sociology

At the same time that urban problems were growing worse as a result of industrialization social thinkers started to believe that by applying the methods developed by natural sciences, they might discover the laws of human behavior and apply these laws to solve social problems. This period is referred to as the

Age of enlightenment

The French philosopher ________ coined the term sociology to describe a new science that would engage in the study of society

Auguste Comte

Who among the following is considered the founder of sociology

Auguste Comte

When one country makes a decision to cut down several trees and refuses to take part in environmental conservation, the decision affects the whole world rather than that country alone. This example best illustrates the concept of

global interdependence

The United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and the countries of Western Europe are examples of

high-income countries

Sociologist using the ______ approach to study suicide might start by simultaneously collecting and analyzing data related to suicidal behavior and then generate a theory

inductive

The _________ approach in the theory and research cycle proceeds as follows (1) specific observation suggest generalization (2) generalization produce a tentative theory (3) the theory is tested through the formation of hypotheses and (4) hypotheses may provide suggestions for additional observations

inductive

The term ____ refers to the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related processes

industrialization

Spiders do not learn to build webs. They build webs because of _______that are triggered by basic biological needs such as protection and reproduction.

instincts

spending and overspending are encouraged by the value of society. The sociological imagination is useful for examining such issues because it

integrates microlevel troubles with microlevel problems on a global basis

Culture is essential for our individual survival and our communication with other people. It is also fundamental for the survival of societies because it makes the actions of individuals intelligible to the group. This makes culture and society:_______

interdependent

Children learn about their cultural heritage and develop a sense of personal identity in relationship to their group through ________

language

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that:

language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.

A social construction of reality occurs when

large numbers of people act and respond as if socially constructed categories exist in reality

The nations of Eastern Europe and many Latin American countries are examples of

middle income countries

The ______ approach to research uses religion, customs, habits, traditions, and law to answer important equations. It is based on strong beliefs about what is right and wrong and what "ought to be" in society

normative

Andy a sociologist wants to study the moral beliefs, traditions, religious views, and customs of the people of a specific community in regard to physician-assisted suicide. In this context of approaches to research, Andy should most likely use the

normative approach

Low income countries are

primarily agrarian nations

with ________ research, interpretive description is used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relations

qualitative

In one study, researchers systematically analyzed the contents of the notes of suicide victims to determine recurring themes, such as feelings of despair or failure. they hoped to determine if any pattern could be found what would help in understanding why people might kill themselves. This is an example of _______

qualitative research

Eric wants to test his hypothesis that unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than men who are employed. Because his research is most likely to use statistics to analyze patterns of spousal abuse, Eric should use _____ to test his hypothesis

quantitative research

_____ is a term used by many people to specify groups of people distinguished by physical characteristics

race

Sneezing after breathing pepper through the nose is an example of a(n)________ which is an unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to some physical stimuli.

reflex

Sociologists obtain their knowledge of human behavior through ____, which results in a body on information that helps us move beyond guesswork and common sense in understanding society

research

______-is the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one.

research

The term _____ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males

sex

A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

society

some sociologists argue that sociology must be completely value free. This means that they believe that

sociology should not be affected by personal and emotional biases

Which of the following statements supports the fact that language is an important means of cultural transmission?

Children develop a sense of personal identity in relationship to their group through language.

Which of the following theoretical perspectives views that language is a source of power and social control and that it perpetuates inequalities between people and between groups because words are used to "keep people in their place"?

Conflict

________ consist(s) of customs and practices that occur across all societies.

Cultural universals

Herbert Spencer coined the term sociology to describe a new science that would engage in the study of society

False

Unlike Herbert Spencer, Auguste Comte supported the idea of the "survival of the fittest", or the view of society known as social Darwinism

False

Which of the following theoretical perspectives holds the belief that shared values are essential for societies to survive _____-

Functionalist

Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?

Gestures used in conversations

Jemima, a sociologist, wants to determine why American colleges have high student dropout rates. She begins her study by collecting data related to college dropouts. She analyzes this data and generates a theory regarding the causes of dropouts. In this scenario, Jemima is using the _______ approach to research.

Inductive

According to sociologist Robin Williams, which of the following is true about the core American value of morality and humanitarianism?

It emphasizes helpfulness, personal kindness, aid in mass disasters, and organized philanthropy.

According to sociologist Robin Williams, which of the following is true about the core American value of ethnocentrism and group superiority?

It fosters the belief that "the American way of life" is best.

According to sociologist Robin Williams, which of the following is true about the core American value of individualism?

It is reflects the idea that Americans believe that people are responsible for their own success or failure.

Which of the following is a gender-based term?

Janitor

____ is defined as a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

Language

Identify a true statement about language.

Language helps us describe reality.

Many of the nations of Africa and Asia, such as India, where people typically work the land are examples of

Low income countries

Identify an accurate statement about material culture.

Material culture is important because it is our buffer against the environment.

_____ consist(s) of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people's behavior.

Nonmaterial culture

In the context of human behavior, _______ refers to influences on individuals from the social environment.

Nurture

Researchers in one study examined the effects of church membership, divorce, and migration on suicide rates in the United States. They used complex statistical techniques and concluded that suicide rates are typically high in regions where divorce and migration rates are high and the rate of church membership is low. This study is most likely an example of

Quantitative research

Which of the following is a difference between quantitive research and quality of research

Quantitive research emphasizes statistical techniques, whereas qualitative research emphasizes interpretative descriptions

Which of the following is an example of material culture?

Resources such as trees and oil

According to Auguste Comte, societies contain __________, which are forces for social order and stability

Social statics

Which of the following statements regarding cultural universals is FALSE?

Sociologists are in agreement that cultural universals are the result of functional

Which of the following is NOT an example of a way in which language may create and reinforce negative perceptions about race and ethnicity?

The "voice" of verbs may overemphasize the importance of the activities and achievements of people of color.

Which of the following statements is true of drives?

They are common to all members of a species.

Identify a true statement about dichos.

They are used to give advice or teach a lesson.

according to the functionalist perspective, societies develop social structures (institutions) that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy.

True

sociology is a systematic study because sociologist apply both theoretical perspectives and research methods to examination of social behavior

True

In his book suicide, sociologist Emile Durkheim documented that a high suicide rate was symptomatic of large scale social problems. This research was in direct contradiction to the historically held notion that suicide was

a psychological illness

The term _____ is used to refer to the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources

class

Darius uses credit cards to finance his vacations and dine at expensive restaurants. This scenario best illustrates the concept of a

consumer society

Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of over seventy categories that included appearance (such as bodily clothing and hairstyles), activities (such as sports, dancing, games, joking, and visiting), social institutions (such as family, law, and religion), and customary practices (such as cooking, folklore, gift giving, and hospitality). These are all examples of:

cultural universals.

_______ is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

culture

A trademark of sociology involves unmasking of fallacies in everyday life as well as official interpretation of society, this process is called

debunking

Sociologist Emile Durkheim research on suicide documented that suicide was a large scale social problem and no an isolated individual problem, which was the historically held notion about suicide, this is an example of

debunking

If we use the _____ approach to determine why people commit suicide, we start by formulating a theory about the causes of suicide and then test our theory by collecting and analyzing data (such as vital statistics on suicides)

deductive

Ruth a researcher wants to determine the causes of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, she begins her study by formulating a theory regarding the causes of anorexia she then collects data on the sources of anorexia and analyzes them to make generalizations regarding its causes. She then uses these generalizations to support, modify, or refute her initial theory. In this scenario, Ruth is using the _____ approach to research

deductive

the sociological imagination helps people

distinguish between personal troubles and public issues

Andrea a researcher is studying the prevalence of physician assisted suicide through the systematic collection and analysis of data. In the context of approaches to research, Andrea is most likely using the _____ approach

empirical

The _______ approach attempts to answer equations through conclusion drawn from systematic collection and analysis of data. This approach is referred to as the conventional model, or the scientific method, and is based on the assumption that knowledge is best gained by direct, systematic observation.

empirical

_____ refers to the cultural heritage or identity of a group and is based on factors such as language or country of origin

ethnicity

According to Robert K Merton, a latent of education is the transmission of knowledge and skills from one generation to the next; a manifest function is the establishment of social relations and networks

false

Durkheim observed that anomie is caused primarily by an absence of social change and a lack of specialized division of labor in society

false

In the Marxian framework, the bourgeois is composed of those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood

false

Max Weber believed that sociological research should not exclude the researchers personal values and economic interest

false

Michel Foucault developed formal sociology, an approach that focuses attention on the universal social forms that underlie social interactions

false

One of the Durkheim's major criticisms is that he failed to consider social structure or the determining power of society in much of his theorizing

false

Social scientist Thorstein Veblen used the term random consumption to refer to the continuous public display of ones wealth and status through purchases such as expensive houses, clothing, motor vehicles, and other consumer goods

false

The origins of the symbolic interactionist perspective can be traced to C. Wright Mills, who is credited with coining the term symbolic interactionism

false

The term sex refers to socially constructed meanings, beliefs, and practices associated femininity and masculinity

false

Unlike sociology, which concentrates primarily on a single institution, political science examines all major social institutions, including the economy and politics

false

Urbanization is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries

false

conflict perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system characterized by societal consensus, whereby the majority of members share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations

false

sociological imagination refers to the ability to view personal problems independently of the social settings in which the problems occur

false

the term ______ refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with femininity and masculinity

gender

which of the following best exemplifies a social construction

gender

Middle income countries are nations

with industrializing economics

the worlds high income countries are nations

with technologically advanced service occupations

A(n) ______ is defined as anything that meaningfully represents something else. For example, it can stand for love (a heart on a valentine), peace (a dove), or hate (a Nazi swastika).

symbol

In Argentina, rotating one's index finger around the front of the ear means "you have a telephone call," but in the United States, the same gesture usually means that you are suggesting that a person is "crazy". Such gestures exemplify:

symbols.

Sociology is defined as the

systematic study of human society and social interaction

Sociologists define _____ as the knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed.

technology

The ability to understand that smoking may be as common as it is because it facilitates social interaction among smokers best illustrates the concept of

the sociological imagination

twenty year old Mia grew up in a low income neighborhood. She drinks excessively and is addicted to drugs. The ability to understand that the cause for her behavior may be related to the kind of social environment she was exposed to as a child best illustrates the concept of

the sociological imagination

A ___________ is a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.

theory

A society is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

true

Marcus spends excessively and had a huge credit card debt. A psychologist is likely to explain Marcus's situation by focusing on the internal factors acting on him, whereas a sociologist is likely to explain the situation by focusing on the external factors causing him to spin excessively

true

Melinda, an affluent entrepreneur, wears the most expensive jewelry and clothes to display her wealth and status. This is an example of conspicuous consumption

true

an example of the sociological imagination is the awareness that helps us understand that there is a connection between loosing our job and the high unemployment rate in the region in which we live

true

symbols are instrumental in helping people derive meanings from social situations

true

The term _____ refers to the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas

urbanization

______ are defined as collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

values