Sociology
________ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom.
Conflict Theory
Which theory suggests that crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?
Conflict theory
Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?
Deviance can help society clarify its moral boundaries: what is right and wrong.Promote social cohesion(functionalists value this): people can be brought together in the face of crime or other violations.
_____ suggests that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant
Differential association theory.
What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?
Social inequality
What terms describes the divisions of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy
Social stratification
What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?
Structural Mobility
What do sociologists call it when an individual changes their career but remains within the same social class?
horizontal social mobility
According to Pierre Bourdieu, ____is the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over
social reproduction
Observers determine someone's socioeconomic status when meeting them for the first time by their
speech and gestures
Most Americans claim they
Middle class
what is a society called if a social mobility is highly restricted by formal or informal rules like those of a caste system
a closed system.
Sociologist call the awareness of our own and other's class statuses
class consciousness
what do we call norm violations that are codified into the law
crimes
In the United States, the ________ is made up of legislatures, the police, courts, and prisons.
criminal justice system
Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, an addiction, or a mental illness.
departure from the norm
According to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter the MOST in a capitalist systems are
economic relations
What does Karl Marx call it when individuals fail to see the ways they are oppressed by the social system in which they live?
false consciousness
________ is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit.
meritocracy
What is the movement called that encourages people to work less, consume less, and generally "downshift" their lifestyles?
simplicity mobility
________ is a system of stratification commonly used in modern capitalist societies.
social class
The school of social though that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions is called
symbolic interactionism
Which is true of social mobility in a caste system?
there is little or no chance of a person changing their position in the social hierarchy.