Sociology Chapter 9

Which kind of thinkers would say that being feminine may mean different things at various places and points in history? a. conflict theorists b. constructionists c. essentialists d. functional theorists

b. Constructionists

Jason and his sister Sara have weekly chores. Jason helps his father mow the lawn and takes out the garbage. His sister helps their mother set the table and do the dishes. This division of household chores is a form of __________.

gender role socialization

Juan is a manager at a local clothing store. Juan is very task-oriented and always wants to make sure the job is done correctly. Juan is fulfilling which role? a. an expressive role b. an emotional role c. a gender role d. an instrumental role

d. an instrumental role

Which type of theorist is most likely to explore the ways in which registered nurses display their gender roles on the job?

symbolic interactionist

feminization of poverty

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care

human sexual dimorphism

the extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes

bisexuality

sexual attraction to people of both genders; bisexuals are sexually attracted to both males and females

heterosexuality

sexual desire for the other gender

transgendered

term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories

sexual orientation or sexual identity

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders.

gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media

third wave

the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety of identities women can possess

Consider the major theoretical perspectives explored throughout the text. Which type of theorist might explore the idea that occupations traditionally held by men earn more money than those held by women, with the result being that men tend to be more financially successful and powerful?

Conflict Theorist

The chromosomes or sex characteristics of intersex individuals are sometimes not exclusively male or female--true or false?

True

sexuality

the character or quality of being sexual

suffrage movement

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

Keisha works a full-time job, as does her husband. When she comes home from work, she is also expected to prepare meals for her family, clean the house, and take care of the children. Arlie Hochschild would call this an example of __________.

the second shift

Logan just learned how to read and his favorite books are about princesses and unicorns. His dad refuses to check these kinds of books out from the library for him, saying "Those are books for girls, not boys." In sociological terms, this is an example of __________.

gender role socialization

transsexuals

individuals who identify with the other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image

asexuality

involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest in or desire for sex

civil unions

proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage.

Sociologists consider _______ to be biological whereas ________ is cultural or social.

sex; gender

queer theory

social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity.

patriarchy

Literally "rule of the father"; a social system of male dominance.

Allison has grown increasingly weary of participating in the social life on her college campus because there is intense pressure to drink excessive amounts of alcohol, go to fraternity parties, and hook up with other partygoers. She knows of several classmates who have been sexually assaulted and feels that this is not taken seriously at her college. Allison's observations suggest that her campus has a __________.

Rape Culture

male liberationism

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity

Which of the following is an example of gender role socialization in schools? a. Girls tend to earn higher grades than boys in elementary school, but their achievements are often discounted. b. Girls tend to start outperforming boys once they reach middle school, because they start to feel more comfortable competing academically with boys. c. Girls receive more attention than boys and are more likely to be punished for misbehavior. d. Most principals and school administrators are women, and this social structure reinforces gender stereotypes.

a. Girls tend to earn higher grades than boys in elementary school, but their achievements are often discounted.

When is the gender pay gap between college-educated men and women most narrow? a. Just after workers graduate from college b. When workers are near retirement age c. When workers are in their late twenties and early thirties d. When workers are in their late thirties to early forties.

a. just after workers graduate from college

Mary is a feminist activist who is advocating for a new law against "marriage bars," which are company policies that prohibit hiring married women and retaining female employees who get married. Mary is most likely a member of which wave of feminism? a. second b. first c. third d. fourth

a. second

Lamar believes that there are certain social roles better suited for men and others better suited for women. For instance, he is a firm believer that his wife should be the person who sends birthday cards to family members. Lamar's perspective aligns with __________. a. symbolic interactionism b. structural functionalism c. labeling theory d. feminist theory

a. structural functionalism

sex

an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories—male or female.

gender identity

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender

The text notes that in 2017, women earned 57 percent of bachelor's degrees and the majority of master's and doctorate degrees. Despite this, men consistently outearn women. Does this discrepancy contribute to the feminization of poverty? a. No, because women are afforded an equal opportunity to get ahead using their education. b. Yes, because it maintains the gendered gap in wages. c. Yes, because the main cause of poverty is the lack of a college degree d. No, because education has nothing to do with poverty.

b. Yes, because it maintains the gendered gap in wages.

Adding the "Q" to the acronym LGBT is intended to __________. a. put a finite label on nonconforming sexual identities b. encompass a wider range of gender and sexual diversity c. promote heteronormativity d. include the pro-feminist men's movement

b. encompass a wider range of gender and sexual diversity

Sheila watches her mother wash the dishes every night. In this way, she learns that washing dishes is a task done by women. This exemplifies a. instrumental role development b. gender role socialization c. peer group interaction d. parental role differentiation

b. gender role socialization

Which theoretical perspective generally believes that there are still social roles better suited to one gender than the other? a. conflict theory b. structural functionalism c. labeling theory d. symbolic interactionism

b. structural functionalism

Alex was classified as female at birth but later transitioned into his current identity as a man. He has faced some difficulty in his personal and professional lives from people who seem unsettled and alarmed by his gender identity and treat him differently for that reason. Alex is facing the challenge of __________. a. trans-sexism b. transphobia c. homophobia d. patriarchal attitudes

b. transphobia

feminism

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief

How has the Kinsey Scale of Sexuality helped us to better understand sexual orientation? a. It supports the idea that human sexuality is static and remains fixed and unchanging over one's lifetime. b. It supports the idea that the majority of people are exclusively homosexual or heterosexual, and that only a tiny subset are not exclusively either one or the other. c. It supports the idea that human sexuality exists as a highly diverse continuum over the lifetime of any individual. d. It supports the idea that basic, fundamental categories of sexuality explain the experiences of most individuals.

c. It supports the idea that human sexuality exists as a highly diverse continuum over the lifetime of any individual.

Andrew is a man who feels that it's not manly to ever admit that he needs help because that would mean he is weak and needy. He self-medicates with alcohol and drugs to deal with his undiagnosed anxiety disorder. Andrew's situation best exemplifies __________. a. patriarchy b. gendered privilege c. toxic masculinity d. heterosexism

c. Toxic Masculinity

Helena is a manager in a corporate office and sometimes feels that employees see her differently than the male managers in the company. For example, she was once called to the human resources (HR) office because one of her employees reported that she was too bossy in team meetings. Both Helena and the HR officer thought this had more to do with Helena's gender than her behavior as a supervisor. This is an example of a __________. a. cisgenderism b. feminization c. toxic masculinity d. microagression

d. microagression

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the four main sources of gender role socialization? a. media b. schools c. peers d. religion e. family

d. religion

"Gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives. Gender is something we 'do' on a daily basis." This statement most likely comes from which perspective? a. conflict theory b. structural functionalism c. feminist theory d. symbolic interactionism

d. symbolic Interactionism

homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior

The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group consider normal for its male and female members refer to a. sex. b. gender. c. sexual orientation. d. the functionalist theory of gender.

gender

second shift

the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor

__________ believe gender roles have a genetic origin and therefore cannot be changed.

Essentialists

Gender tends to shape our experiences in the workplace but has little impact on our experiences with health—true or false?

False

Rape culture, a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women, is unique to college campuses. True or false?

False

Sociologists believe that sex and gender are essentially the same thing—true or false?

False

Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theorist might explore the ways in which instrumental and expressive roles are fulfilled in relationships thereby ensuring cohesion within those relationships?

Structural functionalist

How are the terms "gender" and "sex" different?

The term "sex" refers to the biological differences between males and females, whereas the term "gender" refers to the socially constructed behavior of men and women.

Male domination, or patriarchy, can be traced back to biological differences (particularly differences in physical strength) between men and women—true or false?

True

Society currently recognizes several sexual identities or orientations. These identities are based on a two-category gender system—true or false?

True

Cris was born male but always identified as female. After college, she opted to have sex reassignment surgery so her body would fit her self-image. Cris's change makes it possible for her to __________.

align her gender expression with her gender identity

men's rights movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

pro-feminist men's movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women

intersexed

term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female

first wave

the earliest period of feminist activism, from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920

second wave

the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

expressive role

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing

instrumental role

the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure

homosexuality

the tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender

essentialists

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

constructionists

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many