Sociology 211 Exam 2
What is the difference between a social movement and collective behavior? Collective behavior tends to be spontaneous and short-lived. A social movement is an enduring period of collective action oriented to a particular goal Social movements are organized and premeditated action. Collective behavior is often random and chaotic Both of the above There is no difference between collective behavior and social movements
Both of the above
What does the statement "Discrimination varies along two axes: scope and intentionality" mean? Discrimination can be either harmless or harmful, meaningful or insignificant Discrimination can be either isolated or repeated, utilitarian or materialist Discrimination can be either individual or institutional, conscious or unintended All of the above
Discrimination can be either individual or institutional, conscious or unintended
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the difference between education and schooling? Education refers to the ways individuals develop their abilities, acquire knowledge, and receive training in particular skills. Schooling refers to time spent in formal educational institutions. Education refers to the sum total of knowledge acquired while enrolled in various formal institutions, including primary and secondary school. Schooling refers to the process by which this knowledge is acquired. Education is a formal process. Schooling is an informal process. There is no difference.
Education refers to the ways individuals develop their abilities, acquire knowledge, and receive training in particular skills. Schooling refers to time spent in formal educational institutions.
Table 9.3 on p. 295 of the textbook shows that (choose all that apply): Even though women are 3 times more likely than men to work in the 10 most common occupations for women, their earnings in these occupations are 5 to 25 percent lower than men's in the same occupations. The three least feminized occupations (occupations where share of female workers is the lowest) are also the ones where women's earnings are the lowest compared to men's. Customer service representatives and registered nurses are the most "wage-equal" occupations (men's and women's earnings are similar) among the 10 most common occupations for women. Women in the 5th most common occupation among women, supervisors/managers of retail sales workers, on average make less money than male retail salespersons (in Table 9.4, p. 296).
Even though women are 3 times more likely than men to work in the 10 most common occupations for women, their earnings in these occupations are 5 to 25 percent lower than men's in the same occupations. The three least feminized occupations (occupations where share of female workers is the lowest) are also the ones where women's earnings are the lowest compared to men's. Customer service representatives and registered nurses are the most "wage-equal" occupations (men's and women's earnings are similar) among the 10 most common occupations for women. Women in the 5th most common occupation among women, supervisors/managers of retail sales workers, on average make less money than male retail salespersons (in Table 9.4, p. 296).
True of false: Majority of Americans have at least a bachelor's degree.
False
True or false: According to Robert D. Putnam and Thomas H. Sanders, the 9/11 Generation is consistently not "bowling alone."
False
True or false: According to studies invoked by Andrew J. Perrin, making voter registration easier, as well as early voting and voting by mail, increases voter turnout.
False
True or false: In Stuber's study, the students' self-identified social background (social class of their parents) always matched how the researcher categorized their class positions (according to their parents' education and type of job).
False
True or false: Sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild argues that concerns about job and income security fully explain why American workers do not take parental leave or "flex time" even when these benefits are offered by the companies they work for.
False
theories of urbanism
Georg Simmel - cities to urban life are both alienating and liberating Louis Wirth - urbanism is superficial and anonymous Jane Jacobs - vibrancy of the urban life and sidewalks
Match terms with their respective definitions: Glocalization Reglobalization Deglobalization Assimilation The process by which immigrants adopt the culture - values, norms and behaviors - of their new country or residence The movement away from the society that is pluralistic, diverse and globalized toward one that shares common national identity and culture The process by which an ethnic group reconnects itself to its society of origin and begins to reaffirm its original culture and values The process by which local, including ethnic, cultures react to globalization by reemphasizing their distinctiveness
Glocalization - The process by which local, including ethnic, cultures react to globalization by reemphasizing their distinctiveness Reglobalization - The process by which an ethnic group reconnects itself to its society of origin and begins to reaffirm its original culture and values Deglobalization - The movement away from the society that is pluralistic, diverse and globalized toward one that shares common national identity and culture Assimilation - The process by which immigrants adopt the culture - values, norms and behaviors - of their new country or residence
What is the most important cause of the gender pay gap between men and women in the United States? Employers prefer to hire men because they believe women should devote themselves to child-rearing and family life Female workers are not as productive as male workers Men and women are concentrated in different occupations, and occupations that are predominantly filled by women usually have lower status and pay U.S. law does not require equal pay for male and female workers in the same job
Men and women are concentrated in different occupations, and occupations that are predominantly filled by women usually have lower status and pay
Contemporary Theories of Class
Neo-Marxist - Erik Olin Wright - control - contradictory class locations Neo-Weberian - Anthony Giddens - class structuration (class awareness, class consciousness, class conflict, revolutionary consciousness) "Synthetic" - Pierre Bourdieu - habitus: explains individual cultural practices by one's position in social space (tendencies that organize the ways in which individuals perceive the social world around them and react to it) - social positions are determined by possession of capital
True or false: According to Paula England and Su Li, both men's and women's choices of college majors are responsible for the slowdown of gender segregation in baccalaureate degree fields since the 1990s.
True
True or false: Brazil's "racial democracy," the absence of legal distinctions based on race, is responsible for the blacks' less developed common identity and mobilization, which, in turn, is one of the reasons for the country's dramatic social inequality.
True
True or false: Civil society is an imagined civil community whose solidarity is founded on a shared belief in the possibilities of democracy.
True
True or false: Labeling theory suggests that if students are given the impression that they are dumb and are not expected to succeed academically, they may behave as the label suggests.
True
True or false: Uri Ram in his article "Glocommodification: How the Global Consumes the Local - McDonald's in Israel" claims that the arrival of McDonald's in Israel in mid-1990s contributed to the revival of the Israeli national equivalent to fast food - the falafel.
True
Urbanism in the post-WWII USA
Urban renewal - relocation of business and people, rezoning areas, freeways urban problems - crime, unemployment suburbanization - shift from central urban areas to suburbs
Equal Pay Act 1963
Wage discrimination is outlawed
Which of the following best describes the second shift? A promotion barrier that hinders women's upward mobility in the workplace Among full-time, year-round workers, men earn substantially more than women On average, female professionals work overtime more than male professionals Working women perform more hours of housework per week than their male partners
Working women perform more hours of housework per week than their male partners
Which of the following are main findings of Stuber's research? (Select all that apply.) Working-class students are more "class aware." Both working-class and upper-middle-class students deny that class matters for college experience. Working-class students try to assert moral superiority over higher-class students. Upper-middle-class students' main boundary construction work was vis-à-vis the working-class students. Upper-middle-class students tend to minimize their privilege.
Working-class students are more "class aware." Working-class students try to assert moral superiority over higher-class students. Upper-middle-class students tend to minimize their privilege.
gender hierarchy
You can't have hierarch without difference ex: symbolic differences
Los Angeles is described as the quintessential postmodern megacity because it is seen as: a place presenting constant opportunities for experience and consumption a sprawling metropolis a global financial center a center of culture and entertainment all of the above
a place presenting constant opportunities for experience and consumption
Which of the following best describes social inequality as conceptualized by the structural-functionalist approach? Social inequality is a result of different value of contributions by different social groups, for example different occupational categories, to society revealed through relations of exploitation of one class by another a barometer of the American individualistic success model the basis for determining one's life chances
a result of different value of contributions by different social groups, for example different occupational categories, to society
underclass
a segment of society that is composed of people who are underemployed or unemployed and may be dependent upon welfare benefits from the state - negatively stigmatized
bureaucracy
a system of formal organization in which power is allocated through a hierarchy of offices and social statuses - Max Weber argued that bureaucracy was a fundamental characteristic of modern society
multiculturalism
a value based on the principle that any cultures can, and should, coexist in a particular region - push for assimilation of many cultures into one dominant culture
social mobilities in the US
ability of individuals/groups to change their social position or status - affected by state policies aimed at increasing opportunities for individuals
In postmodern society, the authors of your textbook suggest, charisma acquires increasing importance in contemporary politics subordinates politics to social power undermines state autonomy withers away in the face of rationalization
acquires increasing importance in contemporary politics
Even though between one third and one half of all Americans can be categorized as working-class, they are often rendered as marginalized "other" as a result of media's primary focus on the rich and successful segregation of residential communities their perception by society's mainstream exclusively as "social problems" all of the above
all of the above
According to the textbook, since the 1960s research on social mobility has consistently found that long-range upward mobility ("rags to riches") is common and frequent the most important factor correlating with upward mobility is education there is greater social mobility in the U.S. than in other Western societies all of the above
the most important factor correlating with upward mobility is education
caste system
the most rigid for of stratification. Individuals are born into their social position and have few opportunities for upward or downward mobility
life chances
the opportunities for sharing in material or cultural goods during one's lifetime - affected by personal merit and accomplishment, race, gender, socioeconomic status
When sociologists write about the process of urban decentralization, they have in mind the rise of "gated communities" emergence of "new tribalism" the process of suburbanization deglobalization
the process of suburbanization
legitimization
the way in which authority comes to be accepted and generally supported by those whom it affects - Max Weber 3 types of legitimate authority in society: traditional, rational-legal, charismatic
affirmative action
to improve employment/educational opportunities for women or members of minority groups -- employment equity (favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination)
When the textbook states that "schooling in postmodern society has become less distinct...from education in general [and if] this trend continues, postmodernity will come to resemble premodernity more than it resembles modernity," it is suggesting that: the value of education in contemporary society has decreased various institutions outside of formal schooling now contribute to people's education as workers and citizens cultural relativism is superior to ethnocentrism "distance education" is replacing traditional classroom instruction none of the above
various institutions outside of formal schooling now contribute to people's education as workers and citizens
urban ecology
various neighborhoods emerge as a result of natural processes of adjustment on the part of populations as they compete for resources
The fact that in France Arab Muslims are racially stigmatized more than darker-skinned people of African origin (as describe in the textbook on pp. 321-322) illustrates that racism in France is not as strong as nativism what makes up race differs from one society to another racial boundaries are not rigid in France mixed race people are not considered outsiders
what makes up race differs from one society to another
Arlie Russell Hochschild has discovered that by the late 20th century for many American workers "work has become a form of 'home' and home has become 'work'," by which she means that (choose all that apply) workers feel that they achieve more self-realization and appreciation as workers than as parents or spouses while many companies encourage workers to constantly hone their skills, parenting and housework have been "de-skilling" as a result of commercially offered services work places and careers are often more stable than marriages even during long working hours employees find time to socialize at work, while at home they are more time-conscious and efficient with their spouses and children
workers feel that they achieve more self-realization and appreciation as workers than as parents or spouses while many companies encourage workers to constantly hone their skills, parenting and housework have been "de-skilling" as a result of commercially offered services work places and careers are often more stable than marriages even during long working hours employees find time to socialize at work, while at home they are more time-conscious and efficient with their spouses and children
constructivist approach to class vs objectivist approach to class ("Talk of Class" by Jenny M Stuber)
constructivist: self-identification objectivist: class based on income, education, occupation (based on social scientists identification)
The concept of ____________ , developed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, emphasizes unequal amount of educational resources available to schoolchildren of different social backgrounds.
cultural capital
Contemporary trends of approaching education as a consumer good, accepting multiculturalism within society, and developing new forms of communications and information technology together may ultimately lead to: deinstitutionalization of education functional illiteracy overcredentialing vocationalism
deinstitutionalization of education
The major difference in population trends between the US and other MSC (more developed countries) as depicted in Figure 16.5 (on p. 533 of the textbook) can be explained by differences in overall birthrates different patterns in urban and suburban growth different rates of immigration none of the above
different rates of immigration
Sociologist Anthony Marx tries to explain why the U.S. and South Africa developed codified systems of legally enforced racial segregation. How does his theory explain the subsequent dismantling of these systems? earlier conflicts among whites were resolved, while growing black/white conflict posed a new threat to political stability economic growth reduced economic competition between blacks and whites expanded access to higher education after the Second World War reduced prejudice and fostered tolerance rising intermarriage between whites and blacks confounded racial categories
earlier conflicts among whites were resolved, while growing black/white conflict posed a new threat to political stability
____________are industrial and commercial centers situated just outside of old downtowns, while _____________are large urban areas encompassing a number of formerly separate towns.
edge cities, megacities
Race is to racism what ethnicity is to ______________. (Use a vocabulary term from the textbook.)
ethnocentrism
W. E. B. Du Bois - Wage of Whiteness
even when white workers received a low wage, they were compensated in part by the material and symbolic advantages associated with whitenesss
In the end of his analysis of McDonald's in Israel Ram concludes that in several instances McDonald's as a global commodity appropriated local traditions, in other words, had to conform to local "tastes," for examples increase the size of its burger. What has, according to him, happened to the falafel as a result of this global-local encounter of fast foods? (Choose all that apply) falafel offerings in Israel did not change falafel has undergone "gourmanization" falafel has undergone "standardization" falafel has been exported as a global fast food falafel as national fast food has disappeared
falafel has undergone "gourmanization" falafel has undergone "standardization" falafel has been exported as a global fast food
Horizontal segregation
gender segregation across occupations. For example, nursing and school teaching are jobs typically held by women, whereas construction work and engineering are jobs typically held by men
Vertical segregation
gender segregation within an occupation. One gender is concentrated at lower levels of the occupations hierarchy in terms of status and pay- results in differential and unequal opportunities. For example, unlike their male counterparts, women in the corporate world frequently encounter barriers to promotion, particularly to the level of CEO
social closure
occurs when groups monopolize resources and exclude others from having access to them
gender binary
only two choices - male bodies (masculine), female bodied (feminine)
C. Wright Mills's concept of the ___________ describes the fusion of political, corporate, and military power in the mid-20th century. power elite caste system social closure dominant ideology hegemony
power elite
Match concepts with their definitions prejudice stereotype discrimination cognitive preconceptions, based on simplifications and generalizations, of particular groups behaviors that negatively impact members of minority groups, reinforcing their lower status vis--vis the majority a negative attitude toward an ethnic/racial group that is based on faulty knowledge about the group
prejudice - a negative attitude toward an ethnic/racial group that is based on faulty knowledge about the group stereotype - cognitive preconceptions, based on simplifications and generalizations, of particular groups discrimination - behaviors that negatively impact members of minority groups, reinforcing their lower status vis--vis the majority
When the authors of the textbook write that much of the 20th-century sociological scholarship on class was "a debate with the ghost of [Karl] Marx," they mean that it questioned Marx's idea of exploitation false consciousness closure production-based class divisions
production-based class divisions
New social movement
quality of private life as much as with political and economic issues, changes in the way people think and act (ex: gay rights, human rights, feminist movements)
revolutionary consciousness (a stage of class structuration)
recognition of change through action (class action)
Historically, the term "race" was used to refer to people who shared the same (choose all that apply): religion ethnic origin profession class skin color
religion ethnic origin
Arlie Russell Hochschild argues that instead of cutting back on work, "time-bound" parents deploy different strategies to "avoid confronting the reality of the time bind." Which one of the following is NOT one of the strategies they use? relying on extended family's support for child care outsourcing parental duties to paid-for services fantasizing about future/potential leisure and hobbies minimizing emotional needs of their children and partners, as well as their own
relying on extended family's support for child care outsourcing parental duties to paid-for services
According to the textbook, ____________ become ___________ when people are ranked hierarchically depending on their gender, income, race, religion, etc.: life chances / exploitation social differences / social stratification lifestyles / classes social inequalities / social mobility
social differences / social stratification
Match three major functions of education outlined in the textbook with their respective goals: social efficiency democratic equality social mobility improve or maintain social status train the workforce prepare good citizens
social efficiency - train the workforce democratic equality - prepare good citizens social mobility - improve or maintain social status
Race is a biological fact matter of personal identity social fact result of common history and tradition
social fact
resistance movements and identities
social movements that are based on the identity of excluded groups and are the product of resentment toward dominant institutions and alienation from mainstream ideologies
legitimizing movements and identities
social movements that are generated through institutions of civil society (ex: churches, labor unions, political parties) that are outside of the state, yet have legitimate access to state power
project movements and identities
social movements that use available cultural resources to create new identities that redefine one's position in society and try to change the overall social structure (ex: Women's movement and environmental movement)
middle America
the "one big middle class" that many Americans identify themselves as part of
state autonomy
the ability of the state to define goals that are independent of social groups, classes, and societies
power
the ability to mobilize the resources of society in order to attain a particular goal - concentrated and monopolized by the state, but individuals can "have power" as well
The term "discourse of decline" (in the United States) refers to the idea that power elites usurp authority from the people the concern that citizens are withdrawing from civic and political participation the weakening of charisma in postmodern society lower voter turnouts during elections
the concern that citizens are withdrawing from civic and political participation
class conflict
the conflict between the desire of capitalists to cut labor costs and workers' interest in increasing their wages - Marxism's idea
nativism
the ethnocentric attitude of a native-born population toward immigrants
The bar graph on p. 26 of Maria Charles's article "What Gender Is Science?" shows that fewer women in developing/transitional countries say that they like math and science than in advanced/industrial countries 10.77 percent of women in advanced/industrial countries say that they would like to work in a field that involves math the gender gap between men and women who say they like math and science is smaller in developing countries than in advanced countries more women in advanced/industrial countries say that they like science than math
the gender gap between men and women who say they like math and science is smaller in developing countries than in advanced countries
urbanization
the historical and social process by which cities grew and became the center of social life - increased agricultural production
biological determinism (vs. cultural justification of racism)
the idea that certain characteristics are inherently distinct as a result of biological factors
exploitation
the manipulation of one person or group by an other for the latter's own benefit and profit. Marx argued that exploitation is inherent to modern capitalism. The wages of workers, he said, are always lower than the value of their contribution to the finished product, thereby benefiting the capitalist at the expense of the workers
According to the minority group theory, as the size of a minority group grows, the prejudice against its members decreases as the size of a minority group grows, the prejudice against its members increases the minority group's status as such is determined by its smaller size relative to the majority group the minority group's status as such is determined by lack of power relative to the majority group
the minority group's status as such is determined by lack of power relative to the majority group
How did sociologist Maria Charles answer the question "what gender is science?" Cross-national variation in the gender composition of STEM fields shows that the answer depends on social context Science has no gender Women's consistently weak presence in STEM fields reflects innate biological differences Women's consistently weak presence in STEM fields shows that science is constructed as "masculine"
Cross-national variation in the gender composition of STEM fields shows that the answer depends on social context
Among the trends that can be discerned from Table 16.1 on p. 512 of the textbook are (choose all that apply): Population of Tokyo has more than tripled in the last 60 years Cities in Asia have been growing at a much higher pace than cities in Europe and the Americas The size of the 1st largest urban agglomeration in 1950 was smaller than the 10th largest in 2010 None of the above
Population of Tokyo has more than tripled in the last 60 years Cities in Asia have been growing at a much higher pace than cities in Europe and the Americas The size of the 1st largest urban agglomeration in 1950 was smaller than the 10th largest in 2010
How does sociologist Anthony Marx explain the fact that Brazil never developed a legally codified and enforced system of racial segregation while the United States and South Africa did? Faster economic development in the U.S. and South Africa encouraged whites to discriminate economically against blacks In contrast to the U.S. and South Africa, Brazil was shaped by a historical and cultural tradition of Portuguese racial tolerance Sexual contact between whites and blacks was more frequent in Brazil, resulting in a high level of racial mixing that made segregation impossible The U.S. and South Africa used legal discrimination to unify deeply divided whites, but Brazil lacked such conflicts and had no need for such a system
The U.S. and South Africa used legal discrimination to unify deeply divided whites, but Brazil lacked such conflicts and had no need for such a system
Match varieties of feminism with their respective priorities for improvement of women's condition. alleviation of women's exploitation (in the form of unpaid housework or low-paid employment) in the economic sphere elimination of all gender-based cultural ideas and practices to create a "gender-free" society improving women's freedom of choice and opportunities to exercise their talents radical feminism liberal feminism socialist feminism
alleviation of women's exploitation (in the form of unpaid housework or low-paid employment) in the economic sphere - socialist feminism elimination of all gender-based cultural ideas and practices to create a "gender-free" society - radical feminism improving women's freedom of choice and opportunities to exercise their talents - liberal feminism
ethnocentrism
an attitude based on a belief in the cultural superiority of one's own ethnic group above all others - naturalize their own cultural practices while looking down on the cultural practices of others
racism
behavior based on the belief that a group is inferior because of inherited physical differences that are inherently connected with behavioral differences
public sphere
between the sphere of private affairs (family and economic activity) and the realm of public authority (state and King's court) - urban places to meet with "common" human beings
An excerpt from a mid-20th century advice book, presented in "Dating Controversies of the Past: Going Dutch" (p. 307 of the textbook), condemns the practice of letting women on dates pay for themselves because supposedly it has a negative affect on: young men young women both neither
both
On the example of McDonald's in Israel, Uri Ram concludes that globalization is a: one-sided process, where the global suppresses the local two-sided process, wherein interchange between the local and the global occurs both neither
both
Which of the following best describes the positive-sum definition of power associated with American sociologist Talcott Parsons? Power is the ability to prevent conflict from arising in the first place by shaping other people's preferences capacity to mobilize the resources of a group for the achievement of collective goals capacity to set the political agenda and thereby determine which issues get decided probability that one actor within a social relationship will be able to carry out her own will despite resistance from others
capacity to mobilize the resources of a group for the achievement of collective goals
What are the three types of legitimate authority identified by German sociologist Max Weber? charismatic, legal-rational, traditional civil, political, social despotism, monarchy, republic force, dependence, solidarity
charismatic, legal-rational, traditional
According to your textbook, citizenship includes _________ rights that are necessary for individual freedom; __________ rights that allow citizens to participate in the exercise of political power; and __________ rights that guarantee every individual a modicum of economic welfare and security.
civil, political, social
Jenny M. Stuber in her article "Talk of Class: The Discursive Repertoires of White Working- and Upper-Middle-Class College Students" investigates and analyzes three dimensions of the construction of social class. Match each of these dimensions with their descriptions. class awareness class consciousness symbolic boundaries a tendency to see society as partitioned into two or more social classes a tool of conceptual distinctions made by actors to categories objects, people, and practices a sense of whether and how classes matter
class awareness - a tendency to see society as partitioned into two or more social classes class consciousness - a sense of whether and how classes matter symbolic boundaries - a tool of conceptual distinctions made by actors to categories objects, people, and practices
class in itself vs class for itself
class in itself: sharing common class position, "economically similar" - workers first become conscious of sharing common grievances against capitalists class for itself: developing class conscious, realizing it has conflicting interests in relation to another class - develop an awareness of themselves as forming a social class opposed to the bourgeoisie (proletariat)
When the authors of the textbook state that contemporary sociology regards gender not as an outcome of biological traits but a process, this first and foremost means that gendered identity is a product of socialization gender can change over one's lifetime societies change their understanding of gender roles over time social scientists, including sociologists, have changed their views on biological determinism
gendered identity is a product of socialization
___________ refers to the phenomenon of men's higher likelihood to rise to positions of authority even in female-dominated occupations, while _____________ describes women's limited opportunities for promotions.
glass escalator, glass ceiling
glocommodification
global commodification combining structural uniformity with symbolic diversity (McDonalds and falafel)
Theories of globalization
hyperglobalizers - globalization is producing a new global order skeptics - modern globalization differs from the past only in the intensity of interaction among nations; current economic interdependence is not unprecedented transformationalist - globalization is the central force behind a broad spectrum of change, but the change is not boundless
While early urban sociologists like Georg Simmel and Louis Wirth emphasized cities' _____________, the postwar scholars of urban life were more concerned with _____________. appeal to immigrants / gentrification and unaffordability impersonality and detachment / cultural conformity and social-ethnic homogeneity poverty and violence / urban sprawl and suburbanization industrial and financial potential / breakdown of organic relations
impersonality and detachment / cultural conformity and social-ethnic homogeneity
globalization
initially as the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life, from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritual
Which of the following is true about social capital, as described by Thomas H. Sander and Robert D. Putnam? (Choose all that apply) is beneficial for democracy can be easily converted into economic capital has been declining in the post-WWII United States all of the above
is beneficial for democracy has been declining in the post-WWII United States
The story "Leaving New Orleans" (p. 266 of the textbook) can be read as an illustration of: American individualistic success model exploitation life chances all of the above
life chances