Sociology Ch. 11 Race and Ethnicity

subordinate group

a group of people who have less power than the dominant group

dominant group

a group of people who have the most power in a society

disenfranchisement

a period of time in which a group that has immigrated were relegated to the bottom of the social hierarchy before they managed (those who could) to achieve social mobility

racial steering

a racist practice in which real estate agents direct prospective home owners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

settler society

a society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of aboriginal inhabitants, so immigration is the major influence on population diversity; Canada

ethnicity

a term that describes a shared culture - the practices, values and beliefs of a group; difficult to describe, changes over time

racism

a type of prejudice that involves set beliefs about a specific racial group; justifies one group being superior over another

Quebec Act 1774

act granting religious and linguistic rights to the French to keep them happy

minority groups

any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treamtment

false

both Indian men and women could marry non-indians and still retain their status and their children's status

Immigration Act

changes to what caused the increase in visible minorities by replacing an immigration policy based on racial criteria with a point system based on educational and occupational qualifications

truth and reconciliation commission

commission recognizing the residential schools constituted a systematic assault on aboriginal families and culture

assimilation

describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture; may keep few symbolic gestures

royal proclamaion

established that lands would be set aside for first nations people and that they had rights to their territory

polyethnic rights

group specific right in which culturally distinct groups are able to express their particular cultural beliefs and practices without being discriminated

self government rights

group specific right in which culturally distinct nations within a society attain some degree of political autonomy and self determination to ensure their survival and development as unique peoples

special representation rights

group specific right in which the systematic underrepresentation of minorities in the political process is addressed by some form of proportional representation (ex. in parliament)

visible minority

in Canada, refers to persons, other than aboriginal persons, who are non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour

jim crow laws

laws in the US that required segregated facilities for blacks and whites

institutional racism

occurs when a societal system has developed with an embedded disenfanchisement of a group; refers to the way in which radical distinctions are used to organize the policy and practive of state, judicial, educational institutions

prejudiced discriminators

people who actively make disparaging remarks about others or who perpetuate hate crimes

unprejudiced nondiscriminators

people who are open-minded, tolerant and accepting individuals

prejudiced nondiscriminators

people who hold racist beliefs but do not act on them

unprejudiced discriminators

people who might unthinkingly practice discrimination by following traditional practices

social fact

phrase referring to the idea that racism does not require the actions of individuals to continue

expulsion

refers to a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or country; may be a factor in genocide (British and French Acadians)

discrimination

refers to actions towards a group of people

exogamy

refers to marriage outside of one's core social unit; increasingly reduced social stigma

stereotypes

refers to oversimplified ideas about groups of people; based on race, age, ethnicity, gender; generalization that doesn't account for individuality

intergroup relations

refers to relationships between different groups of people that has been subject to different strategies for the management of diversity; solutions range on a spectrum of tolerance

de jure segregation

refers to segregation that is enforced by law (ex. reserve system, jim crow)

de facto segregation

refers to segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors; no way to abolish

race

refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant; system of labeling providing a source of identity

white privelege

refers to the fact that dominant groups often accept their experience as the normative, superior experience; unconscious racism or promotion of a group's status

culture of prejudice

refers to the idea that prejudice is embedded in our culture, we grow up surrounded by casual expressions of racism

segregation

refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

racial profiling

refers to the practice of selecting specific racial groups for greater levels of criminal justice surveillance

prejudice

refers to thoughts and feelings about groups of people that are not based on experience

group specific rights

rights conferred on individuals by virtue of their membership in a group; essential to be protected in multicultural country

intersection theory

theory suggesting that we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender and other attributes; multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race

functionalism

theory that claims racial and ethnic inequalities served an important purpose in order to exist as long as they have by contributing positively to the dominant group in society; long term negatives; sees groups as positive social ties and support

symbolic interactionism

theory viewing race an ethnicity as providing strong symbols as sources of identity; some hold that symbols of race, not race itself leads to racism; interactions between dominant group members form racial prejudices

true

true of false, there is a substantial inequality between the income of racializd and non racialized individuals

true

true or false, in many parts of urban Canada, the visible minorities are actually the majority

false

true or false, new stereotypes are created for new subordinate groups as times change

true

true or false, racist attitudes and beliefs are more insidious than racist practices

true

true or false, to be a minority group membership must be involuntary

false

true or false, to be a minority group, the group must have less members than the group in power

true

true or false, to be a minority group, there must be a high rate of ingroup marriage

war measures act

used on the west coast in 1942 to designate 22 000 Japanese Canadians as enemy aliens and intern them in camps after pearl harbor

white paper

1969 Liberal document proposing to eliminate the Indian Act and overall concept of aboriginal rights; treat them just like everyone else

residential school system

system set up in the 19th century to educate and assimilate aboriginal children into European culture; high disease and fatality

dominant

term used interchangeably with majority

subordinate

term used interchangeably with minority

miscegenation

term used to refer to racial intermarriage that was extremely rare or illegal before the 20th century

genocide

the deliberate annihilation of a targeted subordinate group, the most toxic intergroup relation; may or may not be as deliberate as Holocaust

conquest

the forcible subjugation of territory and people by military action; how the British rule of Canada was established

ethical relativism

the idea that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value

aboriginals

the only non immigrant ethnic group in Canada that now makes up 4.3% of the population

hybridity

the process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms of life; complete new culture

internal colonialism

the process of uneven regional development by which a dominant group establishes control over existing populations within a country by maintaining segregation of ethnic and racial groups (wages, occupations etc)

multiculturalism

the recognition of the cultural and racial diversity of Canada and of the equality of Canadians of all origins; each ethnic or racial group preserves its unique cultural traits while together contributing to national unity

racialization

the social process by which certain social groups are are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences; race is not biological; reflected in the way names for racial categories change

model minority

the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment

critical sociolgy

theories applied to inequalities of gender, class, race etc and examines struggles between dominant and subordinated groups; addresses issues these cause

scapegoat theory

theory suggesting that the dominant group will displace their unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group (blame an entire group for an unrelated issue)

diseases

what killed off all the aboriginal people when the Europeans came and took over

19.1%

what percent of the Canadian population is made up of visible minorities

78%

what percent of the immigrants who arrive in Canada are visible minorities

96%

what percent of visible minorities live mainly in cities of Van, Montreal, Toronto making them extremely diverse

fur trade

what was the reason for the encouragement of the Metis to marry outside of their group

Asians

which group is the largest visible minority in Canada at 25%

canada

who was the first country to adopt an official multicultural policy designed to assist the different cultural groups to preserve their heritage and overcome barriers