Sociology-Chapter 9

Which sociologist argued that a capitalist society produces conflict between factory owners and factory workers?

Karl Marx

Which sociologist looked at class from the perspective of life chances?

Max Weber

Which sociologist argues that position in the class system is more powerful than race when determining blacks' access to privilege and power?

William Julius Wilson

Mary lost her job when the factory where she worked relocated to Mexico. She and her two children are living in a cardboard box in a back alley in downtown Detroit. She scrounges through trash cans and begs for handouts to feed herself and her children. This illustrates

absolute poverty.

The nature and extent of inequality in a society is most affected by which of the following factors?

balance of power

The concept of "conspicuous consumption" refers to

buying things to make a statement about social status.

What type of capital consists of habits, interpersonal skills, educational credentials, and personal choices such as fashion?

cultural capital

The process by which investment in the nation's manufacturing capacity decreased is referred to as

deindustrialization.

The poverty line is a measure of scarcity that has been calculated by multiplying a minimal food budget by a factor of three. Presently, it would be more realistic to multiply a minimal food budget by a factor of

five.

One characteristic of children in the middle-class system is that they

have very little time for unstructured play or to enjoy just being with their family.

Which of the following terms refers to earnings from work or to the value of investments less outstanding debts?

income

College professors, plumbers, bank presidents, and welders together illustrate the variance of

individual members of the middle-class system.

The existence of an economic gap between industrialized countries and the developing world rooted in differences in cultural values is described by

modernization theory.

The concept of neocolonialism refers to the process by which

multinational corporations dominate the economy of a poor country.

The ideology of beliefs that justifies inequality includes all the following except the belief that

people have the power to change the system.

The practice of levying higher tax rates on higher incomes is called

progressive taxation.

When jobs are plentiful, there is greater opportunity to move up in the class system. However, as factories have relocated to other countries, the job market has shrunk and there is less upward mobility for all classes. This illustrates the __________ shape of structural mobility.

pyramid

The concept of "equal outcomes" means that the government

raises wages for low-income positions and increases taxes on higher-income earners.

Joanne's employment status varies. She is sporadically and briefly employed and depends on long-term public assistance. She is a part of the

underclass

Which of the following is a major contributing factor to physical illness for all classes?

work stress