Sociology Ch. 11 Race and Ethnicity
subordinate group
a group of people who have less power than the dominant group
dominant group
a group of people who have the most power in a society
disenfranchisement
a period of time in which a group that has immigrated were relegated to the bottom of the social hierarchy before they managed (those who could) to achieve social mobility
racial steering
a racist practice in which real estate agents direct prospective home owners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
settler society
a society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of aboriginal inhabitants, so immigration is the major influence on population diversity; Canada
ethnicity
a term that describes a shared culture - the practices, values and beliefs of a group; difficult to describe, changes over time
racism
a type of prejudice that involves set beliefs about a specific racial group; justifies one group being superior over another
Quebec Act 1774
act granting religious and linguistic rights to the French to keep them happy
minority groups
any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treamtment
false
both Indian men and women could marry non-indians and still retain their status and their children's status
Immigration Act
changes to what caused the increase in visible minorities by replacing an immigration policy based on racial criteria with a point system based on educational and occupational qualifications
truth and reconciliation commission
commission recognizing the residential schools constituted a systematic assault on aboriginal families and culture
assimilation
describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture; may keep few symbolic gestures
royal proclamaion
established that lands would be set aside for first nations people and that they had rights to their territory
polyethnic rights
group specific right in which culturally distinct groups are able to express their particular cultural beliefs and practices without being discriminated
self government rights
group specific right in which culturally distinct nations within a society attain some degree of political autonomy and self determination to ensure their survival and development as unique peoples
special representation rights
group specific right in which the systematic underrepresentation of minorities in the political process is addressed by some form of proportional representation (ex. in parliament)
visible minority
in Canada, refers to persons, other than aboriginal persons, who are non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour
jim crow laws
laws in the US that required segregated facilities for blacks and whites
institutional racism
occurs when a societal system has developed with an embedded disenfanchisement of a group; refers to the way in which radical distinctions are used to organize the policy and practive of state, judicial, educational institutions
prejudiced discriminators
people who actively make disparaging remarks about others or who perpetuate hate crimes
unprejudiced nondiscriminators
people who are open-minded, tolerant and accepting individuals
prejudiced nondiscriminators
people who hold racist beliefs but do not act on them
unprejudiced discriminators
people who might unthinkingly practice discrimination by following traditional practices
social fact
phrase referring to the idea that racism does not require the actions of individuals to continue
expulsion
refers to a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or country; may be a factor in genocide (British and French Acadians)
discrimination
refers to actions towards a group of people
exogamy
refers to marriage outside of one's core social unit; increasingly reduced social stigma
stereotypes
refers to oversimplified ideas about groups of people; based on race, age, ethnicity, gender; generalization that doesn't account for individuality
intergroup relations
refers to relationships between different groups of people that has been subject to different strategies for the management of diversity; solutions range on a spectrum of tolerance
de jure segregation
refers to segregation that is enforced by law (ex. reserve system, jim crow)
de facto segregation
refers to segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors; no way to abolish
race
refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant; system of labeling providing a source of identity
white privelege
refers to the fact that dominant groups often accept their experience as the normative, superior experience; unconscious racism or promotion of a group's status
culture of prejudice
refers to the idea that prejudice is embedded in our culture, we grow up surrounded by casual expressions of racism
segregation
refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions
racial profiling
refers to the practice of selecting specific racial groups for greater levels of criminal justice surveillance
prejudice
refers to thoughts and feelings about groups of people that are not based on experience
group specific rights
rights conferred on individuals by virtue of their membership in a group; essential to be protected in multicultural country
intersection theory
theory suggesting that we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender and other attributes; multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race
functionalism
theory that claims racial and ethnic inequalities served an important purpose in order to exist as long as they have by contributing positively to the dominant group in society; long term negatives; sees groups as positive social ties and support
symbolic interactionism
theory viewing race an ethnicity as providing strong symbols as sources of identity; some hold that symbols of race, not race itself leads to racism; interactions between dominant group members form racial prejudices
true
true of false, there is a substantial inequality between the income of racializd and non racialized individuals
true
true or false, in many parts of urban Canada, the visible minorities are actually the majority
false
true or false, new stereotypes are created for new subordinate groups as times change
true
true or false, racist attitudes and beliefs are more insidious than racist practices
true
true or false, to be a minority group membership must be involuntary
false
true or false, to be a minority group, the group must have less members than the group in power
true
true or false, to be a minority group, there must be a high rate of ingroup marriage
war measures act
used on the west coast in 1942 to designate 22 000 Japanese Canadians as enemy aliens and intern them in camps after pearl harbor
white paper
1969 Liberal document proposing to eliminate the Indian Act and overall concept of aboriginal rights; treat them just like everyone else
residential school system
system set up in the 19th century to educate and assimilate aboriginal children into European culture; high disease and fatality
dominant
term used interchangeably with majority
subordinate
term used interchangeably with minority
miscegenation
term used to refer to racial intermarriage that was extremely rare or illegal before the 20th century
genocide
the deliberate annihilation of a targeted subordinate group, the most toxic intergroup relation; may or may not be as deliberate as Holocaust
conquest
the forcible subjugation of territory and people by military action; how the British rule of Canada was established
ethical relativism
the idea that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value
aboriginals
the only non immigrant ethnic group in Canada that now makes up 4.3% of the population
hybridity
the process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms of life; complete new culture
internal colonialism
the process of uneven regional development by which a dominant group establishes control over existing populations within a country by maintaining segregation of ethnic and racial groups (wages, occupations etc)
multiculturalism
the recognition of the cultural and racial diversity of Canada and of the equality of Canadians of all origins; each ethnic or racial group preserves its unique cultural traits while together contributing to national unity
racialization
the social process by which certain social groups are are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences; race is not biological; reflected in the way names for racial categories change
model minority
the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment
critical sociolgy
theories applied to inequalities of gender, class, race etc and examines struggles between dominant and subordinated groups; addresses issues these cause
scapegoat theory
theory suggesting that the dominant group will displace their unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group (blame an entire group for an unrelated issue)
diseases
what killed off all the aboriginal people when the Europeans came and took over
19.1%
what percent of the Canadian population is made up of visible minorities
78%
what percent of the immigrants who arrive in Canada are visible minorities
96%
what percent of visible minorities live mainly in cities of Van, Montreal, Toronto making them extremely diverse
fur trade
what was the reason for the encouragement of the Metis to marry outside of their group
Asians
which group is the largest visible minority in Canada at 25%
canada
who was the first country to adopt an official multicultural policy designed to assist the different cultural groups to preserve their heritage and overcome barriers
