Sociology Chapter 4
Societies that use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation
Hunting and gathering socieities
A social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
Achieved status
Societies that use the technology of large scale farming, including animal drawn or energy powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply.
Agrarian socieities
A social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual had little or no control, such as race, ethnicities, age, and gender
Ascribed status
How the various tasks of society are divided up and performed.
Division of labor
Erving Goffmans term for the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation
Dramaturgical analyis
The study of the common sense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.
Ethnomethodology
2) A majority of people who are counted as homeless live on the streets or in cars, abandoned buildings, or other places not intended for human habitation.
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5) Homeless people typically panhandle so that they can buy alcohol or drugs
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8) "Doubled up) populations (people who live with friends, family, or other no relatives for economic reasons) have decreased in recent years.
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Erving Goffmans term for the strategies people use to rescue their performance when they experience a potential or actual loss of face.
Face saving behavior
A highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals
Formal organization
A Traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
Gemeinschaft
A large urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long term commitment to the group or consensus on values
Gesellschaft
Societies based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food
Horticultural societies
Erving Goffmans term for peoples efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.
Impressions management (Presentation of self)
Societies based on technology that mechanizes production
Industrial societies
The most important status that a person occupies
Master status
Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is Minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
Mechanical solidarity
The transfer of information between persons without the use of words
Nonverbal communication
Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.
Organic solidarity
Societies based on technology that supports the domestication of large animals to provide food
Pastoral societies
The immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims is private
Personal Space
Societies in which technology supports a service and information based economy
Postindustrial societies
A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face to face, emotion based interactions over an extended period of time.
Primary group
A set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status
Role
A situation in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time
Role conlfit
A situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
Role exit
A groups or societies definition of the way that a specific role out to be played
Role expectation
How a person actually plays a role
Role performance
A condition that occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies
Role strain
A larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
Secondary group
a situation in which a false belief or prediction produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true
Self fulfilling prophecy
A playbook that actors use to guide their verbal replies and overall performance to achieve the desired goal of the conversation or fulfill the role they are playing.
Social Script
The process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience
Social construction of reality
A group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence
Social group
A set of organized beliefs and rules that established how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
Social institution
The process by which people act toward or respond to other people, the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.
Social interaction
The complex framework of social institutions that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on peoples behavior
Social structure
A Socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties
Status
All the statuses that a person occupies at a given time
Status Set
A material sign that informs others of a persons specific status.
Status symbol
1) Local, State, and Federal assistance to homeless people has shrunk in recent years.
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3) Many homeless people have full-time employment
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4) Homlessness is affected by both income and the affordability of available housing
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6) Shelters for the homeless consistently have clients who sleep on overflow cots, in chairs, in hallways, and in other nonstandard sleeping arrangements
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7) there have always been homeless people throughout the history of the united states
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