Sociology
used by powerful people to justify oppressing others
Conflict theory states that prejudice is:
cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held
Counter culture refers to:
is a violation of norms enacted to law
"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime:
a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
"Race" refers to:
total institutions
Military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people's day to day lives and are known as:
white
Most people arrested for a violent crime are:
an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions
Multiculturalism is defined as:
norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to:
id
Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of:
agents of socialization
People and groups who influence our orientation to life, our self concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors are:
innovation
Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance uses the term _____________ to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there.
homosexuality
Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called:
false
Social stratification is found in most -- but not all -- societies.
society ranking categories of people in a hierarchy
Social stratification refers to:
role
Sociologists use what term to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?
when a child is born
Sociologists view socialization as a lifelong process that begins:
single people compared with married people
Suicide rates are generally higher among:
assimilation
The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants to the Unites States is an example of:
all of the above: privileges; wealth; power
The chapter argues that gender is not a matter just of difference but also a matter of:
wealth; personal inadequacy
The common ideology of a class system treats __________ as a sign of personal talent and effort and poverty as a result of ________.
secondary sex characteristics
The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of:
primary deviance
The first acts of deviance that people engage in before they ever get caught and labeled are known as:
opposing the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
The following are goals of feminism EXCEPT for one. Which is it?
Herbert Spencer
The phrase "survival of the fittest" was coined by:
cultural relativism
The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by its own standards is called:
social interaction
The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called:
organizational culture
The shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group, also called "corporate culture," is known as:
patterns of social inequality
The social-conflict approach draws attention to:
passed down from one generation to the next
The spread of technomedia (technology) means that culture is now less likely to be:
dramaturgical analysis
The study of social interaction in terms of a theatrical performance is referred to as:
based entirely on personal merit
The term "Meritocracy" refers to social stratification:
efforts to create specific impressions of self in others
The term "presentation of self" refers to:
Auguste Comte
The term "sociology" was coined in 1848 by:
cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population
The term "subculture" refers to:
culture shock
The unpleasant and even frightening experience of encountering a strange way of life is called:
human biology, although society plays some role
The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is caused mostly by:
true
True or false: A peer group is a social group whose members share a common interests, social position, and a similar age
true
True or false: A social network (Facebook) amounts to a web of weak social ties.
true
True or false: According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage
false
True or false: Afrocentrism refers to the dominance of European cultural patterns
true
True or false: Although based on physical traits like skin color, the concept of "race" is constructed or defined by society.
true
True or false: Although networks are made up of weak social ties, they can be a powerful resource
false
True or false: As groups increase in size, interaction becomes more intense and more personal.
true
True or false: Crimes against property greatly outnumber crimes against person.
false
True or false: Cultural relativism means evaluating another culture according to the standards of your own culture
false
True or false: Durkheim documented that categories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates
false
True or false: Gender refers just to whether people are female or male.
false
True or false: George Simmel referred to a group of three as a dyad.
true
True or false: In general, people of higher social class positions are less likely to be arrested for street crimes than people of lower class position.
false
True or false: In the United States today, women are arrested for serious street crime as often as men.
true
True or false: Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification.
true
True or false: Primary sex characteristics refer to reproductive organs.
false
True or false: Segregation has always been illegal in the United States.
false
True or false: Socialization takes place entirely in childhood
true
True or false: The concept of social mobility refers to changes in people's positions in the social hierarchy.
true
True or false: W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana Theory (Afican American) was part of the social-conflict approach
matriarchy
What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?
group-think
What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity?
a dyad
What is the sociological term for a group with two members?
minority
What is the term for a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?
personality
What is the term for a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
prejudice
What is the term for a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?
out group
What is the term for a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?
out-group
What is the term for a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?
ascribed status
What is the term for a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life?
master status
What is the term for a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?
gender roles
What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?
white-collar crime
What is the term for crime committed by those of high social position in the course of their occupations?
intersexual people
What is the term for humans who have some combination of females and male genitalia?
patriarchy
What is the term for social organization in which males dominate females?
culture
What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitute a people's way of life?
sex
What is the term for the biological distinction between males and females?
the criminal justice system
What is the term for the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?
glass ceiling
What term refer to an invisible, yet real barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?
racism
What term refers to a belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another?
social construction of reality
What term refers to the process by which people creatively shape their world as they interact?
radical feminism
What type of feminism seeks to eliminate patriarchy be eliminating the idea of gender itself?
validity
When a researcher is successful at measuring what he or she intends to measure, this is called:
murder rate
When analyzing U.S. crime rates, your textbook author explains that the best indicator we have of crime is the:
that the principles guiding McDonald's now dominate our social life
When discussing the story of the McDonald's organization, "McDonaldization of Society" explains:
advanced technology improves life in some ways, but also threatens it in other ways
When discussing the uses of technomedia (technology), which of the following statements is true?
anticipatory socialization
When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in:
glass escalator
When token men enter feminized jobs, they usually enjoy a quicker rise to the leadership positions on the the aptly named __________.
sociology
Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?
symbolic interaction
Which main sociological theory takes a more micro or close-up look at the individual to explain deviance?
microsociology
Which of the following focuses its analyses on face to face encounters and interactions?
resocialization
___________ refers to efforts to radically change a someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment
status
_____________ defines who and what we are in relation to others.
positivism
_____________ is a way of understanding the world based on science.
sexual orientation
______________ refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person.
innovation
In Robert Merton's strain theory, the term __________ correctly describes a person who gets rich by defrauding a bank.
children will change their social position many times over the course of their lives
In all societies:
social stratification based on ascription or birth
A caste system is defined as:
judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
Ethnocentrism refers to:
prejudice and discrimination against the elderly
Ageism refers to:
role strain
Assume a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and a confidant to the workers, but must remain distant to assess the workers' performance. Which of the following is involved?
role conflict
Assume a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician. Which of the following is involved?
primary sex characteristics
At birth, males and females are distinguished by __________, which are the genitals: organs used for reproduction.
transsexuals
___________ are people who feel they are "trapped in the wrong body".
metaphysical stage
According to Comte, societies in which stage of development begin to see society as a natural -- rather than a supernatural -- phenomenon?
lower social integration
According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has:
performance
According to Erving Goffman, our use of costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others all add up to a:
sensorimotor stage
According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?
resocialization
A drastic type of adult socialization that may occur when adults change environments is known as:
anomic
A factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery. He doesn't know what to do with his good fortune, so he commits suicide. Durkheim would say he has committed ____________ type of suicide.
they typically don't have formal rules and governing structures
A friendship group isn't an example of a formal organization because:
a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias
A hate crime is defined as:
coercive organization
A maximum-security prison is one example of a:
valid; reliable
A yardstick measures 36 inches., but Sarah is using a "faulty" yardstick (one that measures 40 inches long) to measure the campers in her youth group. Sarah will not get a(n) __________ indication of height, but she will have a(n)_________measure of height.
imagining a situation from another person's point of view
By taking the role of the other, or the "ME" part of self, Mead had in mind:
"human nature" is the result of a complex relationship between nature (biology) and nurture (the social environment).
Children like Anna, who have experienced long periods of isolation, illustrate how:
theological stage
Comte described the earliest human societies as being within which level of societal development?
George Herbert Meade
Concepts such as I, Me, Generalized Other are part of which theorist's work?
popular culture
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as:
passing cultural patterns from one generation to another
Cultural transmission refers to the process of:
all are correct: parents greatly affect a child's self-concept; families give children social identities in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion; family members are often what Mead called "significant others"
Family is important to the socialization process because:
voluntary organization
From the point of view of parents, what type of formal organization is a school's Parent-Teacher Association (PTA)?
the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male
Gender refers to:
the part of the individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self image
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:
cultural beliefs that justify social stratification
Ideology refers to:
high culture
If you were to attend a New York ballet performance, you would be experiencing:
super ego
In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?
there is little or no social mobility
In a caste system:
retreatist
In his strain theory, Robert Merton would use which of the following term to describe people, including alcoholics and drug addicts, who "drop out."
white
In terms of absolute numbers, two-thirds of all poor people in the United States are:
tact
In terms of dramaturgical analysis, helping another person to "save face," or avoid embarrassment, is called:
bias built into the operation of today's institutions
Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to that fact that:
the interplay of race, class, and gender often leading to multiple levels of disadvantage
Intersection theory focuses on:
preoperational
Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use language and other cultural symbols the ____________ stage
role conflict
Joan is an excellent artist, but feels she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing:
asexuality
Little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex is called:
A group seeks consensus, discouraging members from speaking freely, and ends up making a poor policy recommendation.
Which of the following illustrates the operation of group-think?
a warm, personal interaction
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?
all of the above: more flexible leadership; more willingness to ask questions; more emphasis on communication
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of McDonaldization?
all of the above: responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries; responding to deviance promotes social unity; deviance affirms cultural values and norms
Which of the following is a function of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?
women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill
Which of the following is at the heart of the controversy over women's participation in the military?
all of the above: the spread of world-wide chain stores and restaurants; shopping in carefully designed, climate-controlled malls; replacing bank tellers with automatic teller machines (ATMs)
Which of the following is evidence of the "McDonaldization of Society"?
having a serious physical or mental disability
Which of the following is most likely to be a master status?
Karl Marx
Which of the following people had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach?
deviance
Which of the following sociological terms refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?
miscegenation
Which of the following terms refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories?
ethnicity
Which of the following terms refers to cultural heritage?
survey
Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview?
Erving Goffman
Which sociologist developed the approach called "Dramaturgical Analysis"?
dyads are less stable than groups with many members
Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?
income
Which term refers to wages or salary from work plus earnings from any investments?
structural-functional approach
Which theoretical approach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?
birth; achievement
While being in the upper-upper class (1 percent) is usually the result of ________________, being in the lower -upper (working rich) class is usually is more often a matter of ___________.
attitudes; action
While prejudice is a matter of ___________, discrimination is a matter of __________.
all of the above: of gender discrimination; women are expected to take on more family responsibilities; they have different jobs
Women on average earn less than men in the U.S. workplace because, on average, because:
