Sociology: Chapter 8

86. Cultural transmission theory emphasizes the impact of ________________ in gender identity acquisition. A. socialization B. self-esteem C. hormones D. gender-specific biology

A. socialization

50. The world average for the percentage of women in national parliaments is about A. 20 percent. B. 40 percent. C. 50 percent. D. 65 percent.

A. 20 percent.

40. __________________ emerge(s) as one enacts gender roles and as others react to those roles as being either male or female. A. Gender identity B. Primary sex characteristics C. Secondary sex characteristics D. Sexual fantasies

A. Gender identity

106.___________ is a system of social organization in which men have a disproportionate share of the power. A. Patriarchy B. Matriarchy C. Patrimonialism D. Geritocracy

A. Patriarchy

87. Cognitive-development theory emphasizes that A. children actively seek to acquire gender identities and roles. B. biologically driven intellect causes the development of gender roles. C. hormones produce gender differences. D. children are passive creatures programmed for behavior by adults.

A. children actively seek to acquire gender identities and roles.

101.The ________________ perspective argues that families are differentiated along instrumental and expressive lines, with males playing the instrumental roles and females playing expressive roles. A. functionalist B. feminist C. interactionist D. conflict

A. functionalist

91. According to the interactionist perspective, A. gender is socially constructed, and everyday sexist language helps to perpetuate sexual inequality. B. biological differences are at the root of gender differences. C. gender inequalities exist because production is valued over reproduction in U.S. society. D. it is beneficial for society that women raise children and do housework.

A. gender is socially constructed, and everyday sexist language helps to perpetuate sexual inequality.

104.A survey of the status of women in various areas of the United States showed that women in Washington, DC, A. had the highest earnings in the country but the worst overall health status. B. had the lowest earnings in the country and the worst overall health status. C. had the highest earnings in the country and the best overall health status. D. had the lowest earnings in the country but the best overall health status.

A. had the highest earnings in the country but the worst overall health status.

109.According to the _______________ perspective, gender inequality exists because of the way that men's and women's roles are defined in society. A. interactionist B. conflict C. feminist D. functionalist

A. interactionist

95. Time diary studies show that the total workloads (paid work, child care, and housework) of married mothers and fathers A. is about equal, with an average of 65 hours per week for mothers and 64 hours per week for fathers. B. is very unequal, with an average of 85 hours per week for mothers and 64 hours per week for fathers. C. is about equal, with an average of 45 hours per week for mothers and 44 hours per week for fathers. D. is very unequal, with an average of 65 hours per week for mothers and 85 hours per week for fathers.

A. is about equal, with an average of 65 hours per week for mothers and 64 hours per week for fathers.

45. According to the text, the key characteristic of a minority group is that A. it lacks power relative to the dominant group. B. it possesses distinguishable physical or cultural traits. C. its membership is involuntary. D. its members are endogamous.

A. it lacks power relative to the dominant group.

76. The cultural context in which rapes are more likely to occur include A. masculine patterns of discussion that treat women as objects of sexual desire. B. music, movies, and television shows that portray women and men as equal. C. a general cultural norm that empowers women. D. a college campus focused on academics and social activism.

A. masculine patterns of discussion that treat women as objects of sexual desire.

80. The "second wave" of women's movements, since the 1960s, has primarily focused on. A. social equality, including jobs and education. B. legal equality, such as ownership of property. C. the right to vote. D. free speech in the work place.

A. social equality, including jobs and education.

69. In the IWPR study ranking states on gender equality, what factors did researchers NOT consider? A. the number of women living in the state B. political participation by women in the state C. reproductive rights for women in the state D. social and economic autonomy for women in the state

A. the number of women living in the state

62. The invisible barriers that prevent women from occupational advancement are referred to as the A. "sticky floor" mechanism. B. "glass ceiling." C. dominant male syndrome. D. 9 to 5 problem.

B. "glass ceiling."

63. On average, women employed fulltime earn about __________ for each dollar earned by males. A. 40 cents B. 80 cents C. 90 cents D. a dollar

B. 80 cents

93. Which of the following best summarizes research findings on state supreme court rulings? A. Female judges voted the same as male judges, but male judges voted differently when there was at least one female judge among their ranks. B. Female judges voted differently from male judges, and male judges voted differently when there was at least one female judge among their ranks. C.Female and male judges tended to vote the same way, but female judges were often intimidated by male judges into doing so. D. Male judges' votes seemed not be affected by the presence or absence of female judges among their ranks.

B. Female judges voted differently from male judges, and male judges voted differently when there was at least one female judge among their ranks.

98. ____________ refers to the sociocultural distinction between males and females, while __________ refers to whether one is genetically male or female. A. Sex; gender B. Gender; sex C. Androgyny; sex D. Gendered identification; sexuality

B. Gender; sex

66. How do race and ethnicity interact with gender with regards to earnings? A. Race and ethnicity have no effect on earnings. B. Hispanic and African American women earn less than white women, and they all earn less than white men. C. Hispanic and African American women earn more than white women, but they all earn less than white men. D. Neither race, ethnicity, nor gender affects earnings.

B. Hispanic and African American women earn less than white women, and they all earn less than white men.

64. According to the text's discussion of gender-based disparities in pay, which of the following is NOT true? A. Women are less likely than men to work fulltime. B. Jobs that are occupied by women pay more than jobs that are occupied by men. C. The wage gap has been closing over the past several decades. D. Men earn more, on average, than women do at every level of education.

B. Jobs that are occupied by women pay more than jobs that are occupied by men.

35. _________ identifies if one is genetically male or female. A. Gender B. Sex C. Gender identity D. Differentiation

B. Sex

37. _________ is biologically determined; __________ is a socially constructed framework created by human beings. A. Sex; sex identity B. Sex; gender C. Gender; sex D. Sexism; genderism

B. Sex; gender

78. Rapes of college students are most likely to take place A. after midnight, off campus, with the rapist being a stranger. B. after midnight, off campus, with the rapist being a classmate, friend, or boyfriend. C. after midnight, in a dorm room, with the rapist being a stranger. D. after midnight, in a dark alley, with the rapist being a stranger.

B. after midnight, off campus, with the rapist being a classmate, friend, or boyfriend.

107.According to the discussion in the text, _____________ theory argues that the acquisition of gender identities and behaviors is the product of a gradual process of learning that begins in infancy. A. classical conditioning B. cultural transmission C. cognitive development D. self construal

B. cultural transmission

56. Which of the following occupations has the smallest percentage of women in it? A. nurse B. firefighter C. lawyer D. teacher

B. firefighter

38. The conception of one's self as being male or female is called A. sex characteristics. B. gender identity. C. adolescence. D. rite of passage.

B. gender identity.

33. Cultural expectations that define how members of each sex should behave are called A. behavioral roles. B. gender roles. C. family roles. D. gender identities.

B. gender roles.

108.Sociologists have suggested that two factors, _______________________, combine to powerfully influence the prevalence of rape and sexual aggression on college campuses and elsewhere. A. loose morals and lack of surveillance B. inequality culture of masculinity and gender inequality C. culture of masculinity and lack of surveillance D. loose morals and women's psychological problems

B. inequality culture of masculinity and gender inequality

88. According to Parsons and Bales, men specialize in _______________ tasks. A. expressive B. instrumental C. industrial D. automotive

B. instrumental

42. At the institutional level, sexism A. is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another. B. involves policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women. C. involves policies, procedures, and practices designed to produce equal outcomes for men and women. D. assumes men and women are naturally suited to similar occupational roles.

B. involves policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women.

90. Conflict theory suggests that gender inequality exists because A. it ultimately benefits women. B. it benefits men. C. gender inequality arises from the many biological differences between men and women D. of hormonal differences between men and women, giving men more power.

B. it benefits men.

81. Hyde's review of research found that gender differences were very small in A. frequency of masturbation. B. mathematics and reading abilities. C. physical aggression. D. ball throwing abilities.

B. mathematics and reading abilities.

34. An analysis of more than 100 G-rated movies released between 1990 and 2005 showed that A. most of the speaking character roles are female. B. most of the speaking character roles are male. C. the character roles are evenly divided between males and females. D. the character roles are primarily cartoon animals, so you can't tell if they are female or male.

B. most of the speaking character roles are male.

99. Gender _________ are cultural expectations that define how males and females should behave, and gender _________ are the conceptions we have of ourselves as being male or female. A. images; values B. roles; identities C. attitudes; norms D. routines; cognitions

B. roles; identities

68. The unequal involvement of working mothers and wives in household work has come to be labeled the A. glass ceiling. B. second shift. C. sexist family structure. D. patriarchal nemesis.

B. second shift.

57. Susan Cross and Laura Madson used _________ to explain gender differences in the United States. A. self-efficacy B. self-construal C. self-observation D. self-esteem

B. self-construal

49. Which of the following is not a contributing factor to the millions of women who are missing from the world's population? A. sex-selective abortions B. sex-linked genetic health problems C. neglect of female infants D. more food and better health care for men and boys

B. sex-linked genetic health problems

72. Unsolicited flirtation, propositions, and degrading comments about an employee's appearance are all considered examples of __________________ by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. A. symbolic sexism B. sexual harassment C. institutional sexism D. corporate sexism

B. sexual harassment

70. Maternity benefits for working women are worst in A. China. B. the United States. C. Congo. D. Gabon.

B. the United States.

61. The "sticky floor" is a metaphor used for A. the problems women have being promoted to top executive positions. B. the occupational frustrations experienced by working women stuck in low-paying, dead-end jobs. C. the attachment of women in America to their housekeeping duties. D. the sad fact that most floors in the United States are cleaned by women.

B. the occupational frustrations experienced by working women stuck in low-paying, dead-end jobs

85. Individuals who have normal sexual organs but psychologically feel like members of the opposite sex are called A. hermaphrodites. B. transsexuals. C. homosexuals. D. heterosexuals.

B. transsexuals.

83. George P. Murdock's cross-cultural study of gender roles found A. surprising similarity in gender roles. B. vast differences in gender roles. C. some small differences in gender roles. D. gender role expectations very similar to those in the United States.

B. vast differences in gender roles.

103.Which of the following describes most accurately disparities in earnings? A. Men's earnings have increased steadily since the 1970s, but women's earnings have increased more rapidly, narrowing the wage gap. B.Men's earnings have remained much the same since the 1970s, while women's have increased slowly, narrowing the wage gap. C.Men's earnings have increased steadily since the 1970s, but women's earnings have stayed the same, widening the wage gap. D.Men's earnings have remained much the same since the 1970s, while women's have decreased slowly, widening the wage gap.

B.Men's earnings have remained much the same since the 1970s, while women's have increased

102.When anthropologists surveyed 224 societies to see how labor was divided between the sexes, they found that A.in most societies, it was women who did the hunting and trapping, while men took care of cooking and basket weaving. B.in most societies, either women were entirely responsible for bearing burdens or men and women shared the responsibility. C. men were responsible for preparing soil and doing the planting in most of the societies. D. women were responsible for fishing, cooking, and herding in most of the societies.

B.in most societies, either women were entirely responsible for bearing burdens or men and women shared the responsibility.

59. The increase in female employment has come largely through A. the "sticky floor" evolution. B.the displacement of men by women in some low-paying categories and through rapid expansion of "pink-collar" occupations. C. a reduction in obstacles discovered in the "glass ceiling." D. changes in male attitudes toward the "working woman."

B.the displacement of men by women in some low-paying categories and through rapid expansion

55. In the United States, about __________ percent of married women 16 and older are now in the paid labor force. A. 20 B. 35 C. 60 D. 90

C. 60

39. _______________ have enormous consequences for the behavior of most people and influence a wide range of human activities, including how we speak, dress, walk, engage in courtship, and choose a career. A. Status sets B. Differentiation rituals C. Gender roles D. Rites of passage

C. Gender roles

65. What do sociological studies show about wage disparities? A. Women typically have less education than men and thus are paid less. B.Once you account for experience, training, education, personal characteristics, and college major, the wage gap disappears. C. Once you account for experience, training, education, personal characteristics, and college major, you find that women still earn less than men. D. Women typically have more education than men and thus are paid more.

C. Once you account for experience, training, education, personal characteristics, and college major, you find that women still earn less than men.

53. Which of the following accurately describes social inequalities in American politics? A. More than 40 percent of the members of Congress are women. B. Nearly all the states have had a female governor at one time or another. C. The United States has a smaller percentage of female legislators than many other countries. D. About half the states have never had a woman elected to either the Senate or the House.

C. The United States has a smaller percentage of female legislators than many other countries.

92. What do labor-force participation data show? A. The United States has a smaller proportion of women in its workforce than any other country. B. The United States has a larger proportion of women in its workforce than any other country. C. The proportion of U.S. women in the workforce is not the highest in the world, but neither is it the lowest. D. The proportion of women in the U.S. workforce has increased steadily since 1775.

C. The proportion of U.S. women in the workforce is not the highest in the world, but neither is it the lowest.

84. In looking at cognition, motivation, emoting, and social behavior, Susan Cross and Laura Madson found that A. Men and women are about the same in terms of expressing emotions. B. Men are more willing to express most emotions, while women are more willing to express sympathy. C. Women are more willing to express most emotions, while men are more willing to express anger. D. Most women are very reluctant to express any emotions, while men feel that it is just part of the job.

C. Women are more willing to express most emotions, while men are more willing to express anger.

47. _____________ is NOT considered a patriarchal element of society. A. Women and children taking the last name of the husband and father B. Women being responsible for most household chores and childcare C. Women having the right to vote, sign contracts, and get credit D. Men having more social, economic, and political power than women

C. Women having the right to vote, sign contracts, and get credit

54. Married women's labor-force participation in the United States over the past 200 years is represented by A. exponential growth. B. a gradually declining curve. C. a U-shaped curve. D. arithmetic growth.

C. a U-shaped curve.

77. In studies of college campuses, low rates of rape were associated with A. campuses where females were heavily dominant. B. attitudes in which sexual assertiveness was a symbol of masculinity. C. a culture of masculinity that was not strong and where sexual assault was severely punished. D. strictly enforced visitation policies in dormitories.

C. a culture of masculinity that was not strong and where sexual assault was severely punished.

52. Women in the younger-generation today A. still make marriage and family the primary organizing force in their lives. B. continue to marry at about the same time in their lives as the previous generation. C. are more likely to delay marriage and childbearing than the previous generation. D. marry at about the same time, but delay childbearing to a later time than the previous generation.

C. are more likely to delay marriage and childbearing than the previous generation.

36. The sociocultural distinction between males and females is called A. sex. B. sexual identity. C. gender. D. sex object preference.

C. gender.

96. Women's labor force participation has increased dramatically since 1950, and what used to be sex-segregated occupations are now A. no longer segregated by sex. B. still segregated by sex but in a new way, with mostly women in occupations that used to be thought of as "male" (lawyers, physicians, construction workers) and mostly men in occupations that used to be thought of as "female" (nurse, secretary, teacher). C. largely still segregated by sex, as they have been for decades. D. mostly no longer occupations, having been replaced by computers and other technology.

C. largely still segregated by sex, as they have been for decades.

79. Cross-national research shows that the "first wave" of women's movements, occurring from 1800 to 1950, focused primarily on A. social equality. B. jobs and education. C. legal equality, such as the right to vote. D. free speech.

C. legal equality, such as the right to vote.

48. The findings from 194 nations in the U.S. State Department's human rights report in 2009 showed that A. domestic violence against women is not a serious problem in most of these countries. B.in Ghana, Bangladesh, and other countries, law enforcement is effective in controlling the trafficking of women and children for the sex trade. C. many countries still have underage prostitution, sex tourism, and the sexual abuse of children. D. although women are still victimized, children are now fully protected by the law.

C. many countries still have underage prostitution, sex tourism, and the sexual abuse of children.

94. Research shows that over the past 40 years, fathers have doubled the amount of time they devote to housework and tripled the time devoted to child care, and that now A. fathers' and mothers' involvement in housework and child care is about equal. B. fathers now do more housework but less child care than mothers do. C. mothers do more housework and engage in more child care than fathers do. D. fathers do more child care and more housework than mothers do.

C. mothers do more housework and engage in more child care than fathers do.

58. Women have gained ground in achieving higher pay for their work primarily by A. working harder than men at the same jobs. B. asking for bonuses in return for sexual favors. C. moving into higher-paying fields traditionally dominated by men. D. gaining supervisory positions that allowed them to decrease the pay for male workers.

C. moving into higher-paying fields traditionally dominated by men.

43. The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is A. oligarchy. B. monarchy. C. patriarchy. D. symbolic sexism.

C. patriarchy.

73. Unwelcome sexual attention that adds to a "hostile working environment" is considered _______________ by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. A. symbolic sexism B. institutional sexism C. sexual harassment D. outside the realm of sexual harassment

C. sexual harassment

105.Which of the following countries has never had a female president or prime minister? A. Great Britain B. Canada C. the United States D. India

C. the United States

89. Parsons and Bales argued that A. women should be instrumental leaders in the family. B. men should be expressive leaders in the family. C.it was functional and beneficial for the society if males played instrumental roles and females played expressive roles. D. both men and women should play both instrumental and expressive roles.

C.it was functional and beneficial for the society if males played instrumental roles and females played expressive roles.

44. Which characteristic of minorities do women fail to illustrate? A. Minorities encounter prejudice and discrimination. B. Minorities possess distinguishable physical or cultural traits. C. Membership in a minority group is involuntary. D. Minorities are endogamous.

D. Minorities are endogamous.

71. A three-year study of a large company with family-friendly policies, conducted by Arlie Russell Hochschild, showed that A. many companies in America now encourage employees to have children. B. executives are finally demanding fewer hours of work from employees who need time off for their families. C. a single standard of work hours is in place for men and women on the work force. D. a gap exists between the concept and practice of so-called family-friendly policies.

D. a gap exists between the concept and practice of so-called family-friendly policies.

74. Sexual harassment A. is a concept limited to the work place. B. is a concept limited to schools and universities. C. includes problems encountered in schools and the work place. D. applies only to female employees.

D. applies only to female employees.

51. Until the 20th century, English and American common law viewed women as "incorporated and consolidated" with their husbands. This was referred to as " ___________ death." A. certain B. domestic C. legal D. civil

D. civil

97. According to ___________ theory, children come to think of themselves as boys or girls before they are 3 years old and subsequently adopt behaviors consistent with this newly discovered status through a process of self-socialization. A. cultural transmission theory B. self-construal theory C. self-socialization theory D. cognitive development theory

D. cognitive development theory

67. Women who have children A. have a significant career advantage due to attitudes about the "responsible mother." B. gain significant ground career-wise when they have children because of a higher pay scale assigned to mothers. C. gain quicker access to the "fast track" in the work world. D. encounter a significant career disadvantage.

D. encounter a significant career disadvantage.

41. At the individual level, sexism A. is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another. B. assumes that inherent biological characteristics make both sexes naturally suited to similar roles. C. assumes that social factors produce the differences between the sexes in power, status, and income. D. is the belief that one sex is superior to the other.

D. is the belief that one sex is superior to the other.

32. The state, the law, politics, religion, higher education, and the economy are institutions historically and currently dominated by A. men and women equally. B. men in the political sector and women in the educational sector. C. women. D. men.

D. men

82. Biological differences between males and females do NOT include A. responses to drugs. B. susceptibility to many illnesses. C. the ability to ovulate. D. moral reasoning and orientation.

D. moral reasoning and orientation.

75. Studies of rapists show that A. most rapists are socially dysfunctional. B. most rapists are psychologically disturbed. C. most rapists are sexually inadequate. D. most rapists are not socially dysfunctional, psychologically disturbed, or sexually inadequate.

D. most rapists are not socially dysfunctional, psychologically disturbed, or sexually inadequate.

46. In many modern societies, A. patriarchy has been replaced by matriarchy. B. patriarchy has been replaced by a system in which males and females have equal power. C. women and children almost never take the last name of the husband and father. D. patriarchal elements persist.

D. patriarchal elements persist.

100.Studies of rape show that most women who are forced to engage in sexual activity against their will (i.e., raped) are forced by A. a total stranger. B. someone they have seen but never spoken to. C. a gang or organized crime member. D. someone they know well or someone with whom they have an intimate relationship.

D. someone they know well or someone with whom they have an intimate relationship.

60. The "glass ceiling" refers to A. women having to provide sex in the workplace to get promotions. B. the problems women have finding adequate daycare. C. the problems women have reconciling their husband's demands and the demands of the job. D. the problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.

D. the problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.