists and the Self
they look at both the individual and society to gain a sense of where the self comes from - the self is created and modified over the course of a lifetime
which of the following statements is NOT a false concept that the european settlers created a stereotype native americans
they were accused of living in tribes
Mainstream Environmentalism
third stage, campaigns, politics, scientific expertise
Embodied Identity
those elements of identity that are generated through others perception of our physical traits
coercive organizations
those which hold people against their will, such as mental institutions and prisons
Unchurched
those who are spiritual that are not religious and adopt aspects of religious attractions
Essentialists
those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin, and cannot be changed
Constructionists
those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined
medicalization of deviance
to make deviance a medical matter; a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians
Max Weber
to understand social behavior you have to understand the meaning that a behavior beholds. (verstehen) also developed a multidimensional analysis of society.
Daily Hassles
traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
Cultural Universals
traits that are part of every known culture
Social Change
transformation of a culture over time
Martineau
translated Comte's Philosophy into English
Emile Durkheim
tried to establish sociology as an important academic discipline, social bonds exist in all societies, had theories about mechanical and organic solidarty, suicide, and anomie
Karl Marx believed that capitalist sough tomaximize profit by exploiting workers
true
Non verbal communication may involve proxemics, the use of space as a means of communication
true
The basic division of labor in society has been influenced by gender stereotypes about how men and women should behave and therefore what work they are best suited to do.
true
The normal process of aging cannot be avoided but good health, proper diet, nutrition and exercise can make a significant difference in health for people of all ages.
true
a micro view focuses on the immediate social situation in which people interact with one another
true
according to alex thio, both functionalist and conflict perspectives provide a structural view of culture as largely capable of constraining us
true
according to alex thio, despite the history of discrimination against them, asian americans are doing relatively well today
true
according to alex thio, it is harder today than 30 years ago for americans to move from a lower to a higher social class
true
according to alex thio, we feel role strain if we have to play two conflicting roles from the same status
true
according to amitai etzioni, in an organization, the function of the higher participants is to exercise power over the lower participants so that the latter will help the organization achieve its goals
true
according to the sapir-whorf hypothesis, our language makes us see the world in a certain way
true
anticipatory socialization is the process by which an individual learns to assume a role in the future
true
genocide is the wholesale killing of members of a specific racial or ethnic group
true
government agencies have goals and rules that are stated explicity so that the work of their many members can be coordinated
true
human resource theory is a style that seems human resources issues as the responsibility of the whole organization, not just the human resources department
true
most homicides and rapes involve killing and raping acquaintances, friends, and family members, and only a few involve strangers
true
sociology is the systematic, scientific study of human society
true
superego is Freud's term for the part of the personality that is moral; popularly known as conscience
true
the addition of only one person to a group greatly increases the number of relationships
true
the pentagon is an example of a secondary group
true
the peter principle is the observation that "in every hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence"
true
to symbolic interactionists, people usually don't take supportive interactions at face value but pay more attention to the hidden meanings behind expressed words and actions
true
Projective Test
type of personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli that triggers the projection of one's inner dynamics
Rogers Acceptance
unconditioned positive regard - altitude of total acceptance toward selves and others/self concept: "who am I?" our thoughts/feelings about ourselves
Id
unconscious psychic energy - strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives,
Reaction
unconsciously switching impulses into its opposite form - expressing the opposite of the anxiety arousing feeling
Generalized Anxiety Order (GAD)
uncontrollable worry about domains of functioning - chronic autonomic nervous system arousal - 66% women
Sociological perspective
understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context
New Ecological Paradigm
understanding that humans have to coexist and need to modify their human activity
Discrimination
unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group (motivated by prejudice)
discrimination
unequal treatment of various categories of people
latent functions
unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions
sociologists who follow the functionalists theory believe that social stratification is
universal and necessary, it serves societies
robert merton called people who believe in equality and put their beliefs into action
unprejudice non discriminators
Latent Functions
unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
Altruism
unselfish concern for the well being of others and helping performed without self interested motivation
Two reasons that have been attributed to the emergence of the new urban poor during the past twenty-five years
unskilled and semi-skilled jobs moving overseas, and dramatic cutbacks of government assistance programs.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions
intergenerational social mobility
upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
empiricism
using measurable and verifiable facts to support a hypothesis (proposition of cause and effect)
rationality
using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs
objectivity
value neutrality in research
Hidden Curriculum
values or behaviors learned indirectly
value contradiction
values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come in conflict with the other
value cluster
values that together form a larger whole
Independent Variable
variable that causes change
Dependent Variable
variable that changes
Biodiversity
variety of species and plants and animals existing at any given time
Domestic Violence
verbal physical financial sexual psychological behaviors to gain power
domestic violence
violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner; usually violence by men against women
Ecoterrorism
violence to protect the environment
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development argues that
virtually all children go through the same sequence of mental development
General McDowell
was with the North (Union).
sociological perspective
way of looking at and seeing out interpreting something- particular way of seeing something
leadership styles
ways in which people express their leadership
unobtrusive measures
ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied
techniques of neutralization
ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms o Denial of responsibility o Denial of injury o Denial of a victim o Condemnation of the condemners o Appeal to higher loyalties
Differential Association Theory
we learn to be deviant through out associations with deviant peers
with time, norms and values have changed in our society and become law. the following are norms and values that have changed overtime and have become part of the law EXCEPT
we support saluting each other
hidden curriculum
we teach different to students of different social statuses, richer students are encouraged more, and poorer students are encouraged less
Social Network
web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to others who may also affect them
'Third wave' of feminism
welcoming men to join women in addressing problems that affect both sexes
Real Culture
what actually exists
19-26 years old
what are the ages for most targeted woman of abusers?
Ideal Culture
what members believe it should be
social interaction
what people do when they are in one another's presence
prescription
what people should do
proscription
what people should not do
ideal culture
what we want
seeing the strange in the familiar
what you take for granted and how its familiar to you but realize how strange it is to others
Variable
what you try to explain
crisis nursery
when a child can be quickly removed from situation to place of safety
Which of the following describes behavior associated with Jan Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
when a child learns with his senses and body to interact with the environment
battered child syndrome
when parents have life and death rights over children and could dispose of them at will -- condition in young children who have received significant physical abuse ( parent or foster parent) -- sexual, emotional, social deprivation, absence of love
Overgeneralizing
when researchers draw data from people of only one sex to support conclusions
Double Standards
when researches must be careful not to distort what they study by judging men and women differently
which of the following statements about race and ethnicity is true?
while a people's physical features do not change when they move to another country, their racial identification as blacks or whites may change
Middle Class
white collar workers, broad range of incomes, (30% US)
Ida Wells Barnett
woman who campaigned tirelessly for racial equality
Who Is More Likely to be Depressed?
women
the culture of rape suggests all of the following attitudes EXCEPT
women are treated as equals to men in all aspects of society
Polygandry
women have multiple husbands
White Collar
workers and skilled laborers in technical and lower management jobs
Sweatshop
workers are extremely expolitated, low wages and long hours poor conditions
Resistance Strategies
workers express discontent with working conditions and try to reclaim control of them
Union
workers who bargain for increased wages, benfits or condition
Telecommunity
working from home using technology
which of the following would NOT be classified as civil inattention?
working on a group project in your sociology class
Durkheim and Work
workplace can be a source of community life for workers (esp during industrial revolution), afterwards there was a stronger sense of community
Alexis de Tocqueville
wrote "Democracy in America"
Harriet Martineau
wrote "Society in America"
zakah
zakah is a fixed proportion collected from the surplus wealth and earnings of a Muslim. It is then distributed to prescribed beneficiaries and for the welfare as well as the infrastructure of a Muslim society in general.
Piaget and Development of Reasoning
• 1. Sensorimotor stage—(birth to 2)—direct contact (touching, sucking, listening and looking) • 2. Preoperational stage—(2-7)—develop the ability to use symbols • 3. Concrete operational stage—(7-12)—reasoning abilities are developed and concrete • 4. Formal operational stage—(12+)—abstract thinking