Sociology

________ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom.

Conflict Theory

Which theory suggests that crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?

Conflict theory

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

Deviance can help society clarify its moral boundaries: what is right and wrong.Promote social cohesion(functionalists value this): people can be brought together in the face of crime or other violations.

_____ suggests that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant

Differential association theory.

What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?

Social inequality

What terms describes the divisions of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

Social stratification

What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?

Structural Mobility

What do sociologists call it when an individual changes their career but remains within the same social class?

horizontal social mobility

According to Pierre Bourdieu, ____is the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over

social reproduction

Observers determine someone's socioeconomic status when meeting them for the first time by their

speech and gestures

Most Americans claim they

Middle class

what is a society called if a social mobility is highly restricted by formal or informal rules like those of a caste system

a closed system.

Sociologist call the awareness of our own and other's class statuses

class consciousness

what do we call norm violations that are codified into the law

crimes

In the United States, the ________ is made up of legislatures, the police, courts, and prisons.

criminal justice system

Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, an addiction, or a mental illness.

departure from the norm

According to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter the MOST in a capitalist systems are

economic relations

What does Karl Marx call it when individuals fail to see the ways they are oppressed by the social system in which they live?

false consciousness

________ is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit.

meritocracy

What is the movement called that encourages people to work less, consume less, and generally "downshift" their lifestyles?

simplicity mobility

________ is a system of stratification commonly used in modern capitalist societies.

social class

The school of social though that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions is called

symbolic interactionism

Which is true of social mobility in a caste system?

there is little or no chance of a person changing their position in the social hierarchy.