Sociology

used by powerful people to justify oppressing others

Conflict theory states that prejudice is:

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

Counter culture refers to:

is a violation of norms enacted to law

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime:

a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

"Race" refers to:

total institutions

Military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people's day to day lives and are known as:

white

Most people arrested for a violent crime are:

an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions

Multiculturalism is defined as:

norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to:

id

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of:

agents of socialization

People and groups who influence our orientation to life, our self concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors are:

innovation

Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance uses the term _____________ to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there.

homosexuality

Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called:

false

Social stratification is found in most -- but not all -- societies.

society ranking categories of people in a hierarchy

Social stratification refers to:

role

Sociologists use what term to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

when a child is born

Sociologists view socialization as a lifelong process that begins:

single people compared with married people

Suicide rates are generally higher among:

assimilation

The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants to the Unites States is an example of:

all of the above: privileges; wealth; power

The chapter argues that gender is not a matter just of difference but also a matter of:

wealth; personal inadequacy

The common ideology of a class system treats __________ as a sign of personal talent and effort and poverty as a result of ________.

secondary sex characteristics

The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of:

primary deviance

The first acts of deviance that people engage in before they ever get caught and labeled are known as:

opposing the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

The following are goals of feminism EXCEPT for one. Which is it?

Herbert Spencer

The phrase "survival of the fittest" was coined by:

cultural relativism

The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by its own standards is called:

social interaction

The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called:

organizational culture

The shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group, also called "corporate culture," is known as:

patterns of social inequality

The social-conflict approach draws attention to:

passed down from one generation to the next

The spread of technomedia (technology) means that culture is now less likely to be:

dramaturgical analysis

The study of social interaction in terms of a theatrical performance is referred to as:

based entirely on personal merit

The term "Meritocracy" refers to social stratification:

efforts to create specific impressions of self in others

The term "presentation of self" refers to:

Auguste Comte

The term "sociology" was coined in 1848 by:

cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population

The term "subculture" refers to:

culture shock

The unpleasant and even frightening experience of encountering a strange way of life is called:

human biology, although society plays some role

The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is caused mostly by:

true

True or false: A peer group is a social group whose members share a common interests, social position, and a similar age

true

True or false: A social network (Facebook) amounts to a web of weak social ties.

true

True or false: According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage

false

True or false: Afrocentrism refers to the dominance of European cultural patterns

true

True or false: Although based on physical traits like skin color, the concept of "race" is constructed or defined by society.

true

True or false: Although networks are made up of weak social ties, they can be a powerful resource

false

True or false: As groups increase in size, interaction becomes more intense and more personal.

true

True or false: Crimes against property greatly outnumber crimes against person.

false

True or false: Cultural relativism means evaluating another culture according to the standards of your own culture

false

True or false: Durkheim documented that categories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates

false

True or false: Gender refers just to whether people are female or male.

false

True or false: George Simmel referred to a group of three as a dyad.

true

True or false: In general, people of higher social class positions are less likely to be arrested for street crimes than people of lower class position.

false

True or false: In the United States today, women are arrested for serious street crime as often as men.

true

True or false: Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification.

true

True or false: Primary sex characteristics refer to reproductive organs.

false

True or false: Segregation has always been illegal in the United States.

false

True or false: Socialization takes place entirely in childhood

true

True or false: The concept of social mobility refers to changes in people's positions in the social hierarchy.

true

True or false: W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana Theory (Afican American) was part of the social-conflict approach

matriarchy

What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?

group-think

What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity?

a dyad

What is the sociological term for a group with two members?

minority

What is the term for a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

personality

What is the term for a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

prejudice

What is the term for a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?

out group

What is the term for a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?

out-group

What is the term for a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?

ascribed status

What is the term for a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life?

master status

What is the term for a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

gender roles

What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?

white-collar crime

What is the term for crime committed by those of high social position in the course of their occupations?

intersexual people

What is the term for humans who have some combination of females and male genitalia?

patriarchy

What is the term for social organization in which males dominate females?

culture

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitute a people's way of life?

sex

What is the term for the biological distinction between males and females?

the criminal justice system

What is the term for the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?

glass ceiling

What term refer to an invisible, yet real barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?

racism

What term refers to a belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another?

social construction of reality

What term refers to the process by which people creatively shape their world as they interact?

radical feminism

What type of feminism seeks to eliminate patriarchy be eliminating the idea of gender itself?

validity

When a researcher is successful at measuring what he or she intends to measure, this is called:

murder rate

When analyzing U.S. crime rates, your textbook author explains that the best indicator we have of crime is the:

that the principles guiding McDonald's now dominate our social life

When discussing the story of the McDonald's organization, "McDonaldization of Society" explains:

advanced technology improves life in some ways, but also threatens it in other ways

When discussing the uses of technomedia (technology), which of the following statements is true?

anticipatory socialization

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in:

glass escalator

When token men enter feminized jobs, they usually enjoy a quicker rise to the leadership positions on the the aptly named __________.

sociology

Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?

symbolic interaction

Which main sociological theory takes a more micro or close-up look at the individual to explain deviance?

microsociology

Which of the following focuses its analyses on face to face encounters and interactions?

resocialization

___________ refers to efforts to radically change a someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment

status

_____________ defines who and what we are in relation to others.

positivism

_____________ is a way of understanding the world based on science.

sexual orientation

______________ refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person.

innovation

In Robert Merton's strain theory, the term __________ correctly describes a person who gets rich by defrauding a bank.

children will change their social position many times over the course of their lives

In all societies:

social stratification based on ascription or birth

A caste system is defined as:

judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

Ethnocentrism refers to:

prejudice and discrimination against the elderly

Ageism refers to:

role strain

Assume a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and a confidant to the workers, but must remain distant to assess the workers' performance. Which of the following is involved?

role conflict

Assume a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician. Which of the following is involved?

primary sex characteristics

At birth, males and females are distinguished by __________, which are the genitals: organs used for reproduction.

transsexuals

___________ are people who feel they are "trapped in the wrong body".

metaphysical stage

According to Comte, societies in which stage of development begin to see society as a natural -- rather than a supernatural -- phenomenon?

lower social integration

According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has:

performance

According to Erving Goffman, our use of costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others all add up to a:

sensorimotor stage

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

resocialization

A drastic type of adult socialization that may occur when adults change environments is known as:

anomic

A factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery. He doesn't know what to do with his good fortune, so he commits suicide. Durkheim would say he has committed ____________ type of suicide.

they typically don't have formal rules and governing structures

A friendship group isn't an example of a formal organization because:

a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias

A hate crime is defined as:

coercive organization

A maximum-security prison is one example of a:

valid; reliable

A yardstick measures 36 inches., but Sarah is using a "faulty" yardstick (one that measures 40 inches long) to measure the campers in her youth group. Sarah will not get a(n) __________ indication of height, but she will have a(n)_________measure of height.

imagining a situation from another person's point of view

By taking the role of the other, or the "ME" part of self, Mead had in mind:

"human nature" is the result of a complex relationship between nature (biology) and nurture (the social environment).

Children like Anna, who have experienced long periods of isolation, illustrate how:

theological stage

Comte described the earliest human societies as being within which level of societal development?

George Herbert Meade

Concepts such as I, Me, Generalized Other are part of which theorist's work?

popular culture

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as:

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

Cultural transmission refers to the process of:

all are correct: parents greatly affect a child's self-concept; families give children social identities in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion; family members are often what Mead called "significant others"

Family is important to the socialization process because:

voluntary organization

From the point of view of parents, what type of formal organization is a school's Parent-Teacher Association (PTA)?

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male

Gender refers to:

the part of the individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self image

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:

cultural beliefs that justify social stratification

Ideology refers to:

high culture

If you were to attend a New York ballet performance, you would be experiencing:

super ego

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?

there is little or no social mobility

In a caste system:

retreatist

In his strain theory, Robert Merton would use which of the following term to describe people, including alcoholics and drug addicts, who "drop out."

white

In terms of absolute numbers, two-thirds of all poor people in the United States are:

tact

In terms of dramaturgical analysis, helping another person to "save face," or avoid embarrassment, is called:

bias built into the operation of today's institutions

Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to that fact that:

the interplay of race, class, and gender often leading to multiple levels of disadvantage

Intersection theory focuses on:

preoperational

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use language and other cultural symbols the ____________ stage

role conflict

Joan is an excellent artist, but feels she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing:

asexuality

Little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex is called:

A group seeks consensus, discouraging members from speaking freely, and ends up making a poor policy recommendation.

Which of the following illustrates the operation of group-think?

a warm, personal interaction

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?

all of the above: more flexible leadership; more willingness to ask questions; more emphasis on communication

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of McDonaldization?

all of the above: responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries; responding to deviance promotes social unity; deviance affirms cultural values and norms

Which of the following is a function of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?

women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill

Which of the following is at the heart of the controversy over women's participation in the military?

all of the above: the spread of world-wide chain stores and restaurants; shopping in carefully designed, climate-controlled malls; replacing bank tellers with automatic teller machines (ATMs)

Which of the following is evidence of the "McDonaldization of Society"?

having a serious physical or mental disability

Which of the following is most likely to be a master status?

Karl Marx

Which of the following people had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach?

deviance

Which of the following sociological terms refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?

miscegenation

Which of the following terms refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories?

ethnicity

Which of the following terms refers to cultural heritage?

survey

Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview?

Erving Goffman

Which sociologist developed the approach called "Dramaturgical Analysis"?

dyads are less stable than groups with many members

Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?

income

Which term refers to wages or salary from work plus earnings from any investments?

structural-functional approach

Which theoretical approach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?

birth; achievement

While being in the upper-upper class (1 percent) is usually the result of ________________, being in the lower -upper (working rich) class is usually is more often a matter of ___________.

attitudes; action

While prejudice is a matter of ___________, discrimination is a matter of __________.

all of the above: of gender discrimination; women are expected to take on more family responsibilities; they have different jobs

Women on average earn less than men in the U.S. workplace because, on average, because: