Sociology chapter 2: culture & construction

Identify each example as applying to either culture-as-value or culture-as-rationale. 1. Friends gossip in negative tones about how another friend still lives with his mother in his thirties 2. A voter casts a vote for the political outsider because he believes the candidate will "shake things up." 3. A physician recommends that a patient lose weight based on ideas she holds about body size and health. 4. A man is angered when seeing his neighbor's young child outside past 9 p.m. on a weeknight.

1. culture-as-value 2. culture-as-rationale. 3. culture-as-rationale. 4. culture-as-value

Match terms with their correct examples 1. The presence of digital technology across formats has taught us to multitask more efficiently than humans in the past. 2. Research has shown that experiences with racism increase physiological stress on the body. 3. Working indoors and using sunscreen has led to vitamin deficiencies among many Americans word bank: cultured capacities, cultured physiques, culturally conditioned

1. cultured capacities 2. culturally conditioned 3. cultured physiques

Chapter 2 broadens the focus from how we think of ourselves in relation to others to the unique ______ we are a part of that encompasses our shared ideas, objects, _____ , and bodies word bank: feelings, families, nations, groups, cultures, practices

1. cultures 2. practices

Identify the conclusions we can draw from the case about how tomatoes should be classified. (conclusions v.s. non-conclusions) 1. The Supreme Court classification of the tomato had important implications for how tomatoes were used. 2. The Supreme Court judged tomatoes to be a fruit because they have seeds. 3. Tomatoes have many different meanings and uses. 4. The Supreme Court ruling was based on how tomatoes were used by most people

1. non-conclusions 2. non-conclusions 3. conclusions 4. conclusions

Identify the conclusions we can draw from the Cecil the lion story. (conclusions v.s. non-conclusions) 1. Events like Cecil's killing will bring together all members of a country's population because of their shared cultural response. 2. Differences between the two sides were due to different rationalizations rather than different feelings. 3. Events like Cecil's killing will bring together many people due to their shared cultural values. 4. When trying to justify their arguments, people on both sides may draw on similar arguments.

1. non-conclusions 2. non-conclusions 3. conclusions 4. conclusions

Identify whether or not each group is a subculture. 1. a church choir 2. the anime and manga community 3. cults, such as the Branch Davidians or Heaven's Gate 4. political parties, such as Libertarians or Democrats

1. not a subculture 2. subculture 3. subculture 4. not a subculture

Culture comprises differences in groups' _____ ideas, practices, objects, and bodies. We learn about culture when we are young (or new to an area) in small ways every day. We are _____ into how far to stand from someone else, how to show appreciation for a good meal, and how to engage in "small talk." As a part of this process, we learn to communicate with one another through the use of _____ such as language and gestures word bank: told, cultural competency, plan out, socialized, social constructs, shared

1. shared 2. Socialized 3. social constructs

Match terms with their correct definitions: social constructs 1. things that stand for other things 2. subsets of things that we believe are sufficiently similar to one another to be considered the same 3. categories we see as opposites or otherwise in opposition 4. ideas that have nothing special in common except for the fact that they're connected by a third idea 5. ideas arranged into a specific chronological order 6. ideas placed into ranked relationships word bank: signifiers, categories, binaries, associations, sequences, hierarchies

1. signifiers 2. categories 3. binaries 4. associations 5. sequences 6. hierarchies

Match each term to the correct definition 1. an influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space 2. the lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures 3. able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease 4. differences in groups' shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas 5. the process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them word bank: social construct, social construction, culturally competent, socialization, culture

1. social construct 2. socialization 3. culturally competent 4. culture 5. social construction

Match the examples with the correct representation according to whether they are formal or informal and weak or strong. 1. college friend 2. college roommate 3. college professor 4. college classmate

1. strong informal 2. strong formal 3. weak formal 4. weak informal

The constellation of social constructs that are connected and opposed to one another in overlapping networks of meaning is known as _____. This system of meaning connects categories such as fruits, vegetables, and carbohydrates to _____ such as healthy and unhealthy foods. These binaries involve additional ideas about health, which then prompt food production companies to produce _____ such as "non-GMO" or "organic" in arbitrary ways. word bank: associations, the symbolic structure, culture, sequences, binaries, signifiers

1. the symbolic structure 2. binaries 3. signifiers

Identify each example as a characteristic of either settled times or unsettled times. 1. times in which cultural beliefs, norms, and values are changing rapidly 2. times in which we rely on social networks to help us decide how to act 3. times in which cultural beliefs, norms, and values are consistent and knowable 4. times in which we can operate on autopilot

1. unsettled 2. unsettled 3. settled 4. settled

What lesson can be learned about media socialization from the example of the Angulo siblings in New York City, six brothers and sister kept isolated by their parents? A. Movies did not prepare the siblings for the outside world. B. Movies helped the siblings move seamlessly in the outside world. C. Movies helped prepare the siblings for what to expect in the outside world, although there were still adjustments. D. Movies informed the siblings style of dress, but little else.

C.

What point does the author make about how the categories of legal and illegal drugs are social constructs? A. The difference between legal and illegal drugs is based primarily on their effects on the body, but with some exceptions. B. The classification of legal and illegal drugs is a social construct and therefore can change rapidly. C. The classification of which drugs are legal or illegal is out of habit rather than chemical or physiological standards. D. The classification of legal and illegal drugs has remained consistent over time and therefore is unlikely to change

C.

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture

Ethnocentrism (e.g. they were too critical, they were generous people)

When we travel to a new area of the world, we might experience culture shock, or the experience of losing our ______. We may not be able to ______ or understand what others expect of us

cultural competency, communicate

Humans today are the products of interactions between genetic and cultural evolution, according to _____

dual inheritance theory

a culture within a culture

subculture

The idea that we're socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong is known as the _____ thesis, whereas the idea that we're socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right or wrong is known as the _____ thesis.

1. culture-as-value 2. culture-as-rationale

Identify the true and false statements about social learning. 1. Social learning is one way humans are distinguishable from animals. 2. Through social learning, we acquire the accumulated knowledge of past generations. 3. Animals as well as humans have displayed the capacity of social learning. 4. Social learning is not taught, but learned through example.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False

Identify the true and false statements about socialization. 1. We can be socialized or resocialized by agents of socialization. 2. Our first source of socialization is schools. 3. Socialization must occur through face-to-face contact to have an influence on us. 4. When a new socialization agent is introduced, it must be similar to past socialization agents to be effective. 5. We learn to be culturally competent through socialization.

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True

Identify the true and false statements about social constructs. 1. Americans agree on the meaning of many social constructs. 2. Social constructs are always intangible, but have real consequences. 3. Only something that is unique to a particular culture can be a social construct. 4. The weekend is an example of a social construct.

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True

Research methods that investigate relationships between sociological variables and biological ones are known as _____ research methods. In studies using this approach, researchers collect such data as brain images alongside sociological experiences, such as dangerous work environments, to study how social constructs leave imprints on our _____. word bank: genetic, biosocial, interdisciplinary, bodies, socialization

1. biosocial 2. bodies

Identify the research questions that social network analysis can answer. 1. Are people who work for larger companies or organizations happier than those who work in smaller work settings? 2. Are people with relatively more strong ties happier than those with relatively more weak ties? 3. Do schools with fewer students have better test score outcomes? 4. Do churches with more ties to other churches have stronger member retention? 5. Does more gossip flow through environments characterized by close cliques connected weakly or looser groups that are more interconnected?

1. can't 2. can 3. can't 4. can 5. can

Match the social construct with the example 1. toddlers, teenagers, or babies 2. blanket and wicker basket representing a picnic 3. eat breakfast, then lunch, then dinner 4. steak dinner versus fast food 5. day and night 6. a stop sign word bank: signifiers, categories, binaries, associations, sequences, hierarchies

1. categories 2. associations 3. sequences 4. hierarchies 5. binaries 6. signifiers

Identify the conclusions we can draw about food differences between political conservatives and political liberals. (conclusions v.s. non-conclusions) 1. Individual differences became group differences as social ties began to adopt similar habits. 2. The food preferences were guided by political leaders at the top. 3. New differences could evolve over time. 4. There is something about the food items that indicate a more conservative or liberal ideology.

1. conclusions 2. non-conclusions 3. conclusions 4. non-conclusions

Through socialization, we learn ideas about what is true and false, known as _____ ; ideas about what is right or wrong, known as _____ ; and expectations for behavior, known as _____. word bank: cultural beliefs, cultural norms, cultural values

1. cultural beliefs 2. cultural values 3. cultural norms

Match each term to the correct example 1. the idea that dinner will comprise savory foods 2. eating from your own plate and not your dinner companions' 3. the reflex to use a fork and knife to cut a piece of meat 4. a fork word bank: cultural object, cultural cognition, cultural practice, cultural body

1. cultural cognition 2. cultural practice 3. cultural body 4. cultural object

Match terms with their correct definitions 1. differences in groups' shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas 2. the process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them 3. the lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures 4. an influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space 5. able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease word bank: culturally competent, social construct, social construction, socialization, culture

1. culture 2. social construction 3. socialization 4. social construct 5. culturally competent