Sociology Exam #2
Social networks function equally well for members of all social classes. True or False
False
The most frequent form of child maltreatment is sexual abuse. True or False
False
Who among the following is most likely to believe that groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and deathlessness in social relationships because employee interactions with customers are largely scripted and customer behavior and responses are often tried-and-tested ways of dealing with employees?
A Postmodernist
Which of the following refers to a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution?
A Total Institution
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of
A self-fulfilling prophecy
According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by
A shared dependence established through division of labor
Which of the following terms refers to a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort?
Achieved status
A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school's basketball team, reads articles about the world's best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This scenario best illustrates
Anticipatory Socialization
An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n)
Bureaucracy
Recent research indicates that women athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of role
Conflict
Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people?
Conflict Theorists
Many clubs have "Members Only" signs to indicate that the organization does not welcome outsiders within club walls. Members of such clubs develop an awareness that they share important commonalities with other members. This awareness is called
Consciousness of Kind
The most important aspects of racial identity and attitudes toward other racial-ethnic groups must be taught directly and intentionally; these beliefs cannot be transmitted in subtle or unconscious ways. True or False
False
Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show
Deference
A person's gender is the most significant predictor of whether that person will participate in mainstream normative organizations. True or False
False
Carol Gilligan supported Kohlberg's model of moral development because it took into account the effects of gender on social and moral development. True or False
False
Pastoral societies are based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food. True or False
False
The relative size of a group is the number of members the group actually has, and the absolute size is the number of potential members. True or False
False
Unlike secondary groups, primary groups are large groups in which members engage in goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. True or False
False
Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?
Functionalists
Sean and Amy are the parents of two young children, a boy and a girl. They adopt different parenting approaches for their son and daughter. They engage in rough play with their son, whereas they only engage in nonphysical activities with their daughter. They also give their son more freedom. This scenario exemplifies the concept of
Gender Socialization
A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies
Goal Displacement
The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. This scenario exemplifies
Groupthink
Alex was imprisoned for four years for arson. On the day he was taken into custody, he had to go through a degradation ceremony in which he was asked to strip, was searched by the prison guards, and was asked to wear the inmate uniform. Over time, the prison guards encouraged him to conform to institutional norms through a system of rewards and punishment. By the time Alex's prison sentence was over, he was rehabilitated. This scenario exemplifies
Involuntary Resocialization
Which of the following is a criticism of Weber's ideal-type analysis of bureaucracies?
It largely failed to take into account the informal side of bureaucracy
Which of the following is composed of large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means (such as radio, television, film, and the Internet) to communicate with large numbers of people, to inform people about events, and to provide an array of viewpoints on current issues?
Mass Media
Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence?
Organic Solidarity
Sean is a member of The Artists, a theater club in his college. Despite performing well, his club has lost many theater competitions to Rendezvous, a rival theater club. As a result, Sean feels hostile toward the members of Rendezvous. In this context, Rendezvous is an example of a(n)
Outgroup
George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n)
Primary Group
Which of the following includes our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups?
Primary Groups
Henry, the father of a 15-year-old boy, recently noticed that his choice of music is being influenced by that of his son. Henry and his son often have long discussions about pop culture and his son's preferences in music. As a result, Henry has started listening to rock music, which his son introduced to him. This is an example of
Reciprocal Socialization
Which of the following occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity?
Role Exit
Sociologist Charles H. Cooley referred to a large, specialized group in which members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time as a(n)
Secondary Group
In the "nature-versus-nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to
Social Influence
The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of
Social Institutions
Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of
Statuses
Who among the following managers is most likely an authoritarian leader?
Steve, who makes all major group decisions without asking for inputs from his team members and demands their compliance
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is
Stigma
Which theorists emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept?
Symbolic Interactionists
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I am good at soccer"?
The Active Self
Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. Which perspective on socialization and society does this statement reflect?
The Functionalist Perspective
In the context of George Herbert Mead's stages of self-development, children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others and of the larger society in
The Game Stage
Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power?
The Iron Law of Oligarchy
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I believe in world peace"?
The psychological self
Which of the following perspectives on socialization asserts that we cannot form a sense of self without intense social contact with others?
The symbolic interactionist perspective
Which of the following statements is true of laissez-faire leaders?
They are minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.
Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?
To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members
According to German political sociologist Robert Michel's, all organizations encounter the iron law of oligarchy. True or False
True
Denver is a lawyer, a son, a husband, a part-time writer, and a citizen of the United States. All these positions make up his status set. True or False
True
Functionalists emphasize the importance of families in providing emotional support and social experience to children, whereas conflict theorists emphasize how socialization through families contributes to false consciousness and reproduces inequalities in the class structure. True or False
True
It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group. True or False
True
It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group? True or False
True
Milgram's study provides evidence that obedience to authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe. True or False
True
People voluntarily become members of utilitarian organizations. True or False
True
Roles are relational and are defined in the context of roles performed by others. For example, for an individual to perform the role of a mother, she must have one or more children. True or False
True
Statuses depend on the specific people occupying them, and the expectations attached to these positions vary over time. True or False
True
Wanda is a student who works as a part-time waitress at a local restaurant. She is embarrassed about having to wait tables, so she tries to make it clear to the customers that she is not interested in the job and is working at the restaurant merely to make some money until she graduates. In this case, Wanda is engaging in role distancing. True or False
True
Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, he will have to maintain silence for eight hours a day, and he will have to fast on a regular basis. In this case, Joe will experience
Voluntary Resocialization