Sociology Exam #2

Social networks function equally well for members of all social classes. True or False

False

The most frequent form of child maltreatment is sexual abuse. True or False

False

Who among the following is most likely to believe that groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and deathlessness in social relationships because employee interactions with customers are largely scripted and customer behavior and responses are often tried-and-tested ways of dealing with employees?

A Postmodernist

Which of the following refers to a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution?

A Total Institution

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of

A self-fulfilling prophecy

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by

A shared dependence established through division of labor

Which of the following terms refers to a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort?

Achieved status

A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school's basketball team, reads articles about the world's best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This scenario best illustrates

Anticipatory Socialization

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n)

Bureaucracy

Recent research indicates that women athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of role

Conflict

Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people?

Conflict Theorists

Many clubs have "Members Only" signs to indicate that the organization does not welcome outsiders within club walls. Members of such clubs develop an awareness that they share important commonalities with other members. This awareness is called

Consciousness of Kind

The most important aspects of racial identity and attitudes toward other racial-ethnic groups must be taught directly and intentionally; these beliefs cannot be transmitted in subtle or unconscious ways. True or False

False

Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show

Deference

A person's gender is the most significant predictor of whether that person will participate in mainstream normative organizations. True or False

False

Carol Gilligan supported Kohlberg's model of moral development because it took into account the effects of gender on social and moral development. True or False

False

Pastoral societies are based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food. True or False

False

The relative size of a group is the number of members the group actually has, and the absolute size is the number of potential members. True or False

False

Unlike secondary groups, primary groups are large groups in which members engage in goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. True or False

False

Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?

Functionalists

Sean and Amy are the parents of two young children, a boy and a girl. They adopt different parenting approaches for their son and daughter. They engage in rough play with their son, whereas they only engage in nonphysical activities with their daughter. They also give their son more freedom. This scenario exemplifies the concept of

Gender Socialization

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies

Goal Displacement

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. This scenario exemplifies

Groupthink

Alex was imprisoned for four years for arson. On the day he was taken into custody, he had to go through a degradation ceremony in which he was asked to strip, was searched by the prison guards, and was asked to wear the inmate uniform. Over time, the prison guards encouraged him to conform to institutional norms through a system of rewards and punishment. By the time Alex's prison sentence was over, he was rehabilitated. This scenario exemplifies

Involuntary Resocialization

Which of the following is a criticism of Weber's ideal-type analysis of bureaucracies?

It largely failed to take into account the informal side of bureaucracy

Which of the following is composed of large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means (such as radio, television, film, and the Internet) to communicate with large numbers of people, to inform people about events, and to provide an array of viewpoints on current issues?

Mass Media

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence?

Organic Solidarity

Sean is a member of The Artists, a theater club in his college. Despite performing well, his club has lost many theater competitions to Rendezvous, a rival theater club. As a result, Sean feels hostile toward the members of Rendezvous. In this context, Rendezvous is an example of a(n)

Outgroup

George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n)

Primary Group

Which of the following includes our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups?

Primary Groups

Henry, the father of a 15-year-old boy, recently noticed that his choice of music is being influenced by that of his son. Henry and his son often have long discussions about pop culture and his son's preferences in music. As a result, Henry has started listening to rock music, which his son introduced to him. This is an example of

Reciprocal Socialization

Which of the following occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity?

Role Exit

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley referred to a large, specialized group in which members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time as a(n)

Secondary Group

In the "nature-versus-nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to

Social Influence

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of

Social Institutions

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of

Statuses

Who among the following managers is most likely an authoritarian leader?

Steve, who makes all major group decisions without asking for inputs from his team members and demands their compliance

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is

Stigma

Which theorists emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept?

Symbolic Interactionists

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I am good at soccer"?

The Active Self

Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. Which perspective on socialization and society does this statement reflect?

The Functionalist Perspective

In the context of George Herbert Mead's stages of self-development, children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others and of the larger society in

The Game Stage

Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power?

The Iron Law of Oligarchy

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I believe in world peace"?

The psychological self

Which of the following perspectives on socialization asserts that we cannot form a sense of self without intense social contact with others?

The symbolic interactionist perspective

Which of the following statements is true of laissez-faire leaders?

They are minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?

To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members

According to German political sociologist Robert Michel's, all organizations encounter the iron law of oligarchy. True or False

True

Denver is a lawyer, a son, a husband, a part-time writer, and a citizen of the United States. All these positions make up his status set. True or False

True

Functionalists emphasize the importance of families in providing emotional support and social experience to children, whereas conflict theorists emphasize how socialization through families contributes to false consciousness and reproduces inequalities in the class structure. True or False

True

It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group. True or False

True

It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group? True or False

True

Milgram's study provides evidence that obedience to authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe. True or False

True

People voluntarily become members of utilitarian organizations. True or False

True

Roles are relational and are defined in the context of roles performed by others. For example, for an individual to perform the role of a mother, she must have one or more children. True or False

True

Statuses depend on the specific people occupying them, and the expectations attached to these positions vary over time. True or False

True

Wanda is a student who works as a part-time waitress at a local restaurant. She is embarrassed about having to wait tables, so she tries to make it clear to the customers that she is not interested in the job and is working at the restaurant merely to make some money until she graduates. In this case, Wanda is engaging in role distancing. True or False

True

Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, he will have to maintain silence for eight hours a day, and he will have to fast on a regular basis. In this case, Joe will experience

Voluntary Resocialization